集群环境下中小地震震源机制波形反演的准自动系统构建及应用研究
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摘要
地震所造成的灾害与地震的震源参数,尤其足震源机制、矩震级的大小及震源深度等直接相关。其中的震源机制解是地震破裂的几何学与运动学特征的直观反映,对了解震后活动趋势、震源区介质特征、区域应力状态与发震构造等具有重要意义。
地震发生后,除了提供震中和震级等地震的基本参数之外,快速反演得到准确可靠的震源机制乃至震源破裂过程,将对发震机制、震害评估、震情趋势判定等必要的分析提供重要的科学依据。对于震源机制的测定,目前使用的P波初动极性和振幅比方法对观测台站的分布要求较高,当地震发生在监测台网边缘或网外时,其结果常常难以令人信服。而利用日益增多的大量数字地震波形(P波、S波和面波)记录来反演震源机制,将增强对震源参数的约束精度与解析能力。波形反演中小地震震源机制的方法近十几年来发展迅速,并在美国、日本和欧洲一些国家及我国台湾地区逐渐投入到地震台网的运行中,对一些3.0-5.0级地震的震源机制进行自动或半自动测定,但我国尚缺乏中小地震震源机制的波形反演应用系统。为此,本论文基于Zhu and Helmberger(1996)的波形拟合反演震源机制Cut-And-Paste(CAP)的方法,构建了一个准自动波形反演系统来实现中小地震震源机制的快速确定,并探索将CAP方法拓展应用于小地震和深震震源机制反演的可能性。
作者首先在高性能集群计算系统中构建了基于CAP方法的准自动波形反演系统,同时对CAP方法进行了必要的拓展,使之适用于不同参考震中距或无距离校正等情形的反演；并在详细描述方法特点及反演流程基础上,发展了适合在集群计算系统中运行的自动反演程序(run.cap.auto.mpi)。考虑到中小地震激发能量相对较弱的特点,程序可对不同震级档采用不同的反演参数(特别是滤波参数范围),从而实现了大批量震源机制的并行反演并得到波形拟合最佳的震源机制结果。最后发展了CAP方法的图形用户界面,使得用户只需要简单或初步的指导就可以实现震源机制的反演工作。
本研究实现了不同操作系统环境下应用频率-波数(F-K)方法计算格林函数库,且在高性能集群计算系统中实现了F-K计算程序的多任务并行处理,达到了快速方便计算理论地震波形的目的。并根据通常基于一维速度结构模型计算理论地震波形的实际需要,采用以不同深度划分计算任务并提交到不同计算节点上计算处理,以达到尽快取得所需深度范围的全部格林函数库的目的。
本研究探索应用所构建的波形反演系统,反演了2009年发生在小浪底库区监测台网内的一次小震群活动的震源机制解。该震群主要发生在石井河断层中段的上盘,其震源机制以走滑为主、并伴随少量逆断型,而正断型机制很少。反演结果同该区域的地质构造特征较为吻合,结果表明CAP方法也适用于台网观测波形质量好的小震震源机制解反演。
本研究也首次尝试将CAP方法应用于我国东北在2010年和2011年分别发生的2个深震震源机制的反演。近震观测波形和理论波形的良好拟合效果,表明CAP反演结果稳定、可靠,说明该方法也同样适用于深震的震源机制反演。2010年2月18日深震的震源机制反演结果与国外有关机构得出的结果基本一致。而反演得到的2011年5月10日以低角度逆冲为主的深震震源机制,清晰地展示出日本俯冲带的动力作用过程中的响应活动特征,属于日本东北近海Mw9.0地震造成的大范围同震水平位移和震后滑移的构造应力调整活动。
本研究进一步由23个历史深震震源机制解资料,应用LSIB(Linear Stress Inversion with Bootstrapping)方法反演得到我国东北深震活动区的构造应力场特征如下：最大主压应力呈北西西向(272.6°),轴向近水平(26.4°)；最小主压应力呈南东东向,轴倾角为62.4°。表明近东西向构造应力场可能是太平洋板块从日本海沟处以北西西向俯冲到欧亚板块之下形成的。
The earthquake disaster is directly related to the source parameters of the earthquake,especially its focal mechanism and depth,and its moment magnitude. The focal mechanism solution can reflect the geometry and kinematics features of the earthquake rupture,which is very significant to analyze the activity of aftershocks and to understand the stress status of hypocentral area and seismogenic structure.
