盾构隧道纵向不均匀沉降及实时监测方法研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的快速发展,地铁逐渐成为解决城市公共交通的主要手段之一。但是在已建地铁的长期运营过程中,盾构隧道的纵向沉降尤其是纵向不均匀沉降的问题逐渐凸现,隧道的纵向变形直接影响到列车运营的舒适性、安全性,因此研究隧道在荷载作用下的长期纵向变形、建立隧道长期沉降变形的监测与安全评估系统、及时发现并消除安全隐患就显得格外迫切和必要。
导致隧道长期纵向变形的主要因素为下卧土层分布的不均匀性、隧道周围荷载的变化、列车荷载以及土体的固结流变,沉降主要包括土体的固结沉降和隧道的变形。本文采用理论分析、室内试验和有限元模拟相结合的方法,探究运营期间隧道产生纵向沉降的原因,获得了长期循环荷载作用下下隧道和下卧土体的累积变形及发展趋势,揭示了隧道的长期纵向变形规律,为建立科学有效的隧道安全监控体系提供了理论基础。主要研究内容包括：
(1)不均匀地层下隧道的纵向变形。考虑隧道下卧土层的差异性,建立了不均匀弹性地基无限长梁和有限长梁模型,利用叠加原理和奇异函数法研究了荷载作用下隧道的纵向不均匀沉降,得到了隧道的纵向不均匀沉降曲线方程的精确解,并结合算例分析了荷载作用下隧道纵向沉降的变化规律。结果表明：当一侧地基基床系数减小时,隧道纵向整体沉降增加,沉降范围增大,沉降曲线变为不对称,且随着基床系数差异的增大,不对称愈发明显；随着基床系数的变化,隧道整体沉降曲线向较弱地基方向移动,隆起发生在土质相对较硬一侧,隧道沉降最大值及发生位置在较弱地基一侧,且均呈抛物线规律减小；不同的地层呈现的规律相同。
(2)循环荷载作用下下卧土层的累积变形。采用DDS-70动态三轴仪,对不饱和粉质粘土进行了一系列静力三轴试验以及高循环次数的循环三轴试验,通过分析加载频率、应力水平、围压、含水率对土体累积变形特征的影响,得到隧道下卧不饱和粉质粘土层在循环荷载作用下的长期累积变形规律。结果表明：累积应变受加载频率、围压影响较小,受应力水平和含水率影响较大；当加载应力水平较高时,低频振动荷载对下卧土体的累积变形影响较大；因此适当控制列车行驶速度、隧道埋深和渗水透水将有助于减小隧道纵向沉降。
(3)荷载-土体共同作用下隧道的变形。基于摩尔-库伦准则,考虑隧道上方局部荷载和下卧土层共同作用,建立了隧道-土体三维ADNIA有限元模型,讨论了隧道下卧土层的弹性模量、长度、宽度、局部荷载作用的长度、宽度等因素对隧道沉降的影响,揭示了隧道在两种因素下的纵向变形规律。结果表明：隧道纵向沉降最大值与软土夹层弹性模量、纵向长度以及均布荷载集度呈线性关系；隧道沉降值随均布荷载作用长度和宽度增加而增大。
(4)隧道的纵向长期变形趋势。利用人工神经网络方法预测隧道运营期间多因素引起的沉降,确定了单个隐含层神经网络的最佳隐层结点个数的解析式,提出了与其相适应的归一化方法、最优归一区间和最优隐层神经元个数的取值范围；建立了双隐层的BP网络模型,并对预处理和归一区间进行改进,克服了以往模型的学习效果差、收敛速度慢和预测不够精确的局限性。
(5)基于变形规律的隧道监测方案。利用长标距光纤光栅的特点和技术优势,提出了隧道纵向分段分布式长标距光纤光栅的实时监测方案,即在地质复杂和容易发生不均匀沉降地段采取分布式测量方案(光纤光栅静力水准传感器与分布式长标距光纤光栅相结合),地质情况相对较好的地段采取长标距光纤光栅准分布式测量方案；并在共轭梁法的理论基础上提出了沉降算法,通过叠加原理进行了算法验证,结果表明标距的长短和应变的测量精度是计算精度的关键,也是监测方案中的重要因素。
图59幅,表18个,参考文献184篇。
With the rapid development of national economy, subway has becomed one of the primary means of solving the urban public transport. But during the long-term operation of the subway, the longitudinal settlement of shield tunnel, especially non-uniform longitudinal subsidence, has been emerging gradually. Because the comfort and safety of the train are affected by longitudinal deformation of tunnel directly, it is urgent and necessary to study the long-term longitudinal deformation of tunnel under loads and set up the monitoring and safety assessment system of tunnel long-term settlement for early prediction and timely elimination of the safety risks.
