车辆降噪减振的若干关键技术研究
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摘要
车辆的振动和噪声影响着驾驶人和乘员的舒适性，同时也是影响环境和机械可靠性的主要因素。车辆的噪声源较多，产生的机理各不相同，由机械振动产生噪声也是主要来源之一，对噪声进行有效的识别和控制涉及多个方面，要求研究人员掌握的技术包括：不同的噪声源识别方法、现代信号处理、模态分析、进排气消声器的分析与改进等。因此，如何灵活运用这些方法值得研究人员不断探讨和深入，对改善车辆的舒适性具有重要意义。
以某型三轮摩托车为研究对象，综合运用不同噪声源识别方法，如现代信号处理、盲源分离、消声器性能分析、以及模态识别等方法，对三轮摩托车整车的噪声源进行了识别，在此基础提出了针对性的降噪措施，并试验验证了这些措施的有效性；对影响整车振动的主要零部件钢板弹簧的动力特性进行了分析。研究主要内容归纳如下：
(1)运用不同测试方法提取了整车噪声频谱特征。综合运用传统噪声源识别方法、信号处理噪声源识别方法、以及现代噪声源识别方法—盲源分离，对三轮摩托车的噪声源进行了研究，得到了噪声源的频谱特征。基于加速通过噪声测试、近场声压测试与阵列声功率测量分析了整车加速通过噪声频谱、各传统声源噪声频谱的能量分布范围，对各噪声源进行了排序，识别出主要噪声源。
(2)对原车排气系统进行了分析与研究。针对最大噪声源为排气系统噪声，基于有限元分析等方法对原排气系统结构性能、声学性能、空气动力性能等进行了研究，重点分析了原排气系统存在的不足，从结构、声学、流体等方面对原排气消声器进行了优化与改进，并设计了新的排气消声器。通过发动机台架试验对优化和设计的消声器进行了试验验证。
(3)整车降噪与验证。在前阶段研究的基础上，从隔声件吸声材料与排气系统两个方面对整车降噪措施进行了试验验证分析，结果表明，吸声材料选择和新设计排气系统消声器都能有效地降低整车加速噪声。
(4)整车振动产生噪声，针对其减振部件钢板弹簧，重点研究了其建模与分析方法。在相关激励下对板结构进行了统计能量分析，在两相关输入模型的基础上，建立多相关输入模型，研究多相关输入形式下保守和非保守耦合结构的能量分布问题，进而建立多相关激励作用下复杂耦合结构的能量平衡方程。
(5)在对板结构统计能量分析的基础上，提出了一种计算分析渐变刚度钢板弹簧刚度特性的曲率—载荷混合法。针对共同曲率法和集中载荷法，在计算副簧为变截面簧片的渐变刚度钢板弹簧时，适应性不好、精度差等不足上，建立了具有该结构形式的渐变刚度钢板弹簧的普遍适用的力学模型，通过对某型铃木汽车的渐变刚度钢板弹簧刚度的实例计算及与实验值比较，表明本文提出的曲率——载荷混合法简便易行且有较好的精度。
综上所述，本文系统地研究了摩托车噪声的识别与控制的方法，研究了影响车辆振动舒适性的钢板弹簧系统。综合分析方法能有效的识别和控制车辆噪声，同时对板簧系统提出的曲率——载荷混合法的分析方法，简便易行且有较好的精度，研究结果对车辆的噪声与振动控制等方面具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。
The vibration and noise of vehicle have not only affected the comfort of drivers andpassengers, but also been the main factors which influence the environment and reliabilityof mechanics. There are many noise sources which have different generating mechanismincluding vibration. Many aspects must be taken into consideration in the identificationand control of noise effectively, which request the researchers to master a variety oftechniques including different kinds of source identification methods, modern signalprocessing, modal analysis, analysis and improvement of intake and exhaust muffler, andso on. Therefore, researchers continue to explore how to use these methods flexibly, whichhas important meaning in improving the comfort of vehicle.
