我国再生资源产业发展研究
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摘要
资源的重要性不言而喻,而废旧物资再生利用是人类获取资源的重要渠道。与废旧物资相关的收集、分类、加工、制造、研发、服务等活动构成了再生资源产业的主要内容。再生资源产业在我国是一个古老又崭新的行业,在对自然资源、生态环境的国际关注度日益提高的大背景下,再生资源产业的战略意义和价值越发显现,而对再生资源产业活动的梳理和研究也成为服务于实际的现实需要。
本文选择产业视角对我国再生资源产业进行研究,从这一视角出发,能够循着产业建立的背景、演进的历程、呈现的特点、形成的结构、与其他经济活动的关联和划分等这样一条覆盖完整、逻辑鲜明的视线,串接起与之相关的种种活动,进而形成一个整体印象,并对其发展规律及影响因素加以把握,对其发展趋势和方向进行研判,同时有助于对适宜其发展的制度环境进行思考。
本文将研究内容置于经济学分析框架下,运用主流经济学的研究方法和工具,对相关问题展开研究。较之现有的再生资源产业相关文献,本文将散落在不同领域的内容归拢到统一的框架和线索之下,并进行深入、系统地分析,尤其是利用相关统计数据、调研素材、市场信息等材料进行支撑和佐证,提升本文的理论价值和应用价值。
再生资源产业是围绕废旧物资的价值实现和价值创造活动,其产品具有资源属性,其突出特点是同质性与替代性,即在初级加工的条件下,同类再生资源的产品差异性很小,且对原生资源形成有限的替代作用。在这种情况下,成本便成为再生资源企业竞争的关键要素,而先进技术、资本、管理等高级要素的作用难以发挥出来,导致再生资源市场中“劣币驱逐良币”的问题。进一步地,再生资源与原生资源之间不平衡的替代关系,促成了原生资源价格到再生资源价格的单向影响,这反映在国际资源价格波动下,再生资源受到原生资源的价格波动传导,引发市场风险和对产业的冲击,同时,资源消费市场结构也发生了变化,再生资源原有的市场基础遭到了破坏。
随着我国市场经济体制的逐步确立,私营企业已经成为再生资源产业的重要组成部分,其就业规模、发展速度都高于公有制企业,呈蓬勃发展态势。同时,该领域也吸引了大量外资企业的加入。对于公有制企业来说,机制体制改革的滞后性与路径依赖制约了企业竞争力的提升,使得再生资源产业原有的公有制部分存在活力不足的问题。技术革新推动产业发展的自然机理在再生资源产业上表现并不突出,而另一动因,即制度因素对再生资源产业的兴衰发展产生了重要作用,使得我国再生资源产业的演进历程与我国经济体制改革过程有所契合。
废旧物资的回收是再生资源产业活动中的重要内容,而实践中再生资源企业往往根据自身特点来构建不同形式的回收渠道,因此,考虑到回收网络的构建成本与回收效率,对于不同的回收方式,有针对性地加以规范和引导,有助于回收规模的增长。然而,单纯扩大废旧物资的回收规模并不足以拉动再生资源产业发展。目前,围绕原生资源已经形成了由制度、技术、市场等因素组成的较为稳定的资源消费结构,再生资源仍面临有限的需求空间,抑制着再生资源产业的发展。
在我国某些省市,特别是沿海地区已经形成一定规模的再生资源企业空间聚集,包括各类再生资源产业园区与集散市场。但从整体上来看,我国再生资源产业集群仍处于要素聚集的发展阶段,缺少在产品系列、组织管理、科研服务等方面的提升,甚至已呈现出一定程度的水平铺开、重复建设的倾向。再生资源产业已具备的规模和水平并未能彻底改变其在产业价值链中的地位,仍然处于链条底端,在价值分配上处于劣势,并受到来自下游产业的纵向压榨,亟待加强和确立市场势力,提升产业地位和谈判力。
我国再生资源产业正面临着极大的机遇与挑战。机遇主要来自国内外对再生资源及废弃物处理的需求,国外的先进经验提供了很好的借鉴,而国内的技术、制度条件也更加有利于再生资源产业的发展。而长期“替代”地位、狭窄的产品种类和经营范围,脆弱的风险防范能力等都构成了再生资源产业发展的障碍。
我国再生资源产业的运行和发展越来越呈现出产业特征,产业化、现代化、市场化应成为再生资源产业发展的方向。产业化的目标包括差异化产品体系的形成、产业内部分工体系的建立等,现代化则意味着技术研发能力、管理组织能力、资金运用能力、信息获取能力等综合竞争力的提升,而在市场化目标实现过程中,将深化再生资源企业改革,同时政府的规范和引导作用也非常重要。
Resources are essential to human being, while waste recycling is an important way to get resources. The recycling, sorting, processing, research and service concerning wastes constitute the recycling industry. Recycling industry owns a long history and a new look in our country, which takes a strategic significance and value under the background of international attention about natural resources and ecological environment. Thus, the researches on recycling industry are necessary to meet the actual requirement.
