基于量热法的高强度聚焦超声功率测量和双频共焦增效研究
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摘要
高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)越来越多的用于临床肿瘤的治疗。HIFU声功率是关系到临床治疗效果的关键剂量参数。HIFU设备声功率准确的测量对于避免治疗中的副作用和保证靶区肿瘤细胞在合适的超声强度下完全消融都非常重要。由于HIFU声场是高度聚焦的强声场,导致准确声输出功率的实际测量困难。本文研制了一种新型基于量热法原理的HIFU功率测量装置,并提出了一种提高治疗效率的双频共焦HIFU技术。
从声功率测量的方法入手,概述了各种超声功率测量方法的原理及装置,包括有辐射力法,互易法,热学法,声光衍射法,水听器扫查声场测量法,全息摄影法等。介绍了各种测量方法特点以及在测量中应该注意的问题。目前,辐射力法被认为声功率小于20W的理想声场条件下最准确的声功率测量方法。HIFU换能器功率通常在200W以上,声场中非线性的干扰因素明显增加造成辐射力法HIFU声功率测量中许多实际问题。
采用全吸收靶辐射力法对HY2900型聚焦超声肿瘤系统换能器不同增益条件下的声功率进行了实际测量。测量结果表明所得声功率与换能器驱动电压平方之间相关性较好。测量中存在靶受力不稳定,重复测量值之间有一定的差别等现象。分析实验中造成测量误差的可能原因:高强度聚焦超声可以造成局部瞬时温度升高,甚至导致在焦点处水蒸气爆发;聚焦超声声场中产生声流、空化等非线性效应作用于吸收靶;吸收靶吸收热量;换能器声轴与靶中心轴偏离;电子天平本身有一定的误差;杠杆机构的传递损失,靶的不完善性等。结合实际测量经验总结了注意事项。
利用量热法的基本原理,采用144个热电偶并联测量平均温升技术,研制了一种新型基于量热法的高强度聚焦超声声功率测量装置。介绍了热电偶并联测温的原理,对测量装置中所用热电偶进行了测试校正,结果表明自制热电偶测量误差较小,测量结果可信。对瞬时量热法测量声功率的原理以及计算方法进行了叙述。针对大功率聚焦超声的特点对量热法声功率测量装置进行了设计,采用了小容器,小声窗,锥形容器底部,进油/排气孔,空间平均放置测温热电偶的设计方法。采用该测量装置对HY2900型高强度聚焦超声换能器声功率进行了实际测量,与前一章辐射力法的测量结果进行了对比,并分析了本装置测量中出现误差的可能原因。实际测量的声功率与驱动电压平方之间线性度好,与辐射力法测量结果接近,测量可重复性强,方法简便快捷,可以作为高强度聚焦超声声功率测量切实可行的方法。结合实际测量经验,对本装置的改进和测量中需要注意的事项进行了阐述。
针对当前HIFU治疗中单次辐照毁损灶体积小的问题,引入了一种新型双频共焦HIFU技术。实验设备既可以在双频模式下,也可以在单频模式下工作。在仿组织透明体模中对比了双频和传统单频模式下产生毁损灶的大小,探讨双频共焦HIFU增强组织超声能量沉积、提高HIFU治疗效率的可能性。采用的仿组织体模为聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和蛋清混合物,蛋清用于温度敏感指示剂。分别用双频共焦和单频模式HIFU对仿组织体模进行不同时间辐照,测量HIFU毁损灶的长度和直径。结果显示,相同声功率相同辐照时间下,双频HIFU产生的毁损灶显著大于单频模式所致毁损灶。双频共焦HIFU比传统单频HIFU形成更大毁损灶的可能解释就是增强了介质内的空化效应。空化阈值随声波的频率而降低,双频模式下存在的差频声场作为低频声波可以极大的增强空化效应。
Total acoustic output power is a key parameter for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) systems. Typically, HIFU systems generate ultrasound fields that are very intense and strongly focused: these features introduce problems when measuring output power. This article begins with the summery of various methods of acoustic power measurement, including radiation force balance, the method of reciprocity, the calorimetric method, the acousto-optic diffraction method, the method using calibrated hydrophone to scan the acoustic field, the holography method. The principle, characteristics and applications of different ultrasound power measurement methods were compared. However it can be difficult or inaccurate to apply many of the measurement methods to HIFU fields, either due to physical principle limits or to practical measurement problems.
