南黄海西部晚更新世末期以来沉积特征及其物源环境意义
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摘要
本文根据南黄海西部（124°E以西）表层沉积物样品的粒度、粘土矿物、轻重矿物、常微量元素和稀土元素的测试分析结果，并结合不同季节的水文观测资料（温度、盐度、浊度等），分析了表层沉积物的物质来源及环流系统对其分布的影响。结合AMS14C测年结果，讨论了残留沉积的形成过程及后期改造。根据两个沉积物岩芯的粒度和矿物分布特征，分析了晚更新世末期以来南黄海西部的沉积特征及物源环境意义。
研究区沉积物分布主要受黄海环流系统及其季节变化的影响。春季，南黄海中部由于黄海冷水团的存在，水动力较弱；秋季，黄海暖流的出现改变了环流系统的结构。而黄海沿岸流在不同季节流径比较稳定。苏北沿岸流在夏季向北流而其他季节流向东南。环流系统的季节变化导致了春季和秋季南黄海表层沉积物粒度分布的差异。
研究区粘土矿物主要由伊利石（67%）组成，其次为蒙皂石（14%）、绿泥石（11%）和高岭石（8%）。由粘土矿物端元图判断出研究区物质来源主要有：黄海沿岸流携带来的现代黄河物质，老黄河水下三角洲沉积物，残留沉积，苏北沿岸流向北输运的部分长江物质，沿岸河流入海物质以及海岸侵蚀物质。黄河（包括老黄河物质）的影响大于长江。苏北沿岸流携带的向北扩散的老黄河物质和长江物质可以与残留沉积发生混合。粘土含量指示黄海沿岸流沿山东半岛南部流动的分支在青岛东南发生转向并逐渐消失。
碎屑矿物鉴定结果显示，研究区沉积物中轻矿物主要由斜长石（50.7%）与石英（28%）组成；重矿物共有32种，普通角闪石含量（37.66%）最高，其次为绿帘石（31.31%）。轻矿物中石英/长石比值以及重矿物中白云石分布特征都指示了长江物质向北的扩散趋势。受矿物沉积分异作用的控制，粘土矿物、轻矿物、重矿物中绿泥石的分布，指示了现代黄河物质与老黄河物质的扩散和影响范围。
利用物源指数PI值判断了黄河与长江物质的影响范围。结果显示，长江物质可以向北到达苏北沿岸和海州湾外海，与通过粘土矿物、重矿物得出的结论相一致。由于不同季节环流系统的作用，黄河与长江物质影响范围有所不同。秋季长江物质可以达到南黄海中部。通过化学风化指数（CIA）的分布特征，黄河物源、长江物源样品稀土元素标准化配分模式与黄河、长江的对比，进一步支持了PI物源指数的划分结果。
研究区残留砂的范围，大致与Folk分类中的粉砂质砂分布区域一致。根据AMS14C年龄测定结果判断出钙质结核的形成年代在15000-30000a B.P.。此阶段南黄海出露为陆地，接受黄土沉积和淋滤作用而形成钙质结核。钙质结核年龄具有由岸向海逐渐变年轻的分布特点。大约11-7.5ka B.P.之间，海平面上升过程中海水对古黄河三角洲进行了改造，细粒物质被带走，而粗颗粒物质保留在原地，从而形成研究区的残留砂。通过潮流和沿岸流的作用，现代物质正逐渐与残留沉积发生着混合作用。
根据南黄海西部两个沉积物岩芯的粒度和矿物垂直分布特征，并结合AMS14C测年结果，分析了晚更新世末期以来该区域的沉积演化模式。结果显示，沉积单元DU2（10178-6057cal.a B.P.）的沉积演化主要受海平面变化的控制。在南黄海现代环流系统建立后，沉积单元DU1（6057cal.a B.P.以后）主要受物质来源与环流系统的影响。而DU1的三个亚沉积单元主要反映了黄河改道的影响。通过粒径-标准偏差曲线提取了对沉积环境反映敏感的细粒组分，细粒组分含量在沉积单元DU1-2（2049-499cal.a B.P.）中的变化与中国历史气候波动有很好的关联性。黄河在1494AD于苏北入黄海对研究区的沉积环境产生了较大影响。
总之，在现代环流系统建立之前，海平面变化、海水对古黄河三角洲的侵蚀改造作用、黄河的改道以及气候的变化都影响着研究区的沉积环境；而现代环流系统建立后，研究区主要受物质来源及环流系统的影响。在现代沉积过程中，研究区物质主要来源于黄河（包括老黄河水下三角洲），而长江物质的向北扩散也会产生一定影响。环流系统的季节变化导致了沉积物分布的季节差异。
Based on the grain size, clay minerals, detrital minerals and chemical elementsanalyses of surface sediments as well as the data of temperature, salinity, turbidityand suspended matter concentration in the western South Yellow Sea (SYS), theprovenance of surface sediments and the influence of circulation system on sedimentdistribution were discussed. The formation processes and reworking of the relictsediments were deciphered with the results of AMS14C dating. According to thegrain size and mineral distribution characteristics of two gravity cores, thesedimentary evolution of the western SYS since the late Pleistocene werereconstructed.
The sediment distribution in the study area is mainly affected by the circulationsystem in the SYS and its seasonal variations. The hydrodynamic is weak in thecentral SYS because of the presence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water (YSCW) inspring. While in autumn, the emergence of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC)changes the structure of the circulation system. However, the flow path of the YellowSea Coastal Current (YSCC) is relatively stable in different seasons. The SubeiCoastal Current (SCC) flows northward in summer while southeastward in otherseasons. The seasonal variations of the circulation system lead to the different grainsize distribution characteristics of surface sediments in spring and autumn in theSYS.