This paper studied the recycling industry in our country in an industrial view. By this prospective, we can search on the background, development trace, characters, infrastructures, the link and distinct with other activities in this clue, and get a whole impression of recycling industry, and know the development rule and influencing factors, as well as the trend and proper environment for this industry.
Under an economic analysis framework, this paper use economic theories and tools to analyze the development issues of recycling industry. Compared to the available references, this paper put and exploited the scattering material under one framework and clue with the evidence of statistics, investigation results and market information, etc.
Recycling industry could realize and create values by transforming waste to recycled resources. The recycled resources have a resource nature with homogeneity and sustainability, which causes the competition of recycling enterprises largely relying on the cost. Further more, the unbalanced substitution relationship leads to single direction price fluctuation from virgin resources to recycled resources, and increases the industrial risk. Thus, under the impact of world financial crisis, the recycling industry got a serious strike, and its market basis was ruined with the changing market structure of resource consumption.
Along with the establishment and development of market economy, private-owned enterprises have become the component of recycling industry. And the employment quantity and growth rate are higher than national-owned enterprises. At same time, more foreign capital enters this field. As for the national-owned enterprises, the lagging reform and path-independence restrict the improvement of competition ability. The technological factors didn't play an important part in the development of recycling industry. While the institutional factors pushed and accompanied with the progress of recycling industry.
Recycling activities are the essential part for recycling industry. The recycling enterprises construct recycling network in different forms according to their own needs. Concerning the construction cost and recycling efficiency, it is meaning for to regulate and direct the recycling activities based on the different forms of recycling network. However, enlarging the recycling scale is not sufficient to pull the industry. Until now, a stable resource consumption structure which is virgin resource-centered has been formed with technology, institutions and regulations, market, etc. The demand for recycled resources is still limited restricting the growth of recycling industry.
In some regions in our country, especially the coastal areas, agglomeration of recycling enterprises has emerged, including industrial parks and distributing markets. However, the agglomeration of recycling industry is still in a stage of factor gathering, rather than the improvement of products, organization and management, as well as research and service. And some homogenization and repeat-construction have been found. The scale expansion doesn't make a change to its status in the benefit-distribution in the industrial chains. The recycling industry gets a vertical squeeze from the down-stream industry which may be partly solved by strengthening the market power.
The recycling industry in our country is faced a great chance and also challenge. The chance comes from the requirement of resources and disposal of wastes home and abroad. While the substitution status, narrow product series and business scope, as well as the frail risk-control ability all constructs an embarrassment for recycling industry.
Industrialization, modernization and marketization are the direction for recycling industry. These objectives include the diversified products, further division of work, as well as improvement of research, management, capital use and information collection. In the reform and development of recycling industry, the regulation and guidance of government are also essential.
