陕西宝鸡市渭河北岸大型黄土滑坡形成机理与危险性评估研究
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摘要
黄土塬边斜坡带是大型滑坡灾害的高易发区,论文选取渭河北岸宝鸡峡至扶风段塬边斜坡带为研究区,开展大型滑坡形成机理与危险性评估研究。利用地貌特征空间信息提取、构造变形的几何解析、动态数值分析与易滑地层蠕变、环剪试验等手段,探讨了斜坡带形成的构造地貌过程、原始斜坡结构、典型滑坡体的几何变形宏观特征及动力学过程,研究易滑地层形成滑带土的蠕变、滑动摩擦机制,评价斜坡带的滑坡危险性,取得下列新进展和认识。
1、初步揭示渭河北岸塬边斜坡带演化四个阶段与侵蚀的分段特征
研究揭示宝鸡峡至扶风斜坡带古滑坡形成于0.13Ma BPⅢ级阶地侵蚀期,老滑坡形成于0.009MaBPⅡ级阶地侵蚀期。从西向东坡面侵蚀程度与滑坡面密度表现出相同的分段性,宝鸡峡至千河口段滑坡面密度达91.0%-98.0%,千河至蔡家坡段滑坡面密度达到87.7%-95.1%,蔡家坡至扶风段滑坡面密度68.9%-82.8%,坡面侵蚀、老滑坡复活是今后斜坡带变形主要形式。
2、初步揭示渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡带结构及其大型深层滑坡变形
通过地质调查与动态数值模拟研究,初步揭示渭河北缘活动断裂控制北坡塬边斜坡带地貌特征,影响滑坡变形过程,主要包括：①千河以西地段塬边主断裂面产状与大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁面产状
一致,文家山等大型滑坡后壁陡峻产状的一致性和成带性,表明塬边分布的活动断裂面可能影响滑坡后缘滑壁的形成过程。②活动断裂最大下挫距离7.1m,无论是蠕滑还是粘滑,都可能影响大型滑坡的发生过程。③滑坡的结构构造形态与北缘断裂面的出露位置有关,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其形成演化过程,局部滑坡剪出口产状陡峻受断裂结构控制,如祈家村滑坡,滑动带沿该优势断裂面剪出口,角度达72°。大部分未受到断裂面影响的滑坡剪出口角度平均为230。
3、利用平衡剖面计算,探索研究了典型深层滑坡几何学特征及其运动学意义基于平衡剖面解析与PFC2D数值分析,对塬边大型深层滑坡的几何学样式、运动学过程进行了定量研究。塬边深层滑坡主要为坡基础、坡体型两类,其中坡基型以卧龙寺滑坡为代表,滑动面后缘破裂壁的倾角为57°,剪切口角度为12°,中部近水平。位移变形集中于滑体后缘与坡脚,后缘下降最高达58m,前缘隆起最高达27m,水平滑移约为335m。坡体型以蔡家坡滑坡为代表,滑动面后缘破裂壁的倾角为48°,中前部呈近水平状尖灭。后缘下降约36m,滑体前缘向外剪出隆起达22m,水平滑移距离约为130m。基于上述几何形态的PFC2D数值分析验证了平衡剖面解析的正确性,获得蔡家坡滑坡平均滑动速度为3m/s。
4、初步揭示深层大型滑坡滑动带微观变形过程、强度衰减趋势及其滑动摩擦机理
通过深层滑坡滑动带变形前后组构、变形特征的对比研究发现：粘土岩从原岩转变为滑带土过程中,蠕变变形引起岩土结构的重新调整,表现为无裂纹状体积塑性膨胀,导致蔡家坡等滑动带出现塑性挤出。而块体摩擦滑动促进了粘十岩从完整的絮状结构变为片理状,并留下擦痕、泥质薄膜。强度衰减伴随原岩的结构改变,蠕变长期强度近似为原岩峰值强度的27.8%,摩擦过程中的残余强度近似为原岩峰值强度的1.43%,二者导致滑体表现为滑动面贯通后的块体滑动；
5、完成了蔡家坡斜坡带滑坡灾害活动强度及危险性
利用历史地貌演化法,采用1：2000地形底图,确定了蔡家坡段滑坡形成时序,对滑坡活动类型进行了分类,确定了相应的活动强度,并根据110年来灾害记录确定了滑坡活动的频率,确定该滑坡段高危险区集中于陕棉九厂、蔡家坡及农副公司,而古滑坡复活体、蔡家坡新滑坡周缘的地貌陡坎带为中危险区。滑坡的危险区仅仅限于已有的滑体周边。
The plateau slope zone is a large area susceptible to landslide hazard. The paper selects the plateau slope between the north bank of Weihe River and Fufeng, and conducted detailed studies in the formation mechanism and hazard assessment of large landslide therein. By means of extraction of spatial information of geomorphic feature, geometrical analysis of structural deformation, dynamic numerical analysis and creep and ring shear tests of sliding stratum, etc., it discusses the structural and geomorphological process of slope zone, primary slope structure, geometrical deformation gross feature and dynamic process of typical landslide, researches the creep and sliding friction mechanisms of sliding stratum that form slip soil, and evaluates the landslide hazard in the slope zone. Some new breakthroughs have been achieved as follows.