The clay minerals in the study area are mainly composed of illite (average67%),followed by smectite (average14%), chlorite (average11%) and kaolinite (average8%). The main sources of the sediments in the study area are: the modern YellowRiver (Huanghe River) substances carried by the YSCC, the sediments in the oldYellow River subaqueous delta, the relict sediments, part of the Yangtze River(Changjiang River) substances carried northward by the SCC, coastal riverdischarges and coastal erosion substances, which can be judged from the claymineral end-members figure. The impact of the Yellow River (including the oldYellow River substances) is greater than the Yangtze River. The northward spread of the old Yellow River substances and the Yangtze River substances carried by theSCC can mix with the relict sediments. The clay content distribution indicates thatthe branch of the YSCC along the south coasts of the Shandong Peninsula turnssoutheastward off the Qingdao coasts and disappears gradually.
The detrital mineral analysis results show that the light minerals in the studyarea are mainly composed of plagioclase (average50.7%) and quartz (average28%).There are32kinds of heavy minerals in all, in which hornblende has the highestcontent (average37.7%), followed by epidote (average31.3%). The distributioncharacteristics of quartz/feldspar ratio in light minerals as well as the dolomitecontent in heavy minerals indicate the northward spread tendency of the YangtzeRiver substances. Controlled by the mineral differentiation, the chlorite distributioncharacteristics in clay minerals, light minerals and heavy minerals are different,which can indicate the spread and influence scopes of the modern Yellow River andthe old Yellow River substances.
The provenance index value of PI was used to discriminate the scopes of theYellow River and Yangtze River substances. The results show that the Yangtze Riversubstances can reach the northern Jiangsu coasts and Haizhou Bay, which isconsistent with the results made by the clay minerals as well as the heavy minerals.Because of the seasonal variations of the circulation system, the scopes affected bythe Yellow River and Yangtze River substances are different. The Yangtze Riversubstances can reach the central SYS in autumn. The distribution characteristics ofChemical Index of Alteration (CIA) as well as the comparisons of REE normalizedpatterns between the Yellow River, Yangtze River provenance samples and theYellow River, Yangtze River substances further support the results made by the PIprovenance index.