The long-term longitudinal deformation of tunnel mainly results from the inhomogeneous distribution of the soil under cement plies, the change of loads around the tunnel, load from trains and the consolidation and rheology of soil The settlements mainly include the consolidation of soft clay and the deformation of the tunnel. The theoretical analysis, experiments and finite element simulation are used to explore the the causes inducing the longitudinal settlement of tunnel. The cumulative deformation and development trends of tunnel and the soil under cement plies under the long-term cyclic loading are acquired, and then the characteristics of long-term longitudinal deformation of tunnel are revealed. The obtained results will provide a theoretical basis for setting up the scientific and efficient safety monitoring system.
The contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The longitudinal deformation of tunnel under inhomogenous soil layers was studied. Both the infinite long beam model and the finite long beam model were proposed for inhomogenous elastic foundation, where the differences between underlying soils were considered. Based on the established models, the exact solutions to non-uniform longitudinal settlement of tunnel under loading were derived by superposition principle and singular function method. The numerical examples for the longitudinal settlement under loading were given. The results show that both the longitudinal total settlement and the settlement range of the tunnel increases as the foundation modulus of one side of the foundation decreases. It is further observed that the settlement curve is asymmetric and the asymmetric degree becomes more obvious when the difference of foundation modulus between two sides increases. The settlement curve of the tunnel moves to the weak side of the foundation when varying the foundation modulus. And the rebound of the foundation appears at the hard side of the foundation. The maximum value of the tunnel settlement occures at the weak side of the foundation and decrease in a parabola form. The same variation is also observed for different soft layers.
(2) The cumulative deformation of the soil body under cement piles subject to cyclic loads was studied. Using DDS-70Dynamic Triaxial Test System, a series of static triaxial and long life cyclic triaxial experiments for the unsaturated silty clay were carried out to analyze the effects of loading frequency, stress level, confining pressure and moisture content on the cumulative deformation. From the experimental results obtained, it is concluded that:(a) The effect of loading frequency and confining pressure on the cumulative strain is weaker than that of stress level and moisture content;(b) The low frequency cyclic load has a greater influence on the cumulative deformation at higher load levels. Therefore, controlling train speed, the depth of tunnel and seepage will be helpful for reducing longitudinal settlement.
(3)The deformation of the tunnel due to the combined action of load and soil was investigated. The three dimensional ADNIA finite element model was set up based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion, where both the local load above tunnel and soil under cement plies were considered. The effects of the elastic modulus, length and width of soil under cement plies and the length and width of local load on the tunnel settlement of were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the maximum value of longitudinal settlement increases linearly with the elastic modulus of soft soil, longitudinal length and load collection increasing. The value of settlement increases with the increase of the length and width of uniform load.
(4)The long term deformation of the tunnel was predicted. Based on the artificial neural network, the tunnel settlement coming from several factors was predicted and analyzed. The explicit expression for determining optimum hidden layer nodes of a single hidden layer neural network was given. The relevant normalization, best normalized interval and the range of neuron web in hidden layer were proposed. The BP web model of double hidden layer was constructed and some improvements in pretreatment and normalized range were made, which overcome the limitations of poor learning efficiency, inferior convergence speed and confined prediction accuracy in previous model.
(5) According to the properties of deformation. The monitoring scheme of tunnel was proposed. Utilizing the characteristics and technical advantages of long gauge fiber Bragg grating, the real-time monitoring scheme of sectional long gauge fiber Bragg grating along the longitudinal direction was presented. The sectional measurement program, which combines the sensor of fiber grating under static force and the sectional long gauge fiber grating, was conducted at complicated geology and prone to uneven settlement section. While, in relatively better section, the quasi distributed measurement of long gauge fiber Bragg grating was applied. Based on the conjugate beam method, the settlement algorithm was developed and verified by superposition principle. It is indicated that the gauge length and accuracy of measurement play an impotent rule in the computational precision, and monitoring scheme.
