重型车用增压中冷稀燃LNG发动机性能研究
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摘要
环境问题和能源危机是当今世界人类所面临的两大问题,节能和减排是科研工作者水恒不变的主题和责任。进入21世纪后,中国经济高速发展,每年以两位数左右的GDP增长速度稳居世界首位,但中国经济目前的主要发展模式是以高耗能的建筑、冶金、交通等行业带动其它行业的发展,带来严重的环境污染和巨大的能源消耗。大面积的雾霾天气和过高的对外石油依存度成为困扰中国政府的两大问题。为了降低排放并提高能源多元化,汽车燃用代用燃料成为必然选择。天然气因具有良好的排放性和可获得性成为车辆的主要代用燃料。液化天然气(Liquefied natural gas, LNG)和压缩天然气(Compressed natural gas, CNG)相比因具有能量密度大、续航里程长等优点,成为重卡天然气发动机的首选燃料。本文以WP10NGE40单一燃料增压中冷、稀燃天然气发动机为对象,对LNG发动机的进气混合系统、燃烧系统、燃料供给系统、发动机性能及汽车燃气加热器和LNG发动机的联合运行进行了较为系统的数值模拟和试验研究,开发出性能良好的重型车用稀燃LNG发动机。
本文建立了直管式和十字叉式两种混合器不同结构参数的六种模型,模拟了天然气和空气的混合过程,分析了混合孔直径、混合孔分布位置等参数对混合均匀性的影响。计算结果表明：十字叉式的混合器增加了混合过程的扰动及混合孔的分布散度,更有利于天然气与空气的均匀混合,采用十字叉式混合器后,进气管中部的混合气浓度稍高,有利于后续的掺混和燃烧。综合评价各方面的参数,优选了WP10NGE40发动机的混合器。建立了发动机的一维热力过程模型和进气管三维流动过程模型,利用ID/3D耦合瞬态模拟技术,研究了截面为矩形和梯形两种结构的进气管对发动机进气均匀性的影响,结果表明WP10NGE40发动机选用梯形截面结构的进气管,其进气均匀性更佳
设计了四种不同结构的燃烧室,建立了包括进气道和燃烧室两部分的移动计算网格,并根据WP10NGE40发动机的过量空气系数在0.6-1.7范围内的情况,选择标准的CFM-2A模型,对发动机的进气、压缩、点火和火焰传播过程进行了瞬态模拟。研究燃烧室挤流而积、燃烧室凹坑圆角、压缩余隙、燃烧室凹坑深度对缸内气流运动及点火和火焰发展、传播的影响。研究结果表明：压缩余隙的减小、挤流面积及燃烧室四坑深度的适当增加,有利于火焰中心在燃烧室内部的发展和快速传播。分析了四种方案的缸内气流运动及燃烧过程,并对比了燃烧持续期,确定了WP10NGE40发动机的燃烧室结构参数。
针对国内LNG加注站加注压力偏低,LNG在使用过程中存在燃料流出困难、天然气汽化后压力偏低,不能满足增压中冷后单点混合发动机的需要等问题,提出带有自增压系统的LNG燃料罐,并设计了带有LNG汽化器换热强度控制和汽化后天然气温度调节的两级调节天然气发动机燃料供给系统。对燃料供给系统进行了保温性、可靠性试验及自增压和非增压系统对供气能力影响的对比试验,试验结果表明采用该系统后供气稳定,发动机运转平稳,可满足使用需要。
研究了燃空比、火花塞间隙、喷射压力等运行参数对发动机动力性和经济性的影响。试验结果表明：当发动机转速为1000r·min1,燃空比在0.77左右时该发动机的燃气消耗率达到最低；发动机转速为1400r·min1,燃空比在0.76左右时发动机的燃气消耗率达到最低值；当发动机的火花塞间隙为0.4mm时可以兼顾发动机的动力性、经济性和可靠性；发动机转速在800r·min-1-1200r·min-1范围内时,喷射压力降低后发动机的气耗率增加,增加的幅度在1%之内；喷射压力从6bar降低为5.5bar后,转速在1200r·min-1-1800r·min-1范围内时，随转速的提高气耗率的增加量提高,1800r·min-1工况下气耗率增加了6.8%。喷射压力从5.5bar提高到6bar后,WP10NGE40发动机的经济性得到改善,并缩短了喷射脉宽,有利于喷嘴寿命的提高。
作者对增压中冷后进气总管单点混合天然发动机外特性及负荷特性的HC和NOx排放进行了研究。研究结果表明：进气管单点喷射增压发动机存在混合气扫气现象,外特性工况点CH4排放占THC排放的95%以上；外特性中速和高速时的碳氢排放量较低速时多,随点火提前角的减小碳氢排放减少,点火提前角对1400r·min-1(大扭矩转速)碳氢排放的影响最显著；发动机负荷率从0增加到100%,碳氢排放总体上呈增加趋势,2000r·min转速时,随负荷率的增加CH4占THC排放的比例升高。稀燃天然气发动机在外特性运行时低转速的NOx排放水平比高速运行时高,外特性安装催化转化器后发动机NOx排放升高；发动机转速为1000r·min-1和1400r·min-1时,随负荷率的增大NOx排放呈先增大后减小的趋势；发动机在1000r·min-1和1400r·min-1、(?)中等负荷率时,点火提前角对NOx排放的影响较显著,50%负荷率左右时,安装催化器后NOx排放水平显著降低,发动机转速为2000r·min-1时,在整个负荷率范围内NOx排放水平较低,安装催化器后,NOx总体排放水平升高。
针对重卡LNG发动机在寒区运行时暴露出的冷车起动困难、供气不足、供气温度过低及取暖问题,设计了汽车燃气加热器和LNG发动机联合运行系统,开展了台架试验及车辆寒区试验。结果表明：汽车燃气加热器与LNG发动机共用一套LNG燃料供给系统,联合运行稳定,试验过程中加热器起动容易、燃烧稳定；加热器和发动机联合运行对LNG发动机的冷起动改善效果明显,在寒区汽车燃气加热器和发动机联合运行可以有效改善发动机的冷起动性。
综上所述,课题从LNG发动机进气混合过程、燃烧过程、燃料供给系统到发动机的性能及汽车燃气加热器和LNG发动机的联合运行进行了较为详细的研究,所开发的WP10NGE40发动机在动力性、经济性、排放性和冷起动性方面均取得了较为理想的效果,掌握了LNG发动机开发的关键技术,为LNG发动机的后续研发提供了理论和试验基础。