The silty sand distribution with the Folk classification can represent the area ofrelict sands. The age of the calcareous nodules is between15000and30000a B.P.with the judge of AMS14C dating results, during which the SYS was exposed as landand the calcareous nodules were formed after the loess deposition and/or duringpedogenesis. Moreover, the age of calcareous nodules becomes younger from shore to sea. Between about11-7.5ka B.P., the ancient Yellow River delta was formed andreworked during the sea level rise. The fine materials were taken away, while thecoarse remained in the place. Then the relict sands in the study area formed thereby.The modern substances are gradually mixing with the relict sediments with theinfluence of currents and waves.
The sedimentary evolution of the western SYS since the late Pleistocene hasbeen discussed based on the vertical distribution characteristics of grain size andminerals as well as AMS14C dating results in two gravity cores. The results show thatthe sedimentary evolution of depositional unit DU2(10178-6057cal.a B.P.) wasmainly affected by sea-level changes. While after the establishment of the moderncirculation system in the SYS, depositional unit DU1(after6057cal.a B.P.) wasmainly affected by the material sources and circulation system. The threesub-depositional units of DU1reflect the impact of the Yellow River channeldiversions. The sensitive grain-size population was observed on the StandardDeviation-Grain Size Classes plot. There is a very good correlation between thesensitive fine fraction content changes in the depositional unit DU1-2(2049-499cal.a B.P.) and Chinese historical climate fluctuations. The channel diversion of theYellow River into the SYS in1494AD had greater impact on the depositionalenvironment of the study area.
In general, the depositional environment of the study area was affected by thesea-level changes, the erosion and transformation of the ancient Yellow River delta,the channel diversions of the Yellow River as well as the climate changes prior to theestablishment of the modern circulation system. After the modern circulation systemformed, the study area was mainly affected by material supply and the impact of thecirculation system. During the modern deposition process, the sources in the studyarea are mainly from the Yellow River (including the old Yellow River subaqueousdelta), and the northward spread of the Yangtze River substances also have someimpact. The seasonal variation of the circulation system leads to seasonal differencesin the sediment distribution.
研究区沉积物分布主要受黄海环流系统及其季节变化的影响。春季，南黄海中部由于黄海冷水团的存在，水动力较弱；秋季，黄海暖流的出现改变了环流系统的结构。而黄海沿岸流在不同季节流径比较稳定。苏北沿岸流在夏季向北流而其他季节流向东南。环流系统的季节变化导致了春季和秋季南黄海表层沉积物粒度分布的差异。