本文选择产业视角对我国再生资源产业进行研究,从这一视角出发,能够循着产业建立的背景、演进的历程、呈现的特点、形成的结构、与其他经济活动的关联和划分等这样一条覆盖完整、逻辑鲜明的视线,串接起与之相关的种种活动,进而形成一个整体印象,并对其发展规律及影响因素加以把握,对其发展趋势和方向进行研判,同时有助于对适宜其发展的制度环境进行思考。
本文将研究内容置于经济学分析框架下,运用主流经济学的研究方法和工具,对相关问题展开研究。较之现有的再生资源产业相关文献,本文将散落在不同领域的内容归拢到统一的框架和线索之下,并进行深入、系统地分析,尤其是利用相关统计数据、调研素材、市场信息等材料进行支撑和佐证,提升本文的理论价值和应用价值。
再生资源产业是围绕废旧物资的价值实现和价值创造活动,其产品具有资源属性,其突出特点是同质性与替代性,即在初级加工的条件下,同类再生资源的产品差异性很小,且对原生资源形成有限的替代作用。在这种情况下,成本便成为再生资源企业竞争的关键要素,而先进技术、资本、管理等高级要素的作用难以发挥出来,导致再生资源市场中“劣币驱逐良币”的问题。进一步地,再生资源与原生资源之间不平衡的替代关系,促成了原生资源价格到再生资源价格的单向影响,这反映在国际资源价格波动下,再生资源受到原生资源的价格波动传导,引发市场风险和对产业的冲击,同时,资源消费市场结构也发生了变化,再生资源原有的市场基础遭到了破坏。
随着我国市场经济体制的逐步确立,私营企业已经成为再生资源产业的重要组成部分,其就业规模、发展速度都高于公有制企业,呈蓬勃发展态势。同时,该领域也吸引了大量外资企业的加入。对于公有制企业来说,机制体制改革的滞后性与路径依赖制约了企业竞争力的提升,使得再生资源产业原有的公有制部分存在活力不足的问题。技术革新推动产业发展的自然机理在再生资源产业上表现并不突出,而另一动因,即制度因素对再生资源产业的兴衰发展产生了重要作用,使得我国再生资源产业的演进历程与我国经济体制改革过程有所契合。
废旧物资的回收是再生资源产业活动中的重要内容,而实践中再生资源企业往往根据自身特点来构建不同形式的回收渠道,因此,考虑到回收网络的构建成本与回收效率,对于不同的回收方式,有针对性地加以规范和引导,有助于回收规模的增长。然而,单纯扩大废旧物资的回收规模并不足以拉动再生资源产业发展。目前,围绕原生资源已经形成了由制度、技术、市场等因素组成的较为稳定的资源消费结构,再生资源仍面临有限的需求空间,抑制着再生资源产业的发展。
在我国某些省市,特别是沿海地区已经形成一定规模的再生资源企业空间聚集,包括各类再生资源产业园区与集散市场。但从整体上来看,我国再生资源产业集群仍处于要素聚集的发展阶段,缺少在产品系列、组织管理、科研服务等方面的提升,甚至已呈现出一定程度的水平铺开、重复建设的倾向。再生资源产业已具备的规模和水平并未能彻底改变其在产业价值链中的地位,仍然处于链条底端,在价值分配上处于劣势,并受到来自下游产业的纵向压榨,亟待加强和确立市场势力,提升产业地位和谈判力。
我国再生资源产业正面临着极大的机遇与挑战。机遇主要来自国内外对再生资源及废弃物处理的需求,国外的先进经验提供了很好的借鉴,而国内的技术、制度条件也更加有利于再生资源产业的发展。而长期“替代”地位、狭窄的产品种类和经营范围,脆弱的风险防范能力等都构成了再生资源产业发展的障碍。
我国再生资源产业的运行和发展越来越呈现出产业特征,产业化、现代化、市场化应成为再生资源产业发展的方向。产业化的目标包括差异化产品体系的形成、产业内部分工体系的建立等,现代化则意味着技术研发能力、管理组织能力、资金运用能力、信息获取能力等综合竞争力的提升,而在市场化目标实现过程中,将深化再生资源企业改革,同时政府的规范和引导作用也非常重要。
Resources are essential to human being, while waste recycling is an important way to get resources. The recycling, sorting, processing, research and service concerning wastes constitute the recycling industry. Recycling industry owns a long history and a new look in our country, which takes a strategic significance and value under the background of international attention about natural resources and ecological environment. Thus, the researches on recycling industry are necessary to meet the actual requirement.
This paper studied the recycling industry in our country in an industrial view. By this prospective, we can search on the background, development trace, characters, infrastructures, the link and distinct with other activities in this clue, and get a whole impression of recycling industry, and know the development rule and influencing factors, as well as the trend and proper environment for this industry.
Under an economic analysis framework, this paper use economic theories and tools to analyze the development issues of recycling industry. Compared to the available references, this paper put and exploited the scattering material under one framework and clue with the evidence of statistics, investigation results and market information, etc.
Recycling industry could realize and create values by transforming waste to recycled resources. The recycled resources have a resource nature with homogeneity and sustainability, which causes the competition of recycling enterprises largely relying on the cost. Further more, the unbalanced substitution relationship leads to single direction price fluctuation from virgin resources to recycled resources, and increases the industrial risk. Thus, under the impact of world financial crisis, the recycling industry got a serious strike, and its market basis was ruined with the changing market structure of resource consumption.