Environmental problem and energy crisis are two major issues facing the world today. Energy conservation and pollution reduction is the eternal subject and responsibility of the scientific research workers. After entering the21st century, China's economy is developing rapidly, ranking first in the world with a double-digit or so GDP growth each year. However, the main pattern of China's economic development nowadays relies on the highly energy-consuming industries such as building, metallurgy, transport, to drive the development of other industries, which leads to serious environmental pollution and tremendous energy consumption. Large-area of haze and fog weather and over-dependence on imported oil become two main concerns of Chinese government. In order to reduce emissions and improve energy diversification, it is the inevitable choice for automobiles to adopt alternative fuel. And natural gas, with the advantages of slight emission and availability, becomes the main alternative fuel for vehicles. Compared with compressed natural gas(CNG), liquefied natural gas(LNG) has higher energy density and longer mileage, which makes it the preferred fuel for gas engine which applied in heavy trucks. Focused on WP10NGE40mono-fuel, turbocharged inter-cooled lean-burn natural gas engine, systematic numerical simulation and experimental research on the fuel supply system, intake mixing system, combustion system, engine performance of LNG engine as well as the combined operation of gas heater and LNG engine was carried out, and heavy vehicle lean-burn LNG engine with good performance was developed.
In this paper, six models of both straight mixer and cross mixer with different structure parameters were designed. The mixing process of natural gas and air was simulated, and the influence of parameters such as the diameter and location of mixing holes on the mixing uniformity was analyzed. The calculation results show that Cross mixer is more beneficial to the uniform mixing of natural gas and air with the advantage of increasing disturbance of mixing process and distribution scatter degree of mixing holes. Mixture concentration in the middle of the manifold is slightly higher when adopting the cross mixer, which is beneficial to subsequent mixing and combustion. Based on the comprehensive evaluation on various parameters, the mixer of WP10NGE40was selected optimally. One-dimensional model of thermodynamic process and three-dimensional model of flow process in the intake manifold were established for the engine.1D/3D coupled transient simulation technology was adopted to study the effects of intake manifold with rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section on intake distribution evenness. The simulation results indicate that when choosing the manifold with trapezoidal cross-section for WP10NGE40engine, better distribution evenness of intake charge can be obtained.