The seismic networks routinely determine the locations and magnitudes of earthquakes immediately after they occur. However, many networks are still unable to provide the earthquake mechanisms which are very important to the analysis of the seismogenic environment and potential earthquake hazard in the near future.At present, the focal mechanisms of earthquakes are mostly determined by the first-motions and S/P amplitude ratios of seismic waves from good station coverage. When an earthquake happens at the edge or outside of a seismic network, its focal mechanism determination is often unacceptable.Nevertheless, the seismic waveforms(P, S and surface waves)can provide much better constraints on the earthquake source parameters.In recent years, methods and algorithms have been widely developed to use waveforms to invert the focal mechanisms of moderate and small earthquakes,and some have been incorporated into the routine operating networks in USA,Japan,some European countries and Chinese Taipei for earthquakes with magnitudes3.0-5.0.However, most of seismic networks in China are unable to automatically determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and small earthquakes.In this paper, the author will develop an automatic system to quickly and reliably determine the earthquake mechanism based on the Cut-And-Paste (CAP) waveform inversion method (Zhu and Helmberger1996),and test this system with the focal mechanism inversions of small earthquakes and deep earthquakes to check its applicability.
The quasi-automated moment tensor inversion system based on CAP method had been built in a high-performance cluster computing system(HPCCS) with the capability of given reference epicentral distances or without distance calibration. Furthermore,the automated script program named run.cap.auto.mpi had been set in the HPCCS to work with different inversion parameters (as frequency ranges of waveform filtering) for source parameters determinations with various magnitude ranges of earthquakes. Finally, a graphical user interface of the CAP inversion has been deployed on the HPCCS and SUSE Unix system. It allows a user with very limited amount of training to near-real-time determine the focal mechanism of an earthquake.
Frequency-Wavenumber(F-K) package suitable for Windows and Unix/Linux environments had been compiled to compute Green's function libraries for specific velocity model of study region. For the Green's function computation using1-D velocity model, all computing jobs can be created automatically for each depth of the study region and be submitted to different computing nodes to obtain all of Green' function libraries of all depths on HPCCS as soon as possible.
The built HPCC CAP inversion system was used for the2009earthquake swarm occurred in the seismic network of Xiaolangdi Reservoir (XRSN in short) of Yellow river. The ML magnitude of this swarm ranges from1.0to2.6. The inverted focal mechanisms of this swarm show that all of24events, there were15events (62.5%) with strike-slip mechanisms, and seldom normal and thrust type earthquakes with only12.5%and25%respectively. The dominated shear mechanisms of this swarm occurred in the hanging wall of the middle segment of Shijinghe fault are in accordance with regional tectonics. Our results indicate that CAP method is suitable to inverse the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes with high signal-to-noise ratio waveforms from dense network.
Then the CAP method was first time tried to invert source parameters of2deep earthquakes occurred in Northeast China in2010and2011respectively. The results with well fitted synthetic and observed waveforms indicate that this method is also suitable to invert the mechanism of deep earthquake. Our result of the2010event is a good agreement with the results from USGS and gCMT. Our low-angle thrust result for the2011deep earthquake reveals the activity of dynamic response of the subducting Pacific plate, and is associated with the tectonic stress adjustments of great coseismic displacements and postseismic slip induced by the2011Mw9.0Tohoku-oki earthquake in Japan.
Furthermore, the Linear Stress Inversion with Bootstrapping resampling (LSIB) method had been used to invert for tectonic stress field from23historical focal mechanisms within study region. Our results show that the direction of maximum principal stress is NWW (the trend of272.6°) with a near horizontal axis (the plunge of26.4°)while the orientation of minimum principal stress SEE with an axis plunge of62.4°.The near EW direction of stress field is highly caused by the subducting Pacific plate beneath the European-Asian plate from Japan trench to Northeast China.