Along with the establishment and development of market economy, private-owned enterprises have become the component of recycling industry. And the employment quantity and growth rate are higher than national-owned enterprises. At same time, more foreign capital enters this field. As for the national-owned enterprises, the lagging reform and path-independence restrict the improvement of competition ability. The technological factors didn't play an important part in the development of recycling industry. While the institutional factors pushed and accompanied with the progress of recycling industry.
Recycling activities are the essential part for recycling industry. The recycling enterprises construct recycling network in different forms according to their own needs. Concerning the construction cost and recycling efficiency, it is meaning for to regulate and direct the recycling activities based on the different forms of recycling network. However, enlarging the recycling scale is not sufficient to pull the industry. Until now, a stable resource consumption structure which is virgin resource-centered has been formed with technology, institutions and regulations, market, etc. The demand for recycled resources is still limited restricting the growth of recycling industry.
In some regions in our country, especially the coastal areas, agglomeration of recycling enterprises has emerged, including industrial parks and distributing markets. However, the agglomeration of recycling industry is still in a stage of factor gathering, rather than the improvement of products, organization and management, as well as research and service. And some homogenization and repeat-construction have been found. The scale expansion doesn't make a change to its status in the benefit-distribution in the industrial chains. The recycling industry gets a vertical squeeze from the down-stream industry which may be partly solved by strengthening the market power.
The recycling industry in our country is faced a great chance and also challenge. The chance comes from the requirement of resources and disposal of wastes home and abroad. While the substitution status, narrow product series and business scope, as well as the frail risk-control ability all constructs an embarrassment for recycling industry.
Industrialization, modernization and marketization are the direction for recycling industry. These objectives include the diversified products, further division of work, as well as improvement of research, management, capital use and information collection. In the reform and development of recycling industry, the regulation and guidance of government are also essential.
引文
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14王爱兰.中外再生资源产业发展比较与中国的推进策略.资源科学,2006,28(5)：108-113
1再生资源产业与原生资源产业的横向关系将在第四章详细阐述。
1企事业单位产生的金属和废金属边角废料,报废的各种设备和运输工具等多称废旧物资：城乡居民及企事业单位出手的多称“废品”和旧物。其中,废旧物资比较通用。
1周宏春.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p2
2徐晓燕.改革开放30年再生资源行业变迁.再生资源与循环经济,2008,1(12)：24-26
1 Aryes Robert U., Kneesc Allen V.. Production, consumption, and externalities. The American Economic Review, 1969,59(3):282-297
2尼古拉斯·乔治斯库-罗根.熵定律和经济问题.见：赫尔曼·E·戴利、肯尼思·N·汤森.珍惜地球.北京：商务印书馆,2001
3赫尔曼·E·戴利.超越增长 可持续发展的经济学.上海：上海译文出版社.2006
4芮明杰,李想.差异化、成本领先和价值创新——企业竞争优势的一个经济学解释.财经问题研究,2007,(1)：37-44