研究区粘土矿物主要由伊利石（67%）组成，其次为蒙皂石（14%）、绿泥石（11%）和高岭石（8%）。由粘土矿物端元图判断出研究区物质来源主要有：黄海沿岸流携带来的现代黄河物质，老黄河水下三角洲沉积物，残留沉积，苏北沿岸流向北输运的部分长江物质，沿岸河流入海物质以及海岸侵蚀物质。黄河（包括老黄河物质）的影响大于长江。苏北沿岸流携带的向北扩散的老黄河物质和长江物质可以与残留沉积发生混合。粘土含量指示黄海沿岸流沿山东半岛南部流动的分支在青岛东南发生转向并逐渐消失。
碎屑矿物鉴定结果显示，研究区沉积物中轻矿物主要由斜长石（50.7%）与石英（28%）组成；重矿物共有32种，普通角闪石含量（37.66%）最高，其次为绿帘石（31.31%）。轻矿物中石英/长石比值以及重矿物中白云石分布特征都指示了长江物质向北的扩散趋势。受矿物沉积分异作用的控制，粘土矿物、轻矿物、重矿物中绿泥石的分布，指示了现代黄河物质与老黄河物质的扩散和影响范围。
利用物源指数PI值判断了黄河与长江物质的影响范围。结果显示，长江物质可以向北到达苏北沿岸和海州湾外海，与通过粘土矿物、重矿物得出的结论相一致。由于不同季节环流系统的作用，黄河与长江物质影响范围有所不同。秋季长江物质可以达到南黄海中部。通过化学风化指数（CIA）的分布特征，黄河物源、长江物源样品稀土元素标准化配分模式与黄河、长江的对比，进一步支持了PI物源指数的划分结果。
研究区残留砂的范围，大致与Folk分类中的粉砂质砂分布区域一致。根据AMS14C年龄测定结果判断出钙质结核的形成年代在15000-30000a B.P.。此阶段南黄海出露为陆地，接受黄土沉积和淋滤作用而形成钙质结核。钙质结核年龄具有由岸向海逐渐变年轻的分布特点。大约11-7.5ka B.P.之间，海平面上升过程中海水对古黄河三角洲进行了改造，细粒物质被带走，而粗颗粒物质保留在原地，从而形成研究区的残留砂。通过潮流和沿岸流的作用，现代物质正逐渐与残留沉积发生着混合作用。
根据南黄海西部两个沉积物岩芯的粒度和矿物垂直分布特征，并结合AMS14C测年结果，分析了晚更新世末期以来该区域的沉积演化模式。结果显示，沉积单元DU2（10178-6057cal.a B.P.）的沉积演化主要受海平面变化的控制。在南黄海现代环流系统建立后，沉积单元DU1（6057cal.a B.P.以后）主要受物质来源与环流系统的影响。而DU1的三个亚沉积单元主要反映了黄河改道的影响。通过粒径-标准偏差曲线提取了对沉积环境反映敏感的细粒组分，细粒组分含量在沉积单元DU1-2（2049-499cal.a B.P.）中的变化与中国历史气候波动有很好的关联性。黄河在1494AD于苏北入黄海对研究区的沉积环境产生了较大影响。
总之，在现代环流系统建立之前，海平面变化、海水对古黄河三角洲的侵蚀改造作用、黄河的改道以及气候的变化都影响着研究区的沉积环境；而现代环流系统建立后，研究区主要受物质来源及环流系统的影响。在现代沉积过程中，研究区物质主要来源于黄河（包括老黄河水下三角洲），而长江物质的向北扩散也会产生一定影响。环流系统的季节变化导致了沉积物分布的季节差异。
Based on the grain size, clay minerals, detrital minerals and chemical elementsanalyses of surface sediments as well as the data of temperature, salinity, turbidityand suspended matter concentration in the western South Yellow Sea (SYS), theprovenance of surface sediments and the influence of circulation system on sedimentdistribution were discussed. The formation processes and reworking of the relictsediments were deciphered with the results of AMS14C dating. According to thegrain size and mineral distribution characteristics of two gravity cores, thesedimentary evolution of the western SYS since the late Pleistocene werereconstructed.
The sediment distribution in the study area is mainly affected by the circulationsystem in the SYS and its seasonal variations. The hydrodynamic is weak in thecentral SYS because of the presence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water (YSCW) inspring. While in autumn, the emergence of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC)changes the structure of the circulation system. However, the flow path of the YellowSea Coastal Current (YSCC) is relatively stable in different seasons. The SubeiCoastal Current (SCC) flows northward in summer while southeastward in otherseasons. The seasonal variations of the circulation system lead to the different grainsize distribution characteristics of surface sediments in spring and autumn in theSYS.