Four kinds of combustion chamber with different structure were designed and the mesh of intake port and combustion chamber for moving calculation was established. Then a transient simulation for the process of intake, compression, ignition, and flame propagation was carried out with standard CFM-2A model which was selected based on the condition of excess air coefficient of WP10NGE40engine in the range of0.6-1.7. The effect of squeeze flow area of combustion chamber, combustion chamber recess fillet, compression clearance and combustion chamber recess depth on the gas flow movement in the cylinder, ignition, flame development and propagation was studied. The simulation results reveal that decrease of compression clearance and appropriate increase of squeeze flow area and combustion chamber recess depth is good for the development and fast spreading of the flame center within the combustion chamber. The gas flow movement and combustion process in combustion chamber of four schemes was analyzed and the combustion duration was compared. The structural parameters of combustion chamber of WP10NGE40engine were finally determined.
Considering the flowing out difficulty in the use of LNG resulting from the low filling pressure of domestic LNG refueling station and the insufficient vaporization pressure which can't meet the working demand of the inter-cooled engine with single-point mixing system, a new kind of LNG fuel tank with self-pressurized system was put forward. What's more, a new kind of fuel supply system of nature gas engine was designed. It has a double-level regulation:one is the control for heat transfer intensity of LNG vaporizer and the other is temperature regulation of nature gas after vaporization. A series of experiments on fuel supply system were done, including experiments of heat preservation property and reliability and contrast test between the influence of LNG tank with and without self-pressurized system on gas supply capacity. According to the results, the gas supply is stable and the engine operates smoothly after the system is applied, the application requirements are satisfied.
In this paper, the operation parameters influencing the power performance and economy of engine, including plug gap, ignition advance angle, injection pressure, were investigated. The results show that, the gas consumption rate of the engine reaches the lowest at1000r·min-1was fuel air ratios of0.77; At the speed of1400r·min-1and fuel air ratios of0.76, the gas consumption rate of the engine reaches the lowest; When the plug gap is0.4mm, the power performance, economy, reliability of the engine are balanced; At the speed of800r·min-1to1200r·min-1, the decrease of injection pressure causes the increasing of gas consumption rate with the increasing extent smaller than1%; At the speed of1200r·min-1to1800r·min-1, the increase of gas consumption rate rises with the improvement of rotary speed, further more gas consumption rate increases by6.8%at the speed of1800r·min-1. When the injection pressure rises from5.5bar to6bar, the fuel economy of WP10NGE40engine is improved. Meanwhile the injection pulse is shortened and the life of nozzle is prolonged.
Basing on turbocharged intercooled natural gas engine equipping with inlet manifold single-point mixing system, HC and NOx emission of external characteristic and load characteristic were studied. The results demonstrates that mixture scavenging phenomenon exists in turbocharged engine with inlet manifold single-point mixing system, and the percentage of CH4emission accounts for more than95%of THC emission under external characteristic of operation; under external characteristic,HC emission at medium speed and high speed is more than low speed and decreases with the reduction of ignition advance angle, however, at the speed of1400r·min-1(large torque speed), ignition advance angle has the greatest impact on HC emission; With the engine load rate increasing from0to100%, HC emission shows an overall upward trend. At the speed of2000r·min-1, the percentage of CH4emission in THC emission increases with load rate rises. Under external characteristic, NOx emission of lean-burn natural gas engine at low speed is higher compared with high speed, but NOx emission would increase when equipping with catalytic converter in the condition of external characteristic; At the speed of1000r·min-1and1400r·min-1, NOx emission firstly increases and then decreases with increase of load rate. Under medium load, the effects of ignition advance angle is obvious at the speed of1000r·min-1and1400r·min-1. at50%load rate, NOx emission decreases obviously after equipped with catalytic converter; At the speed of2000r·min-1, NOx emission would be low at the entire range of load rate, while after equipped with catalytic converter, the overall level of NOx emission would increase.
To resolve the problems of difficult cold starting, insufficient gas supply, low supply temperature and heating that arise when LNG engine used by heavy trucks running in severe cold regions, the combined operation system was designed, and the bench test and cold region test were carried out. It can been seen from the results that the combined operation system runs steadily when the gas-fuel heater and the LNG engine share the same fuel supply system, and the heater starts easily as well as its combustion is stable during the experiment; The combined operating of heater and engine improves the cold start of LNG engine obviously. In cold region, the cold starting of LNG engine can be effectively improved by the combined operating of gas heater and engine.