地震发生后,除了提供震中和震级等地震的基本参数之外,快速反演得到准确可靠的震源机制乃至震源破裂过程,将对发震机制、震害评估、震情趋势判定等必要的分析提供重要的科学依据。对于震源机制的测定,目前使用的P波初动极性和振幅比方法对观测台站的分布要求较高,当地震发生在监测台网边缘或网外时,其结果常常难以令人信服。而利用日益增多的大量数字地震波形(P波、S波和面波)记录来反演震源机制,将增强对震源参数的约束精度与解析能力。波形反演中小地震震源机制的方法近十几年来发展迅速,并在美国、日本和欧洲一些国家及我国台湾地区逐渐投入到地震台网的运行中,对一些3.0-5.0级地震的震源机制进行自动或半自动测定,但我国尚缺乏中小地震震源机制的波形反演应用系统。为此,本论文基于Zhu and Helmberger(1996)的波形拟合反演震源机制Cut-And-Paste(CAP)的方法,构建了一个准自动波形反演系统来实现中小地震震源机制的快速确定,并探索将CAP方法拓展应用于小地震和深震震源机制反演的可能性。
作者首先在高性能集群计算系统中构建了基于CAP方法的准自动波形反演系统,同时对CAP方法进行了必要的拓展,使之适用于不同参考震中距或无距离校正等情形的反演；并在详细描述方法特点及反演流程基础上,发展了适合在集群计算系统中运行的自动反演程序(run.cap.auto.mpi)。考虑到中小地震激发能量相对较弱的特点,程序可对不同震级档采用不同的反演参数(特别是滤波参数范围),从而实现了大批量震源机制的并行反演并得到波形拟合最佳的震源机制结果。最后发展了CAP方法的图形用户界面,使得用户只需要简单或初步的指导就可以实现震源机制的反演工作。
本研究实现了不同操作系统环境下应用频率-波数(F-K)方法计算格林函数库,且在高性能集群计算系统中实现了F-K计算程序的多任务并行处理,达到了快速方便计算理论地震波形的目的。并根据通常基于一维速度结构模型计算理论地震波形的实际需要,采用以不同深度划分计算任务并提交到不同计算节点上计算处理,以达到尽快取得所需深度范围的全部格林函数库的目的。
本研究探索应用所构建的波形反演系统,反演了2009年发生在小浪底库区监测台网内的一次小震群活动的震源机制解。该震群主要发生在石井河断层中段的上盘,其震源机制以走滑为主、并伴随少量逆断型,而正断型机制很少。反演结果同该区域的地质构造特征较为吻合,结果表明CAP方法也适用于台网观测波形质量好的小震震源机制解反演。
本研究也首次尝试将CAP方法应用于我国东北在2010年和2011年分别发生的2个深震震源机制的反演。近震观测波形和理论波形的良好拟合效果,表明CAP反演结果稳定、可靠,说明该方法也同样适用于深震的震源机制反演。2010年2月18日深震的震源机制反演结果与国外有关机构得出的结果基本一致。而反演得到的2011年5月10日以低角度逆冲为主的深震震源机制,清晰地展示出日本俯冲带的动力作用过程中的响应活动特征,属于日本东北近海Mw9.0地震造成的大范围同震水平位移和震后滑移的构造应力调整活动。
本研究进一步由23个历史深震震源机制解资料,应用LSIB(Linear Stress Inversion with Bootstrapping)方法反演得到我国东北深震活动区的构造应力场特征如下：最大主压应力呈北西西向(272.6°),轴向近水平(26.4°)；最小主压应力呈南东东向,轴倾角为62.4°。表明近东西向构造应力场可能是太平洋板块从日本海沟处以北西西向俯冲到欧亚板块之下形成的。
The earthquake disaster is directly related to the source parameters of the earthquake,especially its focal mechanism and depth,and its moment magnitude. The focal mechanism solution can reflect the geometry and kinematics features of the earthquake rupture,which is very significant to analyze the activity of aftershocks and to understand the stress status of hypocentral area and seismogenic structure.
