龙门山中北段区域地学景观及传统聚落适宜性研究
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摘要
四川龙门山区域是十二五规划明确支持建设发展区域。具有明显垂直梯度，多尺度地貌景观。藏、羌、汉多民族聚居及四川省历史文化名城集中分布特色区域。论文选取龙门山中北段区域地学景观及传统聚落适宜性展开研究，主要集中在广元——汶川一带，研究区域大地坐标为东经103°00′～106°00′，北纬30°34′～32°40′范围内。地震带来传统聚落毁灭性灾难，失去特色的重建活动使本研究更具迫切性。研究“同构异形”传统聚落介入地学景观适宜性在避免建设性破坏，增强区域可识别性,新农村建设，区域可持续发展上具有重要意义。
论文综合运用文献研究、实地考察、定量研究、定性研究和实证研究等研究方法，先后数次赴龙门山中北段区域进行野外测绘，收集和掌握了大量第一手数据资料，以传统聚落适宜性为切入点，地学景观为研究背景，创新性结合地理学、地质学、景观生态学、建筑学、规划设计等多学科理论，运用Arcgis空间分析技术、DSR传统聚落演替驱动因子、Autocad矢量图绘制、Matlab三维数据模型等技术手段，通过国家地理测绘局、国家动态地图网等一些列数据和矢量图的计算转化，形成研究区域高程图、坡度图、坡向图，形成传统聚落基于聚落平均面积、聚落方向性、聚落平均最近距离的数理模型，并通过大量数据统计研究聚落周长、面积等计算形态指数，对龙门山中北段区域地学景观成景系统、地学景观特征和评价，传统聚落介入地学景观适宜性分布规律和演替规律以及整合重构可持续发展的原则展开研究，论文主要内容包括：
首先，综述龙门山中北段区域地学景观开发与保护研究现状，地学景观和传统聚落适宜性等相关概念，在此基础上提出论文研究思路、研究内容、技术路线等，构建“区域地学景观概况——地学景观特征评价——传统聚落介入地学景观的适宜性分布规律——传统聚落介入地学景观的适宜性演替规律——传统聚落整合和重构”的论文主体结构。
第二，系统梳理龙门山中北段的地学景观成景系统。目前对龙门山中北段区域地学景观的研究主要集中在地震次生山地灾害处理、龙门山地质公园旅游资源开发、地质遗迹保护等方面，对于区域地学景观成景系统缺乏深入研究，特别是缺乏地学景观和传统聚落适宜性关系上的具体分析研究。论文为合理利用龙门山中北段区域地学景观，科学开发地学景观资源提供重要的理论依据和数据资料。
第三，论文以龙门山中北段区域地层、构造特征、岩石及其露头展布特征、环境地质以及区域自然地理特征等方面的综合研究为研究基础，研究龙门山中北段区域地学景观类型划分、主要地学景观特征分析、地学景观评价及其成因机理；综合地学景观成因类型和自然属性的划分原则对龙门山中北段区域地学景观类型进行系统分类，划分为2个大类、5个亚类、13种地学景观类型。研究区地学景观类型丰富、数目众多，但其丰度和类型在不同地区存在一定的差异性，其中北以广元、南以彭州最为突出和典型。论文对龙门山中北段区域山岳地貌、山水峡谷地貌、丹霞地貌、地层剖面、飞来峰、地震作用景观、古生物遗迹等典型的地学景观地貌特征分别进行阐述。从定性和定量两个角度对研究区典型的地学景观进行系统的评价，论文认为龙门山中北段区域地学景观级别普遍较高。重点讨论与阐述剑门丹霞地貌景观、地震作用地貌景观、岩溶地貌景观的成因机理。结合龙门山构造演化特征，初步分析龙门山中北段地学景观的形成演化特征；
第四，运用地理学、生态学、景观学、建筑学、城市规划学的交叉研究对象为课题选题，避免以往单一学科研究的局限，完善传统聚落地理景观空间格局的研究体系。归纳总结传统聚落基于地学景观背景下的宏观、中观尺度适宜性分布规律，揭示出传统聚落和地学景观环境的适宜因果性，并按照地学景观特征对龙门山中北段传统聚落进行分类总结；摈弃目前大量研究的传统聚落具体建筑色彩、构造、室内空间设计方面，重点研究丰富形态传统聚落的内部秩序，进行数理建构，为龙门山中北段灾后重建、新农村建设以及传统聚落自身整合和重构提供依据；
第五，揭示龙门山中北段区域传统聚落空间结构中的道路重要性。统计出冲击平原聚落和冲积扇聚落住居间距地域性常规尺寸，总结龙门山中北段区域传统聚落地域形态特征，最终揭示出传统聚落布局形态文脉延续的关键在于聚落领域感，中心性和边界形态的区分。汉族平原聚落民族特色的浅根性原因在于其缺乏领域中心性的形态布局；
第六，论文提出针对传统聚落适宜性演替规律的驱动因子DSR模型，揭示传统聚落演替规律，研究地震带来传统聚落与地学景观环境适宜性突变，总结聚落选址适宜性评价指标及基地地质条件选址基本原则，并实证案例阐述分析灾后重建成功案例的具体设计过程和方法。最终论文提出传统聚落演替规律始终在进行适宜性调整，经过持续整合，最终实现建筑聚落融入地学景观环境中。
第七，论文分别从人地关系的地学景观生态性保护原则和传统聚落适宜性可持续发展原则进行探讨和总结。地学景观生态性保护原则按照地貌类型研究其生态敏感性保护原则。地貌类型生态保护原则总结中按照生态建设分区展开，包括禁建区、限建区、已建区。传统聚落适宜性整合与重构的可持续发展探索中提出区别城市设计方法，进行符合居民生产生活方式的功能组块设计，完善新农村规划设计规范、加强地学景观自然保护区、风景名胜区的聚落适宜性调整、注重把握传统聚落整合与重构的原则方法。
Long-men Mountain area is explicitly supported construction development area inChina12th Five Year Plan. With obvious vertical gradient, multi-scale landscape,Tibetan, Qiang and Han nationalities multi-ethnic Living habitation, characteristicregion which historical cultural city of Sichuan province concentrated distribution.Paper Long-men Mountains north of selecting the landscape and regional geologicaltraditional settlements suitability launched research, mainly concentrated in theGuangyuan-Wenchuan