中亚干旱区黄土记录的过去5万年以来古气候变化历史
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摘要
中亚黄土区位于中亚干旱带核心区,与世界上最主要的三大黄土分布区(欧洲黄土区、西伯利亚黄土区、中国黄土高原)相邻。对该地区黄土沉积的研究有助于理解该地区黄土沉积与其它黄土沉积区黄土沉积的异同,从而理解在全球气候背景下区域气候对黄土沉积的控制程度；同时,中亚干地带核心区位于亚洲季风和西风带相互作用区,研究该地区古气候变化历史有助于理解亚洲季风和西风带的相互作用过程。本文根据野外地层考察(VA、TR、Romantic、ZKT剖面),结合实验分析(古气候代用指标包括：粒度、磁化率、碳酸盐、有机质以及有机碳同位素组成),在AMS14C年代控制基础上(测年材料包括：蜗牛、炭屑、沉积物全样),重建了研究区过去50000年以来的古气候变化历史。主要研究结果如下：
一,区域地层学研究分析显示,研究区在～4800014C yr BP—～3000014C yr BP间为黄土-古土壤复合体,沉积于较差的排水条件,期间发育的三层古土壤分别形成于～4500014C yr BP、～4000014C yr BP以及～3500014C yr BPo接下来的～3000014C yr BP—～1000014C yr BP(?)司主要为黄土沉积,并伴随有广泛的潜育化现象。位于最西面的VA剖面(哈斯克斯坦中南部)在～1800014C yr BP—～1000014C yr BP之间发育了一层弱土壤层。早全新世(～1000014C yr BP—～500014C yr BP)为黄土沉积期而晚全新世(过去～500014C yr BP以来)为土壤发育期。
二,将研究区黄土沉积地层与其周边黄土沉积地层(欧洲、西伯利亚、中国黄土高原)对比分析表明：各黄土区均在MIS3阶段发育了数层古土壤。MIS2阶段中国黄土高原的黄土沉积中既没有观察到明显的成壤特点也没有发现任何的潜育化现象,而欧洲、中亚以及西伯利亚均记录到了广泛的潜育化现象,且有弱土壤层的发育。这些差异说明中亚区在上述时段比东亚区气候更为湿润。全新世地层序列比较发现：中亚区与欧洲全新世地层序列相似,和东亚区存在一个反相位关系,即：东亚区在全新世早期(9000—4000年)发育土壤,晚期为黄土沉积；中亚区在全新世早期为黄土沉积,晚期发育土壤。总体来讲,研究区过去5万年以来黄土沉积地层记录与欧洲黄土沉积地层记录相似。
三,土壤有机碳同位素组成分析显示,研究区西部两个剖面(VA和TR剖面)土壤δ13Corg值分布于-22‰—-26‰之间,植被主要为C3植物。末次冰期间冰段以及晚全新世土壤层δ13Corg值要偏低于晚末次冰期,末次冰期间冰段发育的古土壤层δ13Corg值也要明显偏低于其上覆和下伏的黄土层。进一步分析发现降水可能是控制该地区土壤δ13Corg值的主要因素,且土壤δ13Corg值主要反映的是纯C3植物对气候因子的响应。位于研究区东部的ZKT剖面的研究结果与VA和TR剖面研究结果有明显的差异：第一,ZKT剖面土壤δ13Corg值总体偏高于其西面的VA和TR剖面,植被由C3和C4植物混合组成；第二,ZKT剖面古土壤层δ13Corg值偏高于其上覆和下伏黄土层,主要反映了C3和C4植物相对丰度的变化,不能简单的反映降水或者有效湿度,其具体环境意义需要进一步研究。
四,粒度分析表明,研究区颗粒组分中<10μm颗粒含量(反映西风风力强弱)对气候变化极为敏感,VA和TR剖面<10gm颗粒含量在～39000cal.yr BP、～24000cal. yr BP、～16000cal. yr BP以及～12800cal. yr BP四个时段明显下降,在时间上很好的对应了末次冰期北大西洋发生的H4、H2、H1和YD事件。
五,研究区西部的VA剖面全新世以来颗粒组分中<2μm颗粒含量变化曲线与挪威海冬季降水具有较好的对应关系,即早全新世相对干旱(降水相对较少),而晚全新世相对湿润(降水相对增多)。
The loess-covered area of Central Asia is surrounded by other three loess areas including European loess area, Siberia loess area and Chinese Loess Plateau. Therefore, the loess deposits in Central Asia is of great significance in clearifying the similarities and differences of loess deposits between Central Asia and other loess areas and in understanding the regional climate importance in terms of loess deposition and paleosol development in loess. Climatologically, Central Asian Arid zone is affected by the Asian monsoon and the westerlies, understanding the regional paleoclimate change allows us to clarify the interacting history of the Asian monsoon and the westerlies. According to field strata investigation, in combination with laboratory analyses with chronological supports of AMS14C dates, the climate change in Central Asia during past50,000years is reconstruted. The conclusions are as follows:
1. From～48,00014C yr BP to～30,00014C yr BP,the loess deposited under poorly-drained conditions and the loess deposition was interrupted by three weakly developed paleosols that were formed at～45,00014C yr BP, at～40,00014C yr BP and at～35,00014C yr BP, respectively. From～30,00014C yr BP to～18,00014C yr BP, loess deposition absolutely dominated under poorly-drained conditions with some gleyed characteristics. From～18,00014C yr BP to～10,00014C yr BP, a weakly developed and gleyed paleosol was developed in VA section that is located in the western portion of the studied area. Holocene sequence in Central Asian region includes an early loess layer (～10,00014C yr BP—～5,00014C yr BP) and a late soil layer (since5,00014C yr BP).