1金丹阳.加快产业结构战略性调整促进再生资源产业发展.中国资源综合利用,2008(8)：2-4
2张继承,李华友等.国内外再生资源回收市场的比较.环境与可持续发展,2008(2)：45-47
1苏杨,周宏春.推进循环经济的两个障碍.学习时报,2004-12-20,p60
2邓永新,沈体雁.试论循环经济的要素价格差假说.中国人口·资源与环境,2007(6)：32-37
1张越,鲁明中等.促进中国资源再生产业发展的经济政策.见：周宏春主编,变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008.p311-394
1这些企业的产品通常专用于再生资源的回收加工,因而属于资源再生产业的范围。
1周宏春主编.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p312
1王奇,叶文虎.可持续发展与产业结构创新.中国人口·资源与环境,2002.12(1)：9-12
12004-2007年的数据使用“按行业分全部国有及规模以上非国有工业企业主要指标”,其中规模以上非国有企业为年主营业务收入在500万元以上的企业。2003年的数据来自于“按行业分国有及国有控股工业企业主要指标”与“按行业分‘三资’工业企业主要指标”的数据加总。2004年的工业总产值数据缺省,使用最为接近的产品销售收入数据。
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5Irene M. Xiarchos, Jerald J. Fletcher. Price and volatility transmission between primary and scrap metal markets. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,2009,53:664-673
6李文东.再生资源价格动态的R/S分析.生态经济,2008(5)：64-66
7苏杨,周宏春.推进循环经济的两个障碍.学习时报,2004-12-20,p60
1邓永新,沈体雁.试论循环经济的要素价格差假说.中国人口·资源与环境,2007(6)：32-37
2张菲菲,李慧明.价格上限、产品同质性与成本竞争——对再生资源产业竞争问题的新解释.财经理论与实践.,2009(2)：71-75
1再生资源价格根据中国再生资源信息网www.rrtj.cn相关数据整理,以汨罗、天津、西安再生资源市场黄杂铜供应价为样本取平均值,其中2008年9月和2009年1月数据缺失,分别采用 2008年10月和2009年2月数据。
2原生资源价格根据中国不锈钢信息网www.yl.51bxg.com相关数据整理,以长江有色金属市场铜现货、广东有色金属市场电解铜、华通有色现货市场阴极铜每月交易首日价格为样本取平均值。
1赵玻.零售商市场势力及其福利效应.财经理论与实践,2005(1)：94-98
1张赞.基于零售商垄断势力的纵向约束——一个经济分析框架.财经问题研究,2006(3)：16-22
2石奇,岳中刚.零售商对制造商实施纵向约束的机制和绩效评价.中国工业经济,2008(5)：77-86
3吴清萍,忻红.上游市场价格歧视的形成机理及影响.价格理论与实践,2008(4)：67-68
4卓越,张珉.全球价值链中的收益分配与“悲惨增长”——基于中国纺织服装业的分析.中国工业经济,2008(7)：131-140
5张小蒂,朱勤.论全球价值链中我国企业创新与市场势力.中国工业经济,2007(5)：30-38
6张小蒂,赵榄.基于渠道控制的市场势力构建模式特征分析.中国工业经济,2009(2)：131-140
1数据来自：中华人民共和国国家统计局编.《中国统计年鉴2008》http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/indexch.htm
1数据来自：中国钢铁网www.chinasteelnet.com.2007-5-22 http://www.chinasteelnet.com/ncws-d.asp?id=484511
1根据《变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究》(周宏春主编,北京：科学出版社,2008)相关内容整理。
1周宏春主编.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p239
2数据来源：中国铜矿产地分布图.铜矿产地分布介绍,矿产资源网,2009-12-16
1唐风泉,王吕林.全球制造业转移与高新技术产业开发区的发展.科技日报,2002-12-24
2巫英坚,李楠林.高新区二次创业与区域创新体系.中国科技产业,2004(8)：9-14
3韩伯棠,朱美光,李强.高新区“二次创业”发展战略与政策建议.科技进步与对策,2005,22(9)：48-50
4Porter. M.E. Clusters and New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review,1998
5刘凤朝,刘洋渊,冷云生.从企业集群到区域集群——高新技术产业区演化机理研究.产业集群与中国区域创新发展沿讨会资料汇编,2002
6周元,王维才.我国高新区阶段发展的理论框架.经济地理,2003(4)：451-456
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2程源,高建,杨湘玉.产业演化创新分布模式的一种理论解释,科学学研究,2003.21(4),438-441
1张春勋,赖景生.技术创新、路径依赖与主导产业演替的障碍及突破研究.生产力研究,2008(3)：104-106
2刘辉峰.长周期变动中的技术革命忧与产业演进——基于历史与统计的分析.中国科技论坛,2009(4)：8-12
3王艾青.技术创新、制度创新与产业创新的关系分析.当代经济研究,2005(8)：31-34
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5卢现祥.西方新制度经济学.北京：中国发展出版社,1996,p172-173
1李伟,张克军.市场化改革与资源型地区的产业转型——基于产业动态演化理论的分析.生产力研究,2006(8)：173-176.181
2 Hausner,J.,Jessop,B.,Nielsen.K.,eds.. Strategic choice and path-dependency in post-Socialism. Institutional Dynamics in the Transformation Process, Elgar, Aldershot,1995
3 David P.A. Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review,1985.75:332-337
4 David P.A. Some new standards for the economics of standardization in the information age. In:Economic Policy and Technological Performance. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987
5熊鸿军,戴昌钧.技术变迁中的路径依赖与锁定及其政策含义.科技进步与对策,2009.26(11)：94-97
6诺斯.经济史中的结构与变迁.上海：上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1991