area, regional geodetic coordinates for longitude103°00'~106°00', latitude30°34'~32°40' range. Mass destruction disasters brought byearthquake on the traditional settlement, characteristics of the traditional settlementhave being lost through reconstruction activities; this research seems to be more urgent.Study on " Allo Isomorphism " of geographical Landscape spatial pattern of traditionalsettlements is significant on avoiding constructive destruction, enhancement regionalidentification, protection of traditional settlements, promoting new countrysidebuilding, realization area sustainable development.
Paper comprehensive use literature study, field investigation, quantitative research,qualitative research and empirical research method, has several times in the mountainsto the north area on a field surveying and mapping, collect and master a mass offirst-hand data material, to traditional settlements suitability as the breakthrough point,the geological landscape as the research background, innovation, combined withgeography, geology, landscape ecology, architecture, planning and design sciencetheory, using the Arcgis space analysis technology, the traditional settlements DSRsuccession driving factors, AutoCAD vector chart drawing and Matlab3D data modelof technical means, through the national geographic SMC, national dynamic map netsand so on some of the data and vector diagram of the calculation of the transformation,form regional elevation figure, slope figure, slope to figure, form the traditionalsettlements based on average area, settlement, the direction of settlements, settlementof the distance from the average recently mathematical model, and through a lot ofstatistics research area, perimeter and settlement calculation morphology index,Long-men Mountains to the north of regional geological landscape into landscapesystem, geological landscape characteristics and evaluation, the traditional settlementsin geological landscape suitability distribution rule and succession law and integrating reconstruction the principle of sustainable development on study, this thesis maincontent includes:
First of all, in the north area in Long-men Mountains geological landscapedevelopment and protection research situation, the geological landscapes andtraditional settlements suitability and related concept, the paper put forward based onresearch approach, the research content, the technical route, constructing "regionalgeological survey, geological characteristics of landscape evaluation-traditionalsettlements geological landscape suitability in distribution of traditional settlements--ingeological landscape suitability succession law-the traditional settlements and thereconstruction integration" the main structure of the paper.