导致隧道长期纵向变形的主要因素为下卧土层分布的不均匀性、隧道周围荷载的变化、列车荷载以及土体的固结流变,沉降主要包括土体的固结沉降和隧道的变形。本文采用理论分析、室内试验和有限元模拟相结合的方法,探究运营期间隧道产生纵向沉降的原因,获得了长期循环荷载作用下下隧道和下卧土体的累积变形及发展趋势,揭示了隧道的长期纵向变形规律,为建立科学有效的隧道安全监控体系提供了理论基础。主要研究内容包括：
(1)不均匀地层下隧道的纵向变形。考虑隧道下卧土层的差异性,建立了不均匀弹性地基无限长梁和有限长梁模型,利用叠加原理和奇异函数法研究了荷载作用下隧道的纵向不均匀沉降,得到了隧道的纵向不均匀沉降曲线方程的精确解,并结合算例分析了荷载作用下隧道纵向沉降的变化规律。结果表明：当一侧地基基床系数减小时,隧道纵向整体沉降增加,沉降范围增大,沉降曲线变为不对称,且随着基床系数差异的增大,不对称愈发明显；随着基床系数的变化,隧道整体沉降曲线向较弱地基方向移动,隆起发生在土质相对较硬一侧,隧道沉降最大值及发生位置在较弱地基一侧,且均呈抛物线规律减小；不同的地层呈现的规律相同。
(2)循环荷载作用下下卧土层的累积变形。采用DDS-70动态三轴仪,对不饱和粉质粘土进行了一系列静力三轴试验以及高循环次数的循环三轴试验,通过分析加载频率、应力水平、围压、含水率对土体累积变形特征的影响,得到隧道下卧不饱和粉质粘土层在循环荷载作用下的长期累积变形规律。结果表明：累积应变受加载频率、围压影响较小,受应力水平和含水率影响较大；当加载应力水平较高时,低频振动荷载对下卧土体的累积变形影响较大；因此适当控制列车行驶速度、隧道埋深和渗水透水将有助于减小隧道纵向沉降。
(3)荷载-土体共同作用下隧道的变形。基于摩尔-库伦准则,考虑隧道上方局部荷载和下卧土层共同作用,建立了隧道-土体三维ADNIA有限元模型,讨论了隧道下卧土层的弹性模量、长度、宽度、局部荷载作用的长度、宽度等因素对隧道沉降的影响,揭示了隧道在两种因素下的纵向变形规律。结果表明：隧道纵向沉降最大值与软土夹层弹性模量、纵向长度以及均布荷载集度呈线性关系；隧道沉降值随均布荷载作用长度和宽度增加而增大。
(4)隧道的纵向长期变形趋势。利用人工神经网络方法预测隧道运营期间多因素引起的沉降,确定了单个隐含层神经网络的最佳隐层结点个数的解析式,提出了与其相适应的归一化方法、最优归一区间和最优隐层神经元个数的取值范围；建立了双隐层的BP网络模型,并对预处理和归一区间进行改进,克服了以往模型的学习效果差、收敛速度慢和预测不够精确的局限性。
(5)基于变形规律的隧道监测方案。利用长标距光纤光栅的特点和技术优势,提出了隧道纵向分段分布式长标距光纤光栅的实时监测方案,即在地质复杂和容易发生不均匀沉降地段采取分布式测量方案(光纤光栅静力水准传感器与分布式长标距光纤光栅相结合),地质情况相对较好的地段采取长标距光纤光栅准分布式测量方案；并在共轭梁法的理论基础上提出了沉降算法,通过叠加原理进行了算法验证,结果表明标距的长短和应变的测量精度是计算精度的关键,也是监测方案中的重要因素。
图59幅,表18个,参考文献184篇。
With the rapid development of national economy, subway has becomed one of the primary means of solving the urban public transport. But during the long-term operation of the subway, the longitudinal settlement of shield tunnel, especially non-uniform longitudinal subsidence, has been emerging gradually. Because the comfort and safety of the train are affected by longitudinal deformation of tunnel directly, it is urgent and necessary to study the long-term longitudinal deformation of tunnel under loads and set up the monitoring and safety assessment system of tunnel long-term settlement for early prediction and timely elimination of the safety risks.