2. Comparison of the loess deposits in the study area with those in the surrounding area (i.e., Europe, Siberia, China Loess Plateau) demonstrates that MIS3was unamously characterized by2-3paleosol development in all of mentioend loess areas. The typical loess of MIS2was deposited under poorly-drained conditions in Central Asia, being similar to those in Europe and Siberia and being differene from those in Chinese Loess Plateau. The Holocene sequence Central Asia is out-of-phase with that in East Asia (i.e., Chinese Loess Plateau). That is, Holocene sequence in East Asia loess region includes an early soil layer (～9,00014C yr BP—～4,00014C yr BP) and a late loess layer (past～4,00014C yr BP), while Holocene sequence in Central Asia loess region includes an early loess layer (～9,00014C yr BP—～4,00014C yr BP) and a late soil layer (past～4,00014C yr BP), Generally speaking, the loess stratigraphies in central Asia are similar to those in Europe.
3. Organic carbon isotope analysis revealed that δ13Corg values vary between-22%o and-26%o at VA and TR sectios, the indicative vegetation was composed of C3and C4plants with C3plants being dominated. The δ13Corg values were more negative during MI S3than MIS2and paleosol layers have more negative813Corg values than loess layers. Further analysis demonstrates that the major control factor on the δ13Corg values was probably precipitation or/and soil moisture. The δ13Corg values in ZKT section show an opposite trend in comparison with those in VA and TR section. That is, the δ13Corg values were more negative in loess layers than in soil layers.
4. Our analysis also found that the proxy "<10μm (%)" in grain size is extremely sensitive to climate change and that the "<10μm(%)" in VA and TR sections was significantly low at-12800cal. yr BP, at-16000cal. yr BP, at～24000cal. yr BP and at～39000cal. yr BP, seemingly being correspondent with YD, H1, H2and H4events retrieved in North Atlantic regiom during the last glaciation.
5. The Holocene variations in "<2μm(100%)" in grain size in VA section is similar to the Holoene winter precipitation trend in Norwegian Sea and to the Holocene moisture evolution trend in Xinjiang. That is, early Holocene was relatively dry and late Holocene was relatively humid.
一,区域地层学研究分析显示,研究区在～4800014C yr BP—～3000014C yr BP间为黄土-古土壤复合体,沉积于较差的排水条件,期间发育的三层古土壤分别形成于～4500014C yr BP、～4000014C yr BP以及～3500014C yr BPo接下来的～3000014C yr BP—～1000014C yr BP(?)司主要为黄土沉积,并伴随有广泛的潜育化现象。位于最西面的VA剖面(哈斯克斯坦中南部)在～1800014C yr BP—～1000014C yr BP之间发育了一层弱土壤层。早全新世(～1000014C yr BP—～500014C yr BP)为黄土沉积期而晚全新世(过去～500014C yr BP以来)为土壤发育期。
二,将研究区黄土沉积地层与其周边黄土沉积地层(欧洲、西伯利亚、中国黄土高原)对比分析表明：各黄土区均在MIS3阶段发育了数层古土壤。MIS2阶段中国黄土高原的黄土沉积中既没有观察到明显的成壤特点也没有发现任何的潜育化现象,而欧洲、中亚以及西伯利亚均记录到了广泛的潜育化现象,且有弱土壤层的发育。这些差异说明中亚区在上述时段比东亚区气候更为湿润。全新世地层序列比较发现：中亚区与欧洲全新世地层序列相似,和东亚区存在一个反相位关系,即：东亚区在全新世早期(9000—4000年)发育土壤,晚期为黄土沉积；中亚区在全新世早期为黄土沉积,晚期发育土壤。总体来讲,研究区过去5万年以来黄土沉积地层记录与欧洲黄土沉积地层记录相似。
三,土壤有机碳同位素组成分析显示,研究区西部两个剖面(VA和TR剖面)土壤δ13Corg值分布于-22‰—-26‰之间,植被主要为C3植物。末次冰期间冰段以及晚全新世土壤层δ13Corg值要偏低于晚末次冰期,末次冰期间冰段发育的古土壤层δ13Corg值也要明显偏低于其上覆和下伏的黄土层。进一步分析发现降水可能是控制该地区土壤δ13Corg值的主要因素,且土壤δ13Corg值主要反映的是纯C3植物对气候因子的响应。位于研究区东部的ZKT剖面的研究结果与VA和TR剖面研究结果有明显的差异：第一,ZKT剖面土壤δ13Corg值总体偏高于其西面的VA和TR剖面,植被由C3和C4植物混合组成；第二,ZKT剖面古土壤层δ13Corg值偏高于其上覆和下伏黄土层,主要反映了C3和C4植物相对丰度的变化,不能简单的反映降水或者有效湿度,其具体环境意义需要进一步研究。
四,粒度分析表明,研究区颗粒组分中<10μm颗粒含量(反映西风风力强弱)对气候变化极为敏感,VA和TR剖面<10gm颗粒含量在～39000cal.yr BP、～24000cal. yr BP、～16000cal. yr BP以及～12800cal. yr BP四个时段明显下降,在时间上很好的对应了末次冰期北大西洋发生的H4、H2、H1和YD事件。
五,研究区西部的VA剖面全新世以来颗粒组分中<2μm颗粒含量变化曲线与挪威海冬季降水具有较好的对应关系,即早全新世相对干旱(降水相对较少),而晚全新世相对湿润(降水相对增多)。