Second, summarize the geological landscape explore and protection in theMiddle-north the Long-men Mountain geological landscape into landscape system. Atpresent in Long-men Mountain north of regional geological landscape research focuson the mountain disaster post-earthquake processing, the Long-men Mountaingeological park tourism resources development, the geological relics protection, forregional geological landscape into a scene of the system has further research,especially the lack of geological landscapes and traditional settlements haveappropriate on the concrete analysis research. Paper provides important theoreticalbasis and data for rational utilization of Middle-north section of Long-men Mountainof regional geological landscape, scientific development geological landscaperesources to
Third, the papers to the north in Long-men Mountain area formation, structurecharacteristics, rock outcrop and exhibition, and environmental geology and thecharacter of the characters of natural geography regional comprehensive research forresearch foundation, study of regional geological Long-men Mountain north oflandscape classification, main geological landscape characteristics analysis,geological landscape evaluation and its formation mechanism; Comprehensivegeological landscape genetic types and nature of the partition of Long-men Mountainnorth of regional geological landscape type classification system and is divided intotwo categories, five and kind, and kind of geological landscape types. The study arealandscape are rich, number of geological numerous, but its abundance and type indifferent areas, there are certain differences, including north to Guangyuan, South tothe most prominent and typical Pengzhou. Papers describes on the north area ofLong-men Mountain geomorphology, landscape canyon, Danxia Landform,stratigraphic profiles, these klippen, earthquakes, ancient landscape and sites oftypical geological landscape morphological characteristics respectively in this paper.From the qualitative and quantitative two Angle in the study area of typical geologicallandscape of the evaluation of the system, the paper believes that the north inLong-men Mountain regional geological landscape generally high level. Keydiscussion and expounds the sword door Danxia Landform landscape, seismic landscape, karst landscape mechanism of formation. Combined with thecharacteristics of structural evolution Long-men Mountain, preliminary analysis ofLong-men Mountain north of geological evolution characteristics of landscapeformation;
Fourth, the use of geography, ecology, landscape architecture, architecture, cityplanning learn crossover study object as the subject topics, avoid before a singlediscipline research the limitations of traditional settlements perfect geographiclandscape pattern system of research. Summarizes the geological landscape based ontraditional settlements under the background of the macro, medium scale suitabilitydistribution law, this paper reveals the traditional settlements and geologicalenvironment suitable for causality of landscape, according to the geological landscapefeatures on the Long-men Mountain north of traditional settlements are classifiedsummarized; Rejecting a large study at present traditional settlements color, structure,the specific architectural interior space design, rich traditional settlements keyresearch the internal order form, by mathematical construct, for Long-men Mountainnorth of post-disaster reconstruction, new rural construction as well as the traditionalsettlements and provide a basis for their own integration reconstruction;
Fifth, reveals the Long-men Mountain north of traditional settlement spatialstructure area way in importance. Statistics a settlement and alluvial fan impact basinsettlement distance between the respondent to regional conventional size, summary ofLong-men Mountain north area regional features traditional settlements, and finallyreveal the traditional settlements layout form key lies in the continuation of thecontext of the settlement field feeling, the centricity and boundary shape of distinction.The Han nationality plain settlement the national characteristics of shallow roots of itslack of reason is that in the field of in terms of form layout;
Sixth, this paper puts forward that the traditional settlements in the suitability ofthe driving factors in succession law DSR model, this paper reveals the traditionalsettlements succession law, research in earthquake bring traditional settlement andgeological environmental landscape suitability mutations, this paper summarizes thesuitable assessment index settlement site selection and base geological conditionslocation basic principle, and the empirical case the paper analyzes the post-disasterreconstruction successful cases of the specific design process and method. Finally thispaper puts forward that the traditional settlements succession law always in suitabilityadjustment, through continuous integration, and finally achieve the settlementbuilding into the geological environmental landscape.
Seventh, a paper, the relation between human and land from the geologicallandscape ecology protection principle and traditional settlements suitability of theprinciples of sustainable development are discussed and summarized in this paper.Research the geological landscape ecology protection principle according to landformtypes and its ecological sensitivity protection principle. Physiognomy types ecological protection principle of ecological construction in accordance with the summary ondivision, including banning construction area, be restricted to the building of the area,has the building of the area. Traditional settlements suitability integration with thereconstruction of the sustainable development of the city put forward to exploredifference between design method, the way of life with residents production functionblock design and perfect the new rural planning design norms and strengthen thegeological landscape nature reserve, scenic spot of the settlement suitability andadjustment, and pay attention to grasp the traditional settlements with the principle ofintegration reconstruction method.