1. This paper preliminarily reveals the four stages and multi-stage features of corrosion of the evolution of plateau slope on the north bank of Weihe River
According to the research, the ancient landslide in the Baoji Gorge-Fufeng slope formed on0.13Ma.BP third terrace in the corrosion period, and the old landslide came into being on0.009Ma.BP second terrace in the corrosion period. From west to east, the erosion degree of the slope surface shows an identical multi-stage characteristic as the landslide density. The landslide density of the Baoji Gorge-Qianhegou section is91.0%-98.0%, while that of the Qianhegou-Caijiapo section,87.7%-95.1%, and that of the Caijiapo-Fufeng section,68.9%-82.8%. Slope erosion and revival of old landslide will be the main forms of slope deformation.
2. This paper initially discloses that along the active fault of the north rim of the Weihe River, the graben structure controls the north plateau slope structure and its large deep-seated landslide deformation: Through geological survey and dynamic numerical simulation research, this paper initially reveals that the active fault of the north rim of the Weihe River controls the geomorphic feature of the north plateau slope zone and affects the deformation process of the landslide.(1) Active faults in northern margin of the Weihe River, as graben-like structures, control the terrain and physiognomy of slope zone of the plateau edge on the northern bank. The details are that principal fracture surface is S-dipping and the dipping angle is68°on average controls the angle of plateau edge in bank slope; and the assemblage of secondary faulted structure controls the slope structure and affects the structure of large loess landslide on the plateau edge;(2) The principal fracture surface of the plateau edge is consistent with the smooth wall of back scarp of many large loess landslide, and it has influenced on the configuration and occurrence of large landslide. The maximum distance of fault offset is7.1m;(3) Active faults have graben-like structure and local secondary fracture surface, controlling the structure of multi-order sliding surface of plateau edge and its formation and evolution. For instance, in the Yangjiacun Landslide, some landslides are controlled and sheared by faulted structure with shear angle reaching at72°. The toe of surface of rupture of most landslides were not affected by fracture surface and their angles are23°on average
3. By calculation of balanced section, this paper researches and discloses the geometrical characteristics of deep-seated landslide and its dynamical significance
Based on the balanced section and PFCC2D numerical analysis, geometrical pattern and kinematic process of large deep-seated plateau landslide are researched in a quantitative manner. Deep plateau landslide mainly includes slope-foundation type and slope-body type, of which the former is featured by the Wolongsi Temple landslide. The dip angle of the rear fractured wall of the sliding face is57°, its shear crack is12°and its middle is approximately horizontal. Its displacement deformation concentrates in the rear edge and slope toe of the sliding body. The rear edge descends as high as58m, the front edge uplifts27m, and the horizontal displacement is about335m. The slope-body type is characterized by the Caijiapo landslide, of which the dip angle of the rear fractured wall of the sliding face is48°, and its front-middle part wedges out almost horizontally. The rear edge of the sliding body descends about36m and its front edge is sheared outwardly and rises by22m, and its horizontal slippage is about130m. Based on PFC2D numerical analysis of the above geometrical morphology, this paper verifies the correctness of analysis on balanced section and obtains that the average speed of the Caijiapo landslide in sliding is3m/s.
4. This paper initially suggests the microcosmic deformation process and intensity attenuation trend of large landslide sliding zone and its sliding friction mechanism
According to the comparative study on the fabric and deformation characteristics before and after the deformation of deep landslide sliding zone, it may be found that in transforming from primary rock to sliding zone, the creep deformation of clay rock causes readjustment of geotechnical structure, which is shown as flawless volume expansion, swelling, resulting in plastic extrusion of the Caijiapo sliding zone. On the other hand, frictional sliding between sliding bodies promotes the clay rock to change from flocculent structure to schistosity and leaves striation and argillaceous film. Intensity attenuation changes with the primary structure. The long-term strength of creep is approximate to27.8%of the primary rock peak strength. The residual strength during the friction is approximate to1.43%of the primary rock peak strength, both of which cause the sliding body to show a block glide with the sliding face being connected.