Taking a certain type of motor tricycle as the research object, an integrated use ofnoise source identification methods which includes signal processing, blind sourceseparation, muffler performance analysis, and modal analysis method are used to identifynoise sources of the motor tricycle. Then, some noise reduction measures are raised andverified by experiment. At last, dynamic characteristics of leaf springs that have a greatinfluence on the vibration of vehicle are analyzed. The main contents of the study aresummarized as follows:
(1) The noise spectral characteristics of the vehicle are extracted by using variousmethods. By making an integrated use of traditional methods of noise source identification,signal processing of noise source identification and modern methods of noise sourceidentification-blind source separation, the main noise source of the motor tricycle arefound. In the course of the study, the spectral characteristics of the noise source areidentified and extracted. By analyze the energy distribution of the noise spectrum ofvehicle acceleration and traditional source based on the sound power and arraymeasurements, the main noise source is identifieded. The improvement program of theacoustic pieces preliminarily is proposed.
(2) The original car exhaust system are analyzed and studied. Take the exhaust noiseas the largest noise source. By using other methods based on finite element analysis thestructure performance of acoustic performance and aerodynamic performance of theoriginal exhaust system is studed. The original exhaust muffler has been optimized andimproved from the structure, acoustics and fluid, then design a new exhaust muffler. Through the engine bench test, the improved measures of the muffler and designed mufflerare verified. The vehicle's exhaust muffler is determine
(3) of The motorcycle noise source is reducted and verified. Vehicle noise reductionmeasures have been tested and verified from sound-absorbing material and exhaust mufflerthese two aspects based on the first stage of the study. The sound pressure level and soundpressure spectral characteristics of vehicle acceleration of the vehicle whether hasimproved or not has been compared.
(4)Statistical energy analysis has been worked on the board structure under therelevant incentive. In two related input model, by establish multi-related input model, theenergy distribution of the conservative and non-conservative coupling structure under themulti-related input and establish an energy balanced equation of complex couplingstructure under the multi-related excitation are sdutied.
(5)On the basis of statistical energy analysis of the board structure, to the stiffness ofleaf spring of gradient stiffness, a curvature-load hybrid method is proposed. To thecommon curvature law and the concentrated load method, when calculate the leaf springof gradient stiffness whose vice-spring is variable cross-section spring, the adaptation isnot good and the precision is poor. A mechanical model of general application of the leafspring of gradient stiffness is builded. Compare the example calculations and theexperimental value of a certain type of Suzuki car's leaf spring of gradient stiffness, itshows the text proposed the curvature-load hybrid method is simple and has goodaccuracy.
In summary, in this study we studied the noise source identification and noise controland leaf spring system which is very important to vehicle vibration comfort.Comprehensive analysis method can effectively identify and control vehicle noise, whilethe curvature-loads mixed method of analysis was put forward to study the leaf springsystem. The method is simple and has good accuracy and the results of has importanttheoretical significance and value to vehicle noise and vibration control in engineering.
以某型三轮摩托车为研究对象，综合运用不同噪声源识别方法，如现代信号处理、盲源分离、消声器性能分析、以及模态识别等方法，对三轮摩托车整车的噪声源进行了识别，在此基础提出了针对性的降噪措施，并试验验证了这些措施的有效性；对影响整车振动的主要零部件钢板弹簧的动力特性进行了分析。研究主要内容归纳如下：
(1)运用不同测试方法提取了整车噪声频谱特征。综合运用传统噪声源识别方法、信号处理噪声源识别方法、以及现代噪声源识别方法—盲源分离，对三轮摩托车的噪声源进行了研究，得到了噪声源的频谱特征。基于加速通过噪声测试、近场声压测试与阵列声功率测量分析了整车加速通过噪声频谱、各传统声源噪声频谱的能量分布范围，对各噪声源进行了排序，识别出主要噪声源。
(2)对原车排气系统进行了分析与研究。针对最大噪声源为排气系统噪声，基于有限元分析等方法对原排气系统结构性能、声学性能、空气动力性能等进行了研究，重点分析了原排气系统存在的不足，从结构、声学、流体等方面对原排气消声器进行了优化与改进，并设计了新的排气消声器。通过发动机台架试验对优化和设计的消声器进行了试验验证。
(3)整车降噪与验证。在前阶段研究的基础上，从隔声件吸声材料与排气系统两个方面对整车降噪措施进行了试验验证分析，结果表明，吸声材料选择和新设计排气系统消声器都能有效地降低整车加速噪声。
(4)整车振动产生噪声，针对其减振部件钢板弹簧，重点研究了其建模与分析方法。在相关激励下对板结构进行了统计能量分析，在两相关输入模型的基础上，建立多相关输入模型，研究多相关输入形式下保守和非保守耦合结构的能量分布问题，进而建立多相关激励作用下复杂耦合结构的能量平衡方程。
(5)在对板结构统计能量分析的基础上，提出了一种计算分析渐变刚度钢板弹簧刚度特性的曲率—载荷混合法。针对共同曲率法和集中载荷法，在计算副簧为变截面簧片的渐变刚度钢板弹簧时，适应性不好、精度差等不足上，建立了具有该结构形式的渐变刚度钢板弹簧的普遍适用的力学模型，通过对某型铃木汽车的渐变刚度钢板弹簧刚度的实例计算及与实验值比较，表明本文提出的曲率——载荷混合法简便易行且有较好的精度。