1武云亮,黄少鹏.论再生资源科学.见：金丹阳主编,再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p142
2李国民,王勇.废旧塑料、粉煤灰和废旧橡胶复材材料及其制备工艺,中国专利,200710071756.2008-8-13
3汪华林,张振华等.废弃塑料的延迟焦化处理方法及其处理装置,中国专利,200710036819.2008-7-30
1黄速建,国有企业改革的实践演进与经验分析,经济与管理研究,2008(10)：20-31
1梁东主编.企业战略管理.北京：机械工业出版社,2004,p15
1周宏春主编.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p117
1李湘滇.环境标准差异对资源性废弃物贸易流向的影响分析.中国市场,2008(8)：8-10
2孙强.我国可用作原料废物进口现状及存在问题分析.中国商贸,2009(5)：80-81
1张越,鲁明中等.促进中国资源再生产业发展的经济政策.见：变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p333
1具体计算为：含税价格／(1+17%)*17%=含税价格*14.53%,即在没有增值的情况下,企业需缴纳4.53%的税款
1李金惠.电子废物处理技术.北京：中国环境利学出版社,2006.p3-9
1段显明等.“抵押-返还”政策研究,见：周宏春主编,变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究,北京：科学出版社,2008
1该提纲的详细内容刊于《中国资源综合利用》,1999年第8期,但至今尚未出台正式文件。
2金丹阳.从大自然对人类的制约看中国再生资源利用的发展规律.见： 金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p79
1吴解生.中国再生资源产业发展战略研究.见：金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实战与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001
2当然与缺少相关评价指标体系亦有关系。
3腾军力.报废汽车拆解大有发展前途.见：金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p45
1吴解生.中国再生资源产业发展战略研究.见：金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实战与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p85
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1苏杨,周宏春.推进循环经济的两个障碍.学习时报,2004-12-20,p60
2冯之浚.循环经济导论.北京：人民出版社,2004
3崔铁宁.循环经济概论.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007
4张效良.关于废旧物资分类回收社会化的探讨.中国资源综合利用,2005(9)：42
5朱海伦.循环经济导向的废旧物资回收体系创新.再生资源研究,2006(2)：5-8
6孙明贵.回收物流管理.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2005
7龚英.供应链逆向物流.北京：中国物资出版社,2008
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10杜欢政.中国铜再生资源利用状况分析.统计研究,2002(5)：62-64
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12金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001
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14王爱兰.中外再生资源产业发展比较与中国的推进策略.资源科学,2006,28(5)：108-113
1再生资源产业与原生资源产业的横向关系将在第四章详细阐述。
1企事业单位产生的金属和废金属边角废料,报废的各种设备和运输工具等多称废旧物资：城乡居民及企事业单位出手的多称“废品”和旧物。其中,废旧物资比较通用。
1周宏春.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p2
2徐晓燕.改革开放30年再生资源行业变迁.再生资源与循环经济,2008,1(12)：24-26
1 Aryes Robert U., Kneesc Allen V.. Production, consumption, and externalities. The American Economic Review, 1969,59(3):282-297
2尼古拉斯·乔治斯库-罗根.熵定律和经济问题.见：赫尔曼·E·戴利、肯尼思·N·汤森.珍惜地球.北京：商务印书馆,2001
3赫尔曼·E·戴利.超越增长 可持续发展的经济学.上海：上海译文出版社.2006
4芮明杰,李想.差异化、成本领先和价值创新——企业竞争优势的一个经济学解释.财经问题研究,2007,(1)：37-44
1金丹阳.加快产业结构战略性调整促进再生资源产业发展.中国资源综合利用,2008(8)：2-4
2张继承,李华友等.国内外再生资源回收市场的比较.环境与可持续发展,2008(2)：45-47
1苏杨,周宏春.推进循环经济的两个障碍.学习时报,2004-12-20,p60
2邓永新,沈体雁.试论循环经济的要素价格差假说.中国人口·资源与环境,2007(6)：32-37
1张越,鲁明中等.促进中国资源再生产业发展的经济政策.见：周宏春主编,变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008.p311-394
1这些企业的产品通常专用于再生资源的回收加工,因而属于资源再生产业的范围。
1周宏春主编.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p312
1王奇,叶文虎.可持续发展与产业结构创新.中国人口·资源与环境,2002.12(1)：9-12
12004-2007年的数据使用“按行业分全部国有及规模以上非国有工业企业主要指标”,其中规模以上非国有企业为年主营业务收入在500万元以上的企业。2003年的数据来自于“按行业分国有及国有控股工业企业主要指标”与“按行业分‘三资’工业企业主要指标”的数据加总。2004年的工业总产值数据缺省,使用最为接近的产品销售收入数据。
1 Fisher LA. Owen AD. An econometric model of the US aluminum market. Resources Policy,1981,7(3):150-160.
2 Labys WC.Kaboudan M.A short run disequilibrium model of the copper market Department Working Paper No.16. Morgantown, WV:Department of Minerral and Energy Economics, West Virginia University,1980.