5. The activity intensity and risk of landslide hazard in the Caijiapo sliding zone has been suggested.
On the basis of1:2000landform base map, this paper determines the time series of the landslide in Caijiapo section and defines its strength by classifying the landslide, by using the historical geomorphic evolution method. According to the frequency of landslide activities within nearly110years, this paper suggeststhat the high risk zones of such landslide section concentrate on Ninth Shaanxi Cotton Factory, Caijiapo and Agricultural Company, while the reviving bodies of ancient landslide, the steep cliffs around the new landslide in Caijiapo fall into middle risk areas. The risk area of landslide is strictly limited on the periphery of the pre-existing sliding body
1、初步揭示渭河北岸塬边斜坡带演化四个阶段与侵蚀的分段特征
研究揭示宝鸡峡至扶风斜坡带古滑坡形成于0.13Ma BPⅢ级阶地侵蚀期,老滑坡形成于0.009MaBPⅡ级阶地侵蚀期。从西向东坡面侵蚀程度与滑坡面密度表现出相同的分段性,宝鸡峡至千河口段滑坡面密度达91.0%-98.0%,千河至蔡家坡段滑坡面密度达到87.7%-95.1%,蔡家坡至扶风段滑坡面密度68.9%-82.8%,坡面侵蚀、老滑坡复活是今后斜坡带变形主要形式。
2、初步揭示渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡带结构及其大型深层滑坡变形
通过地质调查与动态数值模拟研究,初步揭示渭河北缘活动断裂控制北坡塬边斜坡带地貌特征,影响滑坡变形过程,主要包括：①千河以西地段塬边主断裂面产状与大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁面产状
一致,文家山等大型滑坡后壁陡峻产状的一致性和成带性,表明塬边分布的活动断裂面可能影响滑坡后缘滑壁的形成过程。②活动断裂最大下挫距离7.1m,无论是蠕滑还是粘滑,都可能影响大型滑坡的发生过程。③滑坡的结构构造形态与北缘断裂面的出露位置有关,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其形成演化过程,局部滑坡剪出口产状陡峻受断裂结构控制,如祈家村滑坡,滑动带沿该优势断裂面剪出口,角度达72°。大部分未受到断裂面影响的滑坡剪出口角度平均为230。
3、利用平衡剖面计算,探索研究了典型深层滑坡几何学特征及其运动学意义基于平衡剖面解析与PFC2D数值分析,对塬边大型深层滑坡的几何学样式、运动学过程进行了定量研究。塬边深层滑坡主要为坡基础、坡体型两类,其中坡基型以卧龙寺滑坡为代表,滑动面后缘破裂壁的倾角为57°,剪切口角度为12°,中部近水平。位移变形集中于滑体后缘与坡脚,后缘下降最高达58m,前缘隆起最高达27m,水平滑移约为335m。坡体型以蔡家坡滑坡为代表,滑动面后缘破裂壁的倾角为48°,中前部呈近水平状尖灭。后缘下降约36m,滑体前缘向外剪出隆起达22m,水平滑移距离约为130m。基于上述几何形态的PFC2D数值分析验证了平衡剖面解析的正确性,获得蔡家坡滑坡平均滑动速度为3m/s。
4、初步揭示深层大型滑坡滑动带微观变形过程、强度衰减趋势及其滑动摩擦机理
通过深层滑坡滑动带变形前后组构、变形特征的对比研究发现：粘土岩从原岩转变为滑带土过程中,蠕变变形引起岩土结构的重新调整,表现为无裂纹状体积塑性膨胀,导致蔡家坡等滑动带出现塑性挤出。而块体摩擦滑动促进了粘十岩从完整的絮状结构变为片理状,并留下擦痕、泥质薄膜。强度衰减伴随原岩的结构改变,蠕变长期强度近似为原岩峰值强度的27.8%,摩擦过程中的残余强度近似为原岩峰值强度的1.43%,二者导致滑体表现为滑动面贯通后的块体滑动；
5、完成了蔡家坡斜坡带滑坡灾害活动强度及危险性
利用历史地貌演化法,采用1：2000地形底图,确定了蔡家坡段滑坡形成时序,对滑坡活动类型进行了分类,确定了相应的活动强度,并根据110年来灾害记录确定了滑坡活动的频率,确定该滑坡段高危险区集中于陕棉九厂、蔡家坡及农副公司,而古滑坡复活体、蔡家坡新滑坡周缘的地貌陡坎带为中危险区。滑坡的危险区仅仅限于已有的滑体周边。
The plateau slope zone is a large area susceptible to landslide hazard. The paper selects the plateau slope between the north bank of Weihe River and Fufeng, and conducted detailed studies in the formation mechanism and hazard assessment of large landslide therein. By means of extraction of spatial information of geomorphic feature, geometrical analysis of structural deformation, dynamic numerical analysis and creep and ring shear tests of sliding stratum, etc., it discusses the structural and geomorphological process of slope zone, primary slope structure, geometrical deformation gross feature and dynamic process of typical landslide, researches the creep and sliding friction mechanisms of sliding stratum that form slip soil, and evaluates the landslide hazard in the slope zone. Some new breakthroughs have been achieved as follows.