The seismic networks routinely determine the locations and magnitudes of earthquakes immediately after they occur. However, many networks are still unable to provide the earthquake mechanisms which are very important to the analysis of the seismogenic environment and potential earthquake hazard in the near future.At present, the focal mechanisms of earthquakes are mostly determined by the first-motions and S/P amplitude ratios of seismic waves from good station coverage. When an earthquake happens at the edge or outside of a seismic network, its focal mechanism determination is often unacceptable.Nevertheless, the seismic waveforms(P, S and surface waves)can provide much better constraints on the earthquake source parameters.In recent years, methods and algorithms have been widely developed to use waveforms to invert the focal mechanisms of moderate and small earthquakes,and some have been incorporated into the routine operating networks in USA,Japan,some European countries and Chinese Taipei for earthquakes with magnitudes3.0-5.0.However, most of seismic networks in China are unable to automatically determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and small earthquakes.In this paper, the author will develop an automatic system to quickly and reliably determine the earthquake mechanism based on the Cut-And-Paste (CAP) waveform inversion method (Zhu and Helmberger1996),and test this system with the focal mechanism inversions of small earthquakes and deep earthquakes to check its applicability.
The quasi-automated moment tensor inversion system based on CAP method had been built in a high-performance cluster computing system(HPCCS) with the capability of given reference epicentral distances or without distance calibration. Furthermore,the automated script program named run.cap.auto.mpi had been set in the HPCCS to work with different inversion parameters (as frequency ranges of waveform filtering) for source parameters determinations with various magnitude ranges of earthquakes. Finally, a graphical user interface of the CAP inversion has been deployed on the HPCCS and SUSE Unix system. It allows a user with very limited amount of training to near-real-time determine the focal mechanism of an earthquake.
Frequency-Wavenumber(F-K) package suitable for Windows and Unix/Linux environments had been compiled to compute Green's function libraries for specific velocity model of study region. For the Green's function computation using1-D velocity model, all computing jobs can be created automatically for each depth of the study region and be submitted to different computing nodes to obtain all of Green' function libraries of all depths on HPCCS as soon as possible.
The built HPCC CAP inversion system was used for the2009earthquake swarm occurred in the seismic network of Xiaolangdi Reservoir (XRSN in short) of Yellow river. The ML magnitude of this swarm ranges from1.0to2.6. The inverted focal mechanisms of this swarm show that all of24events, there were15events (62.5%) with strike-slip mechanisms, and seldom normal and thrust type earthquakes with only12.5%and25%respectively. The dominated shear mechanisms of this swarm occurred in the hanging wall of the middle segment of Shijinghe fault are in accordance with regional tectonics. Our results indicate that CAP method is suitable to inverse the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes with high signal-to-noise ratio waveforms from dense network.
Then the CAP method was first time tried to invert source parameters of2deep earthquakes occurred in Northeast China in2010and2011respectively. The results with well fitted synthetic and observed waveforms indicate that this method is also suitable to invert the mechanism of deep earthquake. Our result of the2010event is a good agreement with the results from USGS and gCMT. Our low-angle thrust result for the2011deep earthquake reveals the activity of dynamic response of the subducting Pacific plate, and is associated with the tectonic stress adjustments of great coseismic displacements and postseismic slip induced by the2011Mw9.0Tohoku-oki earthquake in Japan.
Furthermore, the Linear Stress Inversion with Bootstrapping resampling (LSIB) method had been used to invert for tectonic stress field from23historical focal mechanisms within study region. Our results show that the direction of maximum principal stress is NWW (the trend of272.6°) with a near horizontal axis (the plunge of26.4°)while the orientation of minimum principal stress SEE with an axis plunge of62.4°.The near EW direction of stress field is highly caused by the subducting Pacific plate beneath the European-Asian plate from Japan trench to Northeast China.
引文
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