3Taylor CA. A quarterly domestic copper industry model. The Review of Economics and Statistics,1979,61 (3):410-422
1 Hashimoto H. Modeling price fluctuations of ferrous scrap. Resource Policy,1983,9(2):122-139
2Engle RF, Ito T. Lin WL. Meteor showers or heat waves? Heteroskedastic intra-daily volatility in the foreign exchange market. Econometrica,1990,58:525-542
3 Chan K, Chan KC.Karolyi GA. Intraday volatility in the stock index and stock index futures markets. The Review of Financial Studies,1991.4(4):657-684
4 Goodwin BK, Grennes TJ, Wohlgenannt MK. A revised test of the law of one price using rational price expectations. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1990,72:682-693
5 Weaver R, Natcher W. Has market reform exposed farmers to greater price volatility? Farm Economics (July/August). State College, PA:Cooparative Extension Service, U.S.Department of Agriculture, The penn State University,2000.
6 Xiarchos IM. Time-varying ratios of primary and scrap metal prices:importance of inventories. In:Schaeffer P,editor. In commodity modeling and pricing:methods for analyzing resource market behavior. UK:John Wiley & Sons Inc.2008
1Tilton J,Vogely AW. Market instability in the metal industries. Special Issue of Materials and Society,1981,5(3).
2 Labys WC,Lesourd JB,Badillo D. The existence of metal price cycles. Resource Policy,1998,24(3):147-155
3 Labys WC,Rees HB, Elliott CM. Copper price behavior and the London metal exchange.Applied Economics, 1971,(3):99-113
4Jerry Blomberg, Stefan Hellmer. Short-run demand and supply elasticities in the West European market for secondary aluminum, Resource Policy,2000,26:39-50
5Irene M. Xiarchos, Jerald J. Fletcher. Price and volatility transmission between primary and scrap metal markets. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,2009,53:664-673
6李文东.再生资源价格动态的R/S分析.生态经济,2008(5)：64-66
7苏杨,周宏春.推进循环经济的两个障碍.学习时报,2004-12-20,p60
1邓永新,沈体雁.试论循环经济的要素价格差假说.中国人口·资源与环境,2007(6)：32-37
2张菲菲,李慧明.价格上限、产品同质性与成本竞争——对再生资源产业竞争问题的新解释.财经理论与实践.,2009(2)：71-75
1再生资源价格根据中国再生资源信息网www.rrtj.cn相关数据整理,以汨罗、天津、西安再生资源市场黄杂铜供应价为样本取平均值,其中2008年9月和2009年1月数据缺失,分别采用 2008年10月和2009年2月数据。
2原生资源价格根据中国不锈钢信息网www.yl.51bxg.com相关数据整理,以长江有色金属市场铜现货、广东有色金属市场电解铜、华通有色现货市场阴极铜每月交易首日价格为样本取平均值。
1赵玻.零售商市场势力及其福利效应.财经理论与实践,2005(1)：94-98
1张赞.基于零售商垄断势力的纵向约束——一个经济分析框架.财经问题研究,2006(3)：16-22
2石奇,岳中刚.零售商对制造商实施纵向约束的机制和绩效评价.中国工业经济,2008(5)：77-86
3吴清萍,忻红.上游市场价格歧视的形成机理及影响.价格理论与实践,2008(4)：67-68
4卓越,张珉.全球价值链中的收益分配与“悲惨增长”——基于中国纺织服装业的分析.中国工业经济,2008(7)：131-140
5张小蒂,朱勤.论全球价值链中我国企业创新与市场势力.中国工业经济,2007(5)：30-38
6张小蒂,赵榄.基于渠道控制的市场势力构建模式特征分析.中国工业经济,2009(2)：131-140
1数据来自：中华人民共和国国家统计局编.《中国统计年鉴2008》http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/indexch.htm
1数据来自：中国钢铁网www.chinasteelnet.com.2007-5-22 http://www.chinasteelnet.com/ncws-d.asp?id=484511
1根据《变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究》(周宏春主编,北京：科学出版社,2008)相关内容整理。