In conclusion, the WP10NGE40engine developed in this paper achieves ideal performance of dynamics, fuel economy, emission and cold starting. Through the above studies, key techniques of LNG engine development were mastered, independent development platform for LNG engine were established, and theoretical basis and operation experience of experiments were gained for continued research. The research results are conductive to advancing the core competence of domestic LNG engine and automobile product, reducing automotive industry's addiction to oil and improving energy structure.
本文建立了直管式和十字叉式两种混合器不同结构参数的六种模型,模拟了天然气和空气的混合过程,分析了混合孔直径、混合孔分布位置等参数对混合均匀性的影响。计算结果表明：十字叉式的混合器增加了混合过程的扰动及混合孔的分布散度,更有利于天然气与空气的均匀混合,采用十字叉式混合器后,进气管中部的混合气浓度稍高,有利于后续的掺混和燃烧。综合评价各方面的参数,优选了WP10NGE40发动机的混合器。建立了发动机的一维热力过程模型和进气管三维流动过程模型,利用ID/3D耦合瞬态模拟技术,研究了截面为矩形和梯形两种结构的进气管对发动机进气均匀性的影响,结果表明WP10NGE40发动机选用梯形截面结构的进气管,其进气均匀性更佳
设计了四种不同结构的燃烧室,建立了包括进气道和燃烧室两部分的移动计算网格,并根据WP10NGE40发动机的过量空气系数在0.6-1.7范围内的情况,选择标准的CFM-2A模型,对发动机的进气、压缩、点火和火焰传播过程进行了瞬态模拟。研究燃烧室挤流而积、燃烧室凹坑圆角、压缩余隙、燃烧室凹坑深度对缸内气流运动及点火和火焰发展、传播的影响。研究结果表明：压缩余隙的减小、挤流面积及燃烧室四坑深度的适当增加,有利于火焰中心在燃烧室内部的发展和快速传播。分析了四种方案的缸内气流运动及燃烧过程,并对比了燃烧持续期,确定了WP10NGE40发动机的燃烧室结构参数。
针对国内LNG加注站加注压力偏低,LNG在使用过程中存在燃料流出困难、天然气汽化后压力偏低,不能满足增压中冷后单点混合发动机的需要等问题,提出带有自增压系统的LNG燃料罐,并设计了带有LNG汽化器换热强度控制和汽化后天然气温度调节的两级调节天然气发动机燃料供给系统。对燃料供给系统进行了保温性、可靠性试验及自增压和非增压系统对供气能力影响的对比试验,试验结果表明采用该系统后供气稳定,发动机运转平稳,可满足使用需要。
研究了燃空比、火花塞间隙、喷射压力等运行参数对发动机动力性和经济性的影响。试验结果表明：当发动机转速为1000r·min1,燃空比在0.77左右时该发动机的燃气消耗率达到最低；发动机转速为1400r·min1,燃空比在0.76左右时发动机的燃气消耗率达到最低值；当发动机的火花塞间隙为0.4mm时可以兼顾发动机的动力性、经济性和可靠性；发动机转速在800r·min-1-1200r·min-1范围内时,喷射压力降低后发动机的气耗率增加,增加的幅度在1%之内；喷射压力从6bar降低为5.5bar后,转速在1200r·min-1-1800r·min-1范围内时，随转速的提高气耗率的增加量提高,1800r·min-1工况下气耗率增加了6.8%。喷射压力从5.5bar提高到6bar后,WP10NGE40发动机的经济性得到改善,并缩短了喷射脉宽,有利于喷嘴寿命的提高。
作者对增压中冷后进气总管单点混合天然发动机外特性及负荷特性的HC和NOx排放进行了研究。研究结果表明：进气管单点喷射增压发动机存在混合气扫气现象,外特性工况点CH4排放占THC排放的95%以上；外特性中速和高速时的碳氢排放量较低速时多,随点火提前角的减小碳氢排放减少,点火提前角对1400r·min-1(大扭矩转速)碳氢排放的影响最显著；发动机负荷率从0增加到100%,碳氢排放总体上呈增加趋势,2000r·min转速时,随负荷率的增加CH4占THC排放的比例升高。稀燃天然气发动机在外特性运行时低转速的NOx排放水平比高速运行时高,外特性安装催化转化器后发动机NOx排放升高；发动机转速为1000r·min-1和1400r·min-1时,随负荷率的增大NOx排放呈先增大后减小的趋势；发动机在1000r·min-1和1400r·min-1、(?)中等负荷率时,点火提前角对NOx排放的影响较显著,50%负荷率左右时,安装催化器后NOx排放水平显著降低,发动机转速为2000r·min-1时,在整个负荷率范围内NOx排放水平较低,安装催化器后,NOx总体排放水平升高。
针对重卡LNG发动机在寒区运行时暴露出的冷车起动困难、供气不足、供气温度过低及取暖问题,设计了汽车燃气加热器和LNG发动机联合运行系统,开展了台架试验及车辆寒区试验。结果表明：汽车燃气加热器与LNG发动机共用一套LNG燃料供给系统,联合运行稳定,试验过程中加热器起动容易、燃烧稳定；加热器和发动机联合运行对LNG发动机的冷起动改善效果明显,在寒区汽车燃气加热器和发动机联合运行可以有效改善发动机的冷起动性。
综上所述,课题从LNG发动机进气混合过程、燃烧过程、燃料供给系统到发动机的性能及汽车燃气加热器和LNG发动机的联合运行进行了较为详细的研究,所开发的WP10NGE40发动机在动力性、经济性、排放性和冷起动性方面均取得了较为理想的效果,掌握了LNG发动机开发的关键技术,为LNG发动机的后续研发提供了理论和试验基础。
Environmental problem and energy crisis are two major issues facing the world today. Energy conservation and pollution reduction is the eternal subject and responsibility of the scientific research workers. After entering the21st century, China's economy is developing rapidly, ranking first in the world with a double-digit or so GDP growth each year. However, the main pattern of China's economic development nowadays relies on the highly energy-consuming industries such as building, metallurgy, transport, to drive the development of other industries, which leads to serious environmental pollution and tremendous energy consumption. Large-area of haze and fog weather and over-dependence on imported oil become two main