综上所述，本文系统地研究了摩托车噪声的识别与控制的方法，研究了影响车辆振动舒适性的钢板弹簧系统。综合分析方法能有效的识别和控制车辆噪声，同时对板簧系统提出的曲率——载荷混合法的分析方法，简便易行且有较好的精度，研究结果对车辆的噪声与振动控制等方面具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。
The vibration and noise of vehicle have not only affected the comfort of drivers andpassengers, but also been the main factors which influence the environment and reliabilityof mechanics. There are many noise sources which have different generating mechanismincluding vibration. Many aspects must be taken into consideration in the identificationand control of noise effectively, which request the researchers to master a variety oftechniques including different kinds of source identification methods, modern signalprocessing, modal analysis, analysis and improvement of intake and exhaust muffler, andso on. Therefore, researchers continue to explore how to use these methods flexibly, whichhas important meaning in improving the comfort of vehicle.
Taking a certain type of motor tricycle as the research object, an integrated use ofnoise source identification methods which includes signal processing, blind sourceseparation, muffler performance analysis, and modal analysis method are used to identifynoise sources of the motor tricycle. Then, some noise reduction measures are raised andverified by experiment. At last, dynamic characteristics of leaf springs that have a greatinfluence on the vibration of vehicle are analyzed. The main contents of the study aresummarized as follows:
(1) The noise spectral characteristics of the vehicle are extracted by using variousmethods. By making an integrated use of traditional methods of noise source identification,signal processing of noise source identification and modern methods of noise sourceidentification-blind source separation, the main noise source of the motor tricycle arefound. In the course of the study, the spectral characteristics of the noise source areidentified and extracted. By analyze the energy distribution of the noise spectrum ofvehicle acceleration and traditional source based on the sound power and arraymeasurements, the main noise source is identifieded. The improvement program of theacoustic pieces preliminarily is proposed.
(2) The original car exhaust system are analyzed and studied. Take the exhaust noiseas the largest noise source. By using other methods based on finite element analysis thestructure performance of acoustic performance and aerodynamic performance of theoriginal exhaust system is studed. The original exhaust muffler has been optimized andimproved from the structure, acoustics and fluid, then design a new exhaust muffler. Through the engine bench test, the improved measures of the muffler and designed mufflerare verified. The vehicle's exhaust muffler is determine
(3) of The motorcycle noise source is reducted and verified. Vehicle noise reductionmeasures have been tested and verified from sound-absorbing material and exhaust mufflerthese two aspects based on the first stage of the study. The sound pressure level and soundpressure spectral characteristics of vehicle acceleration of the vehicle whether hasimproved or not has been compared.
(4)Statistical energy analysis has been worked on the board structure under therelevant incentive. In two related input model, by establish multi-related input model, theenergy distribution of the conservative and non-conservative coupling structure under themulti-related input and establish an energy balanced equation of complex couplingstructure under the multi-related excitation are sdutied.
(5)On the basis of statistical energy analysis of the board structure, to the stiffness ofleaf spring of gradient stiffness, a curvature-load hybrid method is proposed. To thecommon curvature law and the concentrated load method, when calculate the leaf springof gradient stiffness whose vice-spring is variable cross-section spring, the adaptation isnot good and the precision is poor. A mechanical model of general application of the leafspring of gradient stiffness is builded. Compare the example calculations and theexperimental value of a certain type of Suzuki car's leaf spring of gradient stiffness, itshows the text proposed the curvature-load hybrid method is simple and has goodaccuracy.
In summary, in this study we studied the noise source identification and noise controland leaf spring system which is very important to vehicle vibration comfort.Comprehensive analysis method can effectively identify and control vehicle noise, whilethe curvature-loads mixed method of analysis was put forward to study the leaf springsystem. The method is simple and has good accuracy and the results of has importanttheoretical significance and value to vehicle noise and vibration control in engineering.
引文
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