The long-term longitudinal deformation of tunnel mainly results from the inhomogeneous distribution of the soil under cement plies, the change of loads around the tunnel, load from trains and the consolidation and rheology of soil The settlements mainly include the consolidation of soft clay and the deformation of the tunnel. The theoretical analysis, experiments and finite element simulation are used to explore the the causes inducing the longitudinal settlement of tunnel. The cumulative deformation and development trends of tunnel and the soil under cement plies under the long-term cyclic loading are acquired, and then the characteristics of long-term longitudinal deformation of tunnel are revealed. The obtained results will provide a theoretical basis for setting up the scientific and efficient safety monitoring system.
The contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The longitudinal deformation of tunnel under inhomogenous soil layers was studied. Both the infinite long beam model and the finite long beam model were proposed for inhomogenous elastic foundation, where the differences between underlying soils were considered. Based on the established models, the exact solutions to non-uniform longitudinal settlement of tunnel under loading were derived by superposition principle and singular function method. The numerical examples for the longitudinal settlement under loading were given. The results show that both the longitudinal total settlement and the settlement range of the tunnel increases as the foundation modulus of one side of the foundation decreases. It is further observed that the settlement curve is asymmetric and the asymmetric degree becomes more obvious when the difference of foundation modulus between two sides increases. The settlement curve of the tunnel moves to the weak side of the foundation when varying the foundation modulus. And the rebound of the foundation appears at the hard side of the foundation. The maximum value of the tunnel settlement occures at the weak side of the foundation and decrease in a parabola form. The same variation is also observed for different soft layers.
(2) The cumulative deformation of the soil body under cement piles subject to cyclic loads was studied. Using DDS-70Dynamic Triaxial Test System, a series of static triaxial and long life cyclic triaxial experiments for the unsaturated silty clay were carried out to analyze the effects of loading frequency, stress level, confining pressure and moisture content on the cumulative deformation. From the experimental results obtained, it is concluded that:(a) The effect of loading frequency and confining pressure on the cumulative strain is weaker than that of stress level and moisture content;(b) The low frequency cyclic load has a greater influence on the cumulative deformation at higher load levels. Therefore, controlling train speed, the depth of tunnel and seepage will be helpful for reducing longitudinal settlement.
(3)The deformation of the tunnel due to the combined action of load and soil was investigated. The three dimensional ADNIA finite element model was set up based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion, where both the local load above tunnel and soil under cement plies were considered. The effects of the elastic modulus, length and width of soil under cement plies and the length and width of local load on the tunnel settlement of were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the maximum value of longitudinal settlement increases linearly with the elastic modulus of soft soil, longitudinal length and load collection increasing. The value of settlement increases with the increase of the length and width of uniform load.
(4)The long term deformation of the tunnel was predicted. Based on the artificial neural network, the tunnel settlement coming from several factors was predicted and analyzed. The explicit expression for determining optimum hidden layer nodes of a single hidden layer neural network was given. The relevant normalization, best normalized interval and the range of neuron web in hidden layer were proposed. The BP web model of double hidden layer was constructed and some improvements in pretreatment and normalized range were made, which overcome the limitations of poor learning efficiency, inferior convergence speed and confined prediction accuracy in previous model.
(5) According to the properties of deformation. The monitoring scheme of tunnel was proposed. Utilizing the characteristics and technical advantages of long gauge fiber Bragg grating, the real-time monitoring scheme of sectional long gauge fiber Bragg grating along the longitudinal direction was presented. The sectional measurement program, which combines the sensor of fiber grating under static force and the sectional long gauge fiber grating, was conducted at complicated geology and prone to uneven settlement section. While, in relatively better section, the quasi distributed measurement of long gauge fiber Bragg grating was applied. Based on the conjugate beam method, the settlement algorithm was developed and verified by superposition principle. It is indicated that the gauge length and accuracy of measurement play an impotent rule in the computational precision, and monitoring scheme.
引文
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