1周宏春主编.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p239
2数据来源：中国铜矿产地分布图.铜矿产地分布介绍,矿产资源网,2009-12-16
1唐风泉,王吕林.全球制造业转移与高新技术产业开发区的发展.科技日报,2002-12-24
2巫英坚,李楠林.高新区二次创业与区域创新体系.中国科技产业,2004(8)：9-14
3韩伯棠,朱美光,李强.高新区“二次创业”发展战略与政策建议.科技进步与对策,2005,22(9)：48-50
4Porter. M.E. Clusters and New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review,1998
5刘凤朝,刘洋渊,冷云生.从企业集群到区域集群——高新技术产业区演化机理研究.产业集群与中国区域创新发展沿讨会资料汇编,2002
6周元,王维才.我国高新区阶段发展的理论框架.经济地理,2003(4)：451-456
1Abernathy W J,J. M. Utterback. Pattern of industrial innovation. Technology Review,1978. (6-7)
2程源,高建,杨湘玉.产业演化创新分布模式的一种理论解释,科学学研究,2003.21(4),438-441
1张春勋,赖景生.技术创新、路径依赖与主导产业演替的障碍及突破研究.生产力研究,2008(3)：104-106
2刘辉峰.长周期变动中的技术革命忧与产业演进——基于历史与统计的分析.中国科技论坛,2009(4)：8-12
3王艾青.技术创新、制度创新与产业创新的关系分析.当代经济研究,2005(8)：31-34
4North, D.C.. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Perlormance. Cambridge University Press,1990
5卢现祥.西方新制度经济学.北京：中国发展出版社,1996,p172-173
1李伟,张克军.市场化改革与资源型地区的产业转型——基于产业动态演化理论的分析.生产力研究,2006(8)：173-176.181
2 Hausner,J.,Jessop,B.,Nielsen.K.,eds.. Strategic choice and path-dependency in post-Socialism. Institutional Dynamics in the Transformation Process, Elgar, Aldershot,1995
3 David P.A. Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review,1985.75:332-337
4 David P.A. Some new standards for the economics of standardization in the information age. In:Economic Policy and Technological Performance. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987
5熊鸿军,戴昌钧.技术变迁中的路径依赖与锁定及其政策含义.科技进步与对策,2009.26(11)：94-97
6诺斯.经济史中的结构与变迁.上海：上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1991
1武云亮,黄少鹏.论再生资源科学.见：金丹阳主编,再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p142
2李国民,王勇.废旧塑料、粉煤灰和废旧橡胶复材材料及其制备工艺,中国专利,200710071756.2008-8-13
3汪华林,张振华等.废弃塑料的延迟焦化处理方法及其处理装置,中国专利,200710036819.2008-7-30
1黄速建,国有企业改革的实践演进与经验分析,经济与管理研究,2008(10)：20-31
1梁东主编.企业战略管理.北京：机械工业出版社,2004,p15
1周宏春主编.变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p117
1李湘滇.环境标准差异对资源性废弃物贸易流向的影响分析.中国市场,2008(8)：8-10
2孙强.我国可用作原料废物进口现状及存在问题分析.中国商贸,2009(5)：80-81
1张越,鲁明中等.促进中国资源再生产业发展的经济政策.见：变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究.北京：科学出版社,2008,p333
1具体计算为：含税价格／(1+17%)*17%=含税价格*14.53%,即在没有增值的情况下,企业需缴纳4.53%的税款
1李金惠.电子废物处理技术.北京：中国环境利学出版社,2006.p3-9
1段显明等.“抵押-返还”政策研究,见：周宏春主编,变废为宝：中国资源再生产业与政策研究,北京：科学出版社,2008
1该提纲的详细内容刊于《中国资源综合利用》,1999年第8期,但至今尚未出台正式文件。
2金丹阳.从大自然对人类的制约看中国再生资源利用的发展规律.见： 金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p79
1吴解生.中国再生资源产业发展战略研究.见：金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实战与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001
2当然与缺少相关评价指标体系亦有关系。
3腾军力.报废汽车拆解大有发展前途.见：金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实践与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p45
1吴解生.中国再生资源产业发展战略研究.见：金丹阳主编.再生资源产业的实战与探索.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,p85
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