论文综合运用文献研究、实地考察、定量研究、定性研究和实证研究等研究方法，先后数次赴龙门山中北段区域进行野外测绘，收集和掌握了大量第一手数据资料，以传统聚落适宜性为切入点，地学景观为研究背景，创新性结合地理学、地质学、景观生态学、建筑学、规划设计等多学科理论，运用Arcgis空间分析技术、DSR传统聚落演替驱动因子、Autocad矢量图绘制、Matlab三维数据模型等技术手段，通过国家地理测绘局、国家动态地图网等一些列数据和矢量图的计算转化，形成研究区域高程图、坡度图、坡向图，形成传统聚落基于聚落平均面积、聚落方向性、聚落平均最近距离的数理模型，并通过大量数据统计研究聚落周长、面积等计算形态指数，对龙门山中北段区域地学景观成景系统、地学景观特征和评价，传统聚落介入地学景观适宜性分布规律和演替规律以及整合重构可持续发展的原则展开研究，论文主要内容包括：
首先，综述龙门山中北段区域地学景观开发与保护研究现状，地学景观和传统聚落适宜性等相关概念，在此基础上提出论文研究思路、研究内容、技术路线等，构建“区域地学景观概况——地学景观特征评价——传统聚落介入地学景观的适宜性分布规律——传统聚落介入地学景观的适宜性演替规律——传统聚落整合和重构”的论文主体结构。
第二，系统梳理龙门山中北段的地学景观成景系统。目前对龙门山中北段区域地学景观的研究主要集中在地震次生山地灾害处理、龙门山地质公园旅游资源开发、地质遗迹保护等方面，对于区域地学景观成景系统缺乏深入研究，特别是缺乏地学景观和传统聚落适宜性关系上的具体分析研究。论文为合理利用龙门山中北段区域地学景观，科学开发地学景观资源提供重要的理论依据和数据资料。
第三，论文以龙门山中北段区域地层、构造特征、岩石及其露头展布特征、环境地质以及区域自然地理特征等方面的综合研究为研究基础，研究龙门山中北段区域地学景观类型划分、主要地学景观特征分析、地学景观评价及其成因机理；综合地学景观成因类型和自然属性的划分原则对龙门山中北段区域地学景观类型进行系统分类，划分为2个大类、5个亚类、13种地学景观类型。研究区地学景观类型丰富、数目众多，但其丰度和类型在不同地区存在一定的差异性，其中北以广元、南以彭州最为突出和典型。论文对龙门山中北段区域山岳地貌、山水峡谷地貌、丹霞地貌、地层剖面、飞来峰、地震作用景观、古生物遗迹等典型的地学景观地貌特征分别进行阐述。从定性和定量两个角度对研究区典型的地学景观进行系统的评价，论文认为龙门山中北段区域地学景观级别普遍较高。重点讨论与阐述剑门丹霞地貌景观、地震作用地貌景观、岩溶地貌景观的成因机理。结合龙门山构造演化特征，初步分析龙门山中北段地学景观的形成演化特征；
第四，运用地理学、生态学、景观学、建筑学、城市规划学的交叉研究对象为课题选题，避免以往单一学科研究的局限，完善传统聚落地理景观空间格局的研究体系。归纳总结传统聚落基于地学景观背景下的宏观、中观尺度适宜性分布规律，揭示出传统聚落和地学景观环境的适宜因果性，并按照地学景观特征对龙门山中北段传统聚落进行分类总结；摈弃目前大量研究的传统聚落具体建筑色彩、构造、室内空间设计方面，重点研究丰富形态传统聚落的内部秩序，进行数理建构，为龙门山中北段灾后重建、新农村建设以及传统聚落自身整合和重构提供依据；
第五，揭示龙门山中北段区域传统聚落空间结构中的道路重要性。统计出冲击平原聚落和冲积扇聚落住居间距地域性常规尺寸，总结龙门山中北段区域传统聚落地域形态特征，最终揭示出传统聚落布局形态文脉延续的关键在于聚落领域感，中心性和边界形态的区分。汉族平原聚落民族特色的浅根性原因在于其缺乏领域中心性的形态布局；
第六，论文提出针对传统聚落适宜性演替规律的驱动因子DSR模型，揭示传统聚落演替规律，研究地震带来传统聚落与地学景观环境适宜性突变，总结聚落选址适宜性评价指标及基地地质条件选址基本原则，并实证案例阐述分析灾后重建成功案例的具体设计过程和方法。最终论文提出传统聚落演替规律始终在进行适宜性调整，经过持续整合，最终实现建筑聚落融入地学景观环境中。
第七，论文分别从人地关系的地学景观生态性保护原则和传统聚落适宜性可持续发展原则进行探讨和总结。地学景观生态性保护原则按照地貌类型研究其生态敏感性保护原则。地貌类型生态保护原则总结中按照生态建设分区展开，包括禁建区、限建区、已建区。传统聚落适宜性整合与重构的可持续发展探索中提出区别城市设计方法，进行符合居民生产生活方式的功能组块设计，完善新农村规划设计规范、加强地学景观自然保护区、风景名胜区的聚落适宜性调整、注重把握传统聚落整合与重构的原则方法。
Long-men Mountain area is explicitly supported construction development area inChina12th Five Year Plan. With obvious vertical gradient, multi-scale landscape,Tibetan, Qiang and Han nationalities multi-ethnic Living habitation, characteristicregion which historical cultural city of Sichuan province concentrated distribution.Paper Long-men Mountains north of selecting the landscape and regional geologicaltraditional settlements suitability launched research, mainly concentrated in theGuangyuan-Wenchuan area, regional geodetic coordinates for longitude103°00'~106°00', latitude30°34'~32°40' range. Mass destruction disasters brought byearthquake on the traditional