concerns of Chinese government. In order to reduce emissions and improve energy diversification, it is the inevitable choice for automobiles to adopt alternative fuel. And natural gas, with the advantages of slight emission and availability, becomes the main alternative fuel for vehicles. Compared with compressed natural gas(CNG), liquefied natural gas(LNG) has higher energy density and longer mileage, which makes it the preferred fuel for gas engine which applied in heavy trucks. Focused on WP10NGE40mono-fuel, turbocharged inter-cooled lean-burn natural gas engine, systematic numerical simulation and experimental research on the fuel supply system, intake mixing system, combustion system, engine performance of LNG engine as well as the combined operation of gas heater and LNG engine was carried out, and heavy vehicle lean-burn LNG engine with good performance was developed.
In this paper, six models of both straight mixer and cross mixer with different structure parameters were designed. The mixing process of natural gas and air was simulated, and the influence of parameters such as the diameter and location of mixing holes on the mixing uniformity was analyzed. The calculation results show that Cross mixer is more beneficial to the uniform mixing of natural gas and air with the advantage of increasing disturbance of mixing process and distribution scatter degree of mixing holes. Mixture concentration in the middle of the manifold is slightly higher when adopting the cross mixer, which is beneficial to subsequent mixing and combustion. Based on the comprehensive evaluation on various parameters, the mixer of WP10NGE40was selected optimally. One-dimensional model of thermodynamic process and three-dimensional model of flow process in the intake manifold were established for the engine.1D/3D coupled transient simulation technology was adopted to study the effects of intake manifold with rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section on intake distribution evenness. The simulation results indicate that when choosing the manifold with trapezoidal cross-section for WP10NGE40engine, better distribution evenness of intake charge can be obtained.
Four kinds of combustion chamber with different structure were designed and the mesh of intake port and combustion chamber for moving calculation was established. Then a transient simulation for the process of intake, compression, ignition, and flame propagation was carried out with standard CFM-2A model which was selected based on the condition of excess air coefficient of WP10NGE40engine in the range of0.6-1.7. The effect of squeeze flow area of combustion chamber, combustion chamber recess fillet, compression clearance and combustion chamber recess depth on the gas flow movement in the cylinder, ignition, flame development and propagation was studied. The simulation results reveal that decrease of compression clearance and appropriate increase of squeeze flow area and combustion chamber recess depth is good for the development and fast spreading of the flame center within the combustion chamber. The gas flow movement and combustion process in combustion chamber of four schemes was analyzed and the combustion duration was compared. The structural parameters of combustion chamber of WP10NGE40engine were finally determined.