1. This paper preliminarily reveals the four stages and multi-stage features of corrosion of the evolution of plateau slope on the north bank of Weihe River
According to the research, the ancient landslide in the Baoji Gorge-Fufeng slope formed on0.13Ma.BP third terrace in the corrosion period, and the old landslide came into being on0.009Ma.BP second terrace in the corrosion period. From west to east, the erosion degree of the slope surface shows an identical multi-stage characteristic as the landslide density. The landslide density of the Baoji Gorge-Qianhegou section is91.0%-98.0%, while that of the Qianhegou-Caijiapo section,87.7%-95.1%, and that of the Caijiapo-Fufeng section,68.9%-82.8%. Slope erosion and revival of old landslide will be the main forms of slope deformation.
2. This paper initially discloses that along the active fault of the north rim of the Weihe River, the graben structure controls the north plateau slope structure and its large deep-seated landslide deformation: Through geological survey and dynamic numerical simulation research, this paper initially reveals that the active fault of the north rim of the Weihe River controls the geomorphic feature of the north plateau slope zone and affects the deformation process of the landslide.(1) Active faults in northern margin of the Weihe River, as graben-like structures, control the terrain and physiognomy of slope zone of the plateau edge on the northern bank. The details are that principal fracture surface is S-dipping and the dipping angle is68°on average controls the angle of plateau edge in bank slope; and the assemblage of secondary faulted structure controls the slope structure and affects the structure of large loess landslide on the plateau edge;(2) The principal fracture surface of the plateau edge is consistent with the smooth wall of back scarp of many large loess landslide, and it has influenced on the configuration and occurrence of large landslide. The maximum distance of fault offset is7.1m;(3) Active faults have graben-like structure and local secondary fracture surface, controlling the structure of multi-order sliding surface of plateau edge and its formation and evolution. For instance, in the Yangjiacun Landslide, some landslides are controlled and sheared by faulted structure with shear angle reaching at72°. The toe of surface of rupture of most landslides were not affected by fracture surface and their angles are23°on average
3. By calculation of balanced section, this paper researches and discloses the geometrical characteristics of deep-seated landslide and its dynamical significance
Based on the balanced section and PFCC2D numerical analysis, geometrical pattern and kinematic process of large deep-seated plateau landslide are researched in a quantitative manner. Deep plateau landslide mainly includes slope-foundation type and slope-body type, of which the former is featured by the Wolongsi Temple landslide. The dip angle of the rear fractured wall of the sliding face is57°, its shear crack is12°and its middle is approximately horizontal. Its displacement deformation concentrates in the rear edge and slope toe of the sliding body. The rear edge descends as high as58m, the front edge uplifts27m, and the horizontal displacement is about335m. The slope-body type is characterized by the Caijiapo landslide, of which the dip angle of the rear fractured wall of the sliding face is48°, and its front-middle part wedges out almost horizontally. The rear edge of the sliding body descends about36m and its front edge is sheared outwardly and rises by22m, and its horizontal slippage is about130m. Based on PFC2D numerical analysis of the above geometrical morphology, this paper verifies the correctness of analysis on balanced section and obtains that the average speed of the Caijiapo landslide in sliding is3m/s.
4. This paper initially suggests the microcosmic deformation process and intensity attenuation trend of large landslide sliding zone and its sliding friction mechanism
According to the comparative study on the fabric and deformation characteristics before and after the deformation of deep landslide sliding zone, it may be found that in transforming from primary rock to sliding zone, the creep deformation of clay rock causes readjustment of geotechnical structure, which is shown as flawless volume expansion, swelling, resulting in plastic extrusion of the Caijiapo sliding zone. On the other hand, frictional sliding between sliding bodies promotes the clay rock to change from flocculent structure to schistosity and leaves striation and argillaceous film. Intensity attenuation changes with the primary structure. The long-term strength of creep is approximate to27.8%of the primary rock peak strength. The residual strength during the friction is approximate to1.43%of the primary rock peak strength, both of which cause the sliding body to show a block glide with the sliding face being connected.
5. The activity intensity and risk of landslide hazard in the Caijiapo sliding zone has been suggested.
On the basis of1:2000landform base map, this paper determines the time series of the landslide in Caijiapo section and defines its strength by classifying the landslide, by using the historical geomorphic evolution method. According to the frequency of landslide activities within nearly110years, this paper suggeststhat the high risk zones of such landslide section concentrate on Ninth Shaanxi Cotton Factory, Caijiapo and Agricultural Company, while the reviving bodies of ancient landslide, the steep cliffs around the new landslide in Caijiapo fall into middle risk areas. The risk area of landslide is strictly limited on the periphery of the pre-existing sliding body
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