settlement, characteristics of the traditional settlementhave being lost through reconstruction activities; this research seems to be more urgent.Study on " Allo Isomorphism " of geographical Landscape spatial pattern of traditionalsettlements is significant on avoiding constructive destruction, enhancement regionalidentification, protection of traditional settlements, promoting new countrysidebuilding, realization area sustainable development.
Paper comprehensive use literature study, field investigation, quantitative research,qualitative research and empirical research method, has several times in the mountainsto the north area on a field surveying and mapping, collect and master a mass offirst-hand data material, to traditional settlements suitability as the breakthrough point,the geological landscape as the research background, innovation, combined withgeography, geology, landscape ecology, architecture, planning and design sciencetheory, using the Arcgis space analysis technology, the traditional settlements DSRsuccession driving factors, AutoCAD vector chart drawing and Matlab3D data modelof technical means, through the national geographic SMC, national dynamic map netsand so on some of the data and vector diagram of the calculation of the transformation,form regional elevation figure, slope figure, slope to figure, form the traditionalsettlements based on average area, settlement, the direction of settlements, settlementof the distance from the average recently mathematical model, and through a lot ofstatistics research area, perimeter and settlement calculation morphology index,Long-men Mountains to the north of regional geological landscape into landscapesystem, geological landscape characteristics and evaluation, the traditional settlementsin geological landscape suitability distribution rule and succession law and integrating reconstruction the principle of sustainable development on study, this thesis maincontent includes:
First of all, in the north area in Long-men Mountains geological landscapedevelopment and protection research situation, the geological landscapes andtraditional settlements suitability and related concept, the paper put forward based onresearch approach, the research content, the technical route, constructing "regionalgeological survey, geological characteristics of landscape evaluation-traditionalsettlements geological landscape suitability in distribution of traditional settlements--ingeological landscape suitability succession law-the traditional settlements and thereconstruction integration" the main structure of the paper.