The loess-covered area of Central Asia is surrounded by other three loess areas including European loess area, Siberia loess area and Chinese Loess Plateau. Therefore, the loess deposits in Central Asia is of great significance in clearifying the similarities and differences of loess deposits between Central Asia and other loess areas and in understanding the regional climate importance in terms of loess deposition and paleosol development in loess. Climatologically, Central Asian Arid zone is affected by the Asian monsoon and the westerlies, understanding the regional paleoclimate change allows us to clarify the interacting history of the Asian monsoon and the westerlies. According to field strata investigation, in combination with laboratory analyses with chronological supports of AMS14C dates, the climate change in Central Asia during past50,000years is reconstruted. The conclusions are as follows:
1. From～48,00014C yr BP to～30,00014C yr BP,the loess deposited under poorly-drained conditions and the loess deposition was interrupted by three weakly developed paleosols that were formed at～45,00014C yr BP, at～40,00014C yr BP and at～35,00014C yr BP, respectively. From～30,00014C yr BP to～18,00014C yr BP, loess deposition absolutely dominated under poorly-drained conditions with some gleyed characteristics. From～18,00014C yr BP to～10,00014C yr BP, a weakly developed and gleyed paleosol was developed in VA section that is located in the western portion of the studied area. Holocene sequence in Central Asian region includes an early loess layer (～10,00014C yr BP—～5,00014C yr BP) and a late soil layer (since5,00014C yr BP).
2. Comparison of the loess deposits in the study area with those in the surrounding area (i.e., Europe, Siberia, China Loess Plateau) demonstrates that MIS3was unamously characterized by2-3paleosol development in all of mentioend loess areas. The typical loess of MIS2was deposited under poorly-drained conditions in Central Asia, being similar to those in Europe and Siberia and being differene from those in Chinese Loess Plateau. The Holocene sequence Central Asia is out-of-phase with that in East Asia (i.e., Chinese Loess Plateau). That is, Holocene sequence in East Asia loess region includes an early soil layer (～9,00014C yr BP—～4,00014C yr BP) and a late loess layer (past～4,00014C yr BP), while Holocene sequence in Central Asia loess region includes an early loess layer (～9,00014C yr BP—～4,00014C yr BP) and a late soil layer (past～4,00014C yr BP), Generally speaking, the loess stratigraphies in central Asia are similar to those in Europe.
3. Organic carbon isotope analysis revealed that δ13Corg values vary between-22%o and-26%o at VA and TR sectios, the indicative vegetation was composed of C3and C4plants with C3plants being dominated. The δ13Corg values were more negative during MI S3than MIS2and paleosol layers have more negative813Corg values than loess layers. Further analysis demonstrates that the major control factor on the δ13Corg values was probably precipitation or/and soil moisture. The δ13Corg values in ZKT section show an opposite trend in comparison with those in VA and TR section. That is, the δ13Corg values were more negative in loess layers than in soil layers.
4. Our analysis also found that the proxy "<10μm (%)" in grain size is extremely sensitive to climate change and that the "<10μm(%)" in VA and TR sections was significantly low at-12800cal. yr BP, at-16000cal. yr BP, at～24000cal. yr BP and at～39000cal. yr BP, seemingly being correspondent with YD, H1, H2and H4events retrieved in North Atlantic regiom during the last glaciation.
5. The Holocene variations in "<2μm(100%)" in grain size in VA section is similar to the Holoene winter precipitation trend in Norwegian Sea and to the Holocene moisture evolution trend in Xinjiang. That is, early Holocene was relatively dry and late Holocene was relatively humid.
引文
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