The clay minerals in the study area are mainly composed of illite (average67%),followed by smectite (average14%), chlorite (average11%) and kaolinite (average8%). The main sources of the sediments in the study area are: the modern YellowRiver (Huanghe River) substances carried by the YSCC, the sediments in the oldYellow River subaqueous delta, the relict sediments, part of the Yangtze River(Changjiang River) substances carried northward by the SCC, coastal riverdischarges and coastal erosion substances, which can be judged from the claymineral end-members figure. The impact of the Yellow River (including the oldYellow River substances) is greater than the Yangtze River. The northward spread of the old Yellow River substances and the Yangtze River substances carried by theSCC can mix with the relict sediments. The clay content distribution indicates thatthe branch of the YSCC along the south coasts of the Shandong Peninsula turnssoutheastward off the Qingdao coasts and disappears gradually.
The detrital mineral analysis results show that the light minerals in the studyarea are mainly composed of plagioclase (average50.7%) and quartz (average28%).There are32kinds of heavy minerals in all, in which hornblende has the highestcontent (average37.7%), followed by epidote (average31.3%). The distributioncharacteristics of quartz/feldspar ratio in light minerals as well as the dolomitecontent in heavy minerals indicate the northward spread tendency of the YangtzeRiver substances. Controlled by the mineral differentiation, the chlorite distributioncharacteristics in clay minerals, light minerals and heavy minerals are different,which can indicate the spread and influence scopes of the modern Yellow River andthe old Yellow River substances.
The provenance index value of PI was used to discriminate the scopes of theYellow River and Yangtze River substances. The results show that the Yangtze Riversubstances can reach the northern Jiangsu coasts and Haizhou Bay, which isconsistent with the results made by the clay minerals as well as the heavy minerals.Because of the seasonal variations of the circulation system, the scopes affected bythe Yellow River and Yangtze River substances are different. The Yangtze Riversubstances can reach the central SYS in autumn. The distribution characteristics ofChemical Index of Alteration (CIA) as well as the comparisons of REE normalizedpatterns between the Yellow River, Yangtze River provenance samples and theYellow River, Yangtze River substances further support the results made by the PIprovenance index.
The silty sand distribution with the Folk classification can represent the area ofrelict sands. The age of the calcareous nodules is between15000and30000a B.P.with the judge of AMS14C dating results, during which the SYS was exposed as landand the calcareous nodules were formed after the loess deposition and/or duringpedogenesis. Moreover, the age of calcareous nodules becomes younger from shore to sea. Between about11-7.5ka B.P., the ancient Yellow River delta was formed andreworked during the sea level rise. The fine materials were taken away, while thecoarse remained in the place. Then the relict sands in the study area formed thereby.The modern substances are gradually mixing with the relict sediments with theinfluence of currents and waves.
The sedimentary evolution of the western SYS since the late Pleistocene hasbeen discussed based on the vertical distribution characteristics of grain size andminerals as well as AMS14C dating results in two gravity cores. The results show thatthe sedimentary evolution of depositional unit DU2(10178-6057cal.a B.P.) wasmainly affected by sea-level changes. While after the establishment of the moderncirculation system in the SYS, depositional unit DU1(after6057cal.a B.P.) wasmainly affected by the material sources and circulation system. The threesub-depositional units of DU1reflect the impact of the Yellow River channeldiversions. The sensitive grain-size population was observed on the StandardDeviation-Grain Size Classes plot. There is a very good correlation between thesensitive fine fraction content changes in the depositional unit DU1-2(2049-499cal.a B.P.) and Chinese historical climate fluctuations. The channel diversion of theYellow River into the SYS in1494AD had greater impact on the depositionalenvironment of the study area.
In general, the depositional environment of the study area was affected by thesea-level changes, the erosion and transformation of the ancient Yellow River delta,the channel diversions of the Yellow River as well as the climate changes prior to theestablishment of the modern circulation system. After the modern circulation systemformed, the study area was mainly affected by material supply and the impact of thecirculation system. During the modern deposition process, the sources in the studyarea are mainly from the Yellow River (including the old Yellow River subaqueousdelta), and the northward spread of the Yangtze River substances also have someimpact. The seasonal variation of the circulation system leads to seasonal differencesin the sediment distribution.
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