Second, summarize the geological landscape explore and protection in theMiddle-north the Long-men Mountain geological landscape into landscape system. Atpresent in Long-men Mountain north of regional geological landscape research focuson the mountain disaster post-earthquake processing, the Long-men Mountaingeological park tourism resources development, the geological relics protection, forregional geological landscape into a scene of the system has further research,especially the lack of geological landscapes and traditional settlements haveappropriate on the concrete analysis research. Paper provides important theoreticalbasis and data for rational utilization of Middle-north section of Long-men Mountainof regional geological landscape, scientific development geological landscaperesources to
Third, the papers to the north in Long-men Mountain area formation, structurecharacteristics, rock outcrop and exhibition, and environmental geology and thecharacter of the characters of natural geography regional comprehensive research forresearch foundation, study of regional geological Long-men Mountain north oflandscape classification, main geological landscape characteristics analysis,geological landscape evaluation and its formation mechanism; Comprehensivegeological landscape genetic types and nature of the partition of Long-men Mountainnorth of regional geological landscape type classification system and is divided intotwo categories, five and kind, and kind of geological landscape types. The study arealandscape are rich, number of geological numerous, but its abundance and type indifferent areas, there are certain differences, including north to Guangyuan, South tothe most prominent and typical Pengzhou. Papers describes on the north area ofLong-men Mountain geomorphology, landscape canyon, Danxia Landform,stratigraphic profiles, these klippen, earthquakes, ancient landscape and sites oftypical geological landscape morphological characteristics respectively in this paper.From the qualitative and quantitative two Angle in the study area of typical geologicallandscape of the evaluation of the system, the paper believes that the north inLong-men Mountain regional geological landscape generally high level. Keydiscussion and expounds the sword door Danxia Landform landscape, seismic landscape, karst landscape mechanism of formation. Combined with thecharacteristics of structural evolution Long-men Mountain, preliminary analysis ofLong-men Mountain north of geological evolution characteristics of landscapeformation;
Fourth, the use of geography, ecology, landscape architecture, architecture, cityplanning learn crossover study object as the subject topics, avoid before a singlediscipline research the limitations of traditional settlements perfect geographiclandscape pattern system of research. Summarizes the geological landscape based ontraditional settlements under the background of the macro, medium scale suitabilitydistribution law, this paper reveals the traditional settlements and geologicalenvironment suitable for causality of landscape, according to the geological landscapefeatures on the Long-men Mountain north of traditional settlements are classifiedsummarized; Rejecting a large study at present traditional settlements color, structure,the specific architectural interior space design, rich traditional settlements keyresearch the internal order form, by mathematical construct, for Long-men Mountainnorth of post-disaster reconstruction, new rural construction as well as the traditionalsettlements and provide a basis for their own integration reconstruction;
Fifth, reveals the Long-men Mountain north of traditional settlement spatialstructure area way in importance. Statistics a settlement and alluvial fan impact basinsettlement distance between the respondent to regional conventional size, summary ofLong-men Mountain north area regional features traditional settlements, and finallyreveal the traditional settlements layout form key lies in the continuation of thecontext of the settlement field feeling, the centricity and boundary shape of distinction.The Han nationality plain settlement the national characteristics of shallow roots of itslack of reason is that in the field of in terms of form layout;
Sixth, this paper puts forward that the traditional settlements in the suitability ofthe driving factors in succession law DSR model, this paper reveals the traditionalsettlements succession law, research in earthquake bring traditional settlement andgeological environmental landscape suitability mutations, this paper summarizes thesuitable assessment index settlement site selection and base geological conditionslocation basic principle, and the empirical case the paper analyzes the post-disasterreconstruction successful cases of the specific design process and method. Finally thispaper puts forward that the traditional settlements succession law always in suitabilityadjustment, through continuous integration, and finally achieve the settlementbuilding into the geological environmental landscape.
Seventh, a paper, the relation between human and land from the geologicallandscape ecology protection principle and traditional settlements suitability of theprinciples of sustainable development are discussed and summarized in this paper.Research the geological landscape ecology protection principle according to landformtypes and its ecological sensitivity protection principle. Physiognomy types ecological protection principle of ecological construction in accordance with the summary ondivision, including banning construction area, be restricted to the building of the area,has the building of the area. Traditional settlements suitability integration with thereconstruction of the sustainable development of the city put forward to exploredifference between design method, the way of life with residents production functionblock design and perfect the new rural planning design norms and strengthen thegeological landscape nature reserve, scenic spot of the settlement suitability andadjustment, and pay attention to grasp the traditional settlements with the principle ofintegration reconstruction method.
引文
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