Considering the flowing out difficulty in the use of LNG resulting from the low filling pressure of domestic LNG refueling station and the insufficient vaporization pressure which can't meet the working demand of the inter-cooled engine with single-point mixing system, a new kind of LNG fuel tank with self-pressurized system was put forward. What's more, a new kind of fuel supply system of nature gas engine was designed. It has a double-level regulation:one is the control for heat transfer intensity of LNG vaporizer and the other is temperature regulation of nature gas after vaporization. A series of experiments on fuel supply system were done, including experiments of heat preservation property and reliability and contrast test between the influence of LNG tank with and without self-pressurized system on gas supply capacity. According to the results, the gas supply is stable and the engine operates smoothly after the system is applied, the application requirements are satisfied.
In this paper, the operation parameters influencing the power performance and economy of engine, including plug gap, ignition advance angle, injection pressure, were investigated. The results show that, the gas consumption rate of the engine reaches the lowest at1000r·min-1was fuel air ratios of0.77; At the speed of1400r·min-1and fuel air ratios of0.76, the gas consumption rate of the engine reaches the lowest; When the plug gap is0.4mm, the power performance, economy, reliability of the engine are balanced; At the speed of800r·min-1to1200r·min-1, the decrease of injection pressure causes the increasing of gas consumption rate with the increasing extent smaller than1%; At the speed of1200r·min-1to1800r·min-1, the increase of gas consumption rate rises with the improvement of rotary speed, further more gas consumption rate increases by6.8%at the speed of1800r·min-1. When the injection pressure rises from5.5bar to6bar, the fuel economy of WP10NGE40engine is improved. Meanwhile the injection pulse is shortened and the life of nozzle is prolonged.
Basing on turbocharged intercooled natural gas engine equipping with inlet manifold single-point mixing system, HC and NOx emission of external characteristic and load characteristic were studied. The results demonstrates that mixture scavenging phenomenon exists in turbocharged engine with inlet manifold single-point mixing system, and the percentage of CH4emission accounts for more than95%of THC emission under external characteristic of operation; under external characteristic,HC emission at medium speed and high speed is more than low speed and decreases with the reduction of ignition advance angle, however, at the speed of1400r·min-1(large torque speed), ignition advance angle has the greatest impact on HC emission; With the engine load rate increasing from0to100%, HC emission shows an overall upward trend. At the speed of2000r·min-1, the percentage of CH4emission in THC emission increases with load rate rises. Under external characteristic, NOx emission of lean-burn natural gas engine at low speed is higher compared with high speed, but NOx emission would increase when equipping with catalytic converter in the condition of external characteristic; At the speed of1000r·min-1and1400r·min-1, NOx emission firstly increases and then decreases with increase of load rate. Under medium load, the effects of ignition advance angle is obvious at the speed of1000r·min-1and1400r·min-1. at50%load rate, NOx emission decreases obviously after equipped with catalytic converter; At the speed of2000r·min-1, NOx emission would be low at the entire range of load rate, while after equipped with catalytic converter, the overall level of NOx emission would increase.
To resolve the problems of difficult cold starting, insufficient gas supply, low supply temperature and heating that arise when LNG engine used by heavy trucks running in severe cold regions, the combined operation system was designed, and the bench test and cold region test were carried out. It can been seen from the results that the combined operation system runs steadily when the gas-fuel heater and the LNG engine share the same fuel supply system, and the heater starts easily as well as its combustion is stable during the experiment; The combined operating of heater and engine improves the cold start of LNG engine obviously. In cold region, the cold starting of LNG engine can be effectively improved by the combined operating of gas heater and engine.
In conclusion, the WP10NGE40engine developed in this paper achieves ideal performance of dynamics, fuel economy, emission and cold starting. Through the above studies, key techniques of LNG engine development were mastered, independent development platform for LNG engine were established, and theoretical basis and operation experience of experiments were gained for continued research. The research results are conductive to advancing the core competence of domestic LNG engine and automobile product, reducing automotive industry's addiction to oil and improving energy structure.
引文
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