HIFU transducer output power was measured using radiation force balance method with absorbing target based on national standard. The results show that acoustic power has good linearity with the drive voltage squared of focusing transducer. Measurement error and problems were analyzed: nonlinear effects of the focused ultrasound field on the target, such as streaming and cavitation; water heating even explosive vapour in focus of HIFU field; force dependence on field geometry and target distance to the transducer; shielding by bubbles; limited accurate of balance in practical operation. According the practices measurement, also give some reasonable suggestion on using radiation force balance method to calibrate HIFU output power.
A novel design of power measuring system based on calorimetric method for HIFU transducer was introduced. The system using parallelled copper constantan thermocouple as temperature sensor. The principle and uncertainty of parallelled thermocouple for mean temperature measurement was analyzed. The basic principle, the practical application, and the error of the HIFU output power measurement system were discussed. According to the characteristic of focused ultrasound field, the system improved the traditional calorimetric ultrasound power measurement setup. Small container, small acoustic window,cone shaped bottom, oil filling/discharge pipe, spatial average thermocouple placement were used in the system. HIFU transducer output power was measured with the system, and the result was compared with radiation force balance. The power measured by the system has good linearity with the drive voltage squared of HIFU transducer, and similar to the result measured by the radiation force balance method, and the measurement uncertainty less than±6.5%in the power range of 87-399W. Finally proposes some improvements of the system. The method offers several important advantages, such as simplicity, economy, practicality and its good accuracy and steadiness. It is suitable for measuring HIFU output power.
The volume of the lesion created by conventional single-frequency HIFU is small, which lead to long treatment duration. A confocal dual-frequency HIFU technique was introduced. The lesions induced by confocal dual-frequency HIFU in optically transparent tissue mimicking phantom were investigated and compared with the lesions induced by conventional single-frequency HIFU. The results have shown that using different exposure time resulted in lesions of different sizes in both dual-frequency and single-frequency HIFU modes at the same acoustic power, but the dimensions of lesions in dual-frequency mode were significantly larger than those in single-frequency mode. Difference frequency acoustic field exist in the confocal region of dual-frequency HIFU may be the reason for the lesions dimensions enlargement. The dual-frequency HIFU mode may represents a new technique of improving the ablation efficiency of HIFU.
从声功率测量的方法入手,概述了各种超声功率测量方法的原理及装置,包括有辐射力法,互易法,热学法,声光衍射法,水听器扫查声场测量法,全息摄影法等。介绍了各种测量方法特点以及在测量中应该注意的问题。目前,辐射力法被认为声功率小于20W的理想声场条件下最准确的声功率测量方法。HIFU换能器功率通常在200W以上,声场中非线性的干扰因素明显增加造成辐射力法HIFU声功率测量中许多实际问题。
采用全吸收靶辐射力法对HY2900型聚焦超声肿瘤系统换能器不同增益条件下的声功率进行了实际测量。测量结果表明所得声功率与换能器驱动电压平方之间相关性较好。测量中存在靶受力不稳定,重复测量值之间有一定的差别等现象。分析实验中造成测量误差的可能原因:高强度聚焦超声可以造成局部瞬时温度升高,甚至导致在焦点处水蒸气爆发;聚焦超声声场中产生声流、空化等非线性效应作用于吸收靶;吸收靶吸收热量;换能器声轴与靶中心轴偏离;电子天平本身有一定的误差;杠杆机构的传递损失,靶的不完善性等。结合实际测量经验总结了注意事项。
利用量热法的基本原理,采用144个热电偶并联测量平均温升技术,研制了一种新型基于量热法的高强度聚焦超声声功率测量装置。介绍了热电偶并联测温的原理,对测量装置中所用热电偶进行了测试校正,结果表明自制热电偶测量误差较小,测量结果可信。对瞬时量热法测量声功率的原理以及计算方法进行了叙述。针对大功率聚焦超声的特点对量热法声功率测量装置进行了设计,采用了小容器,小声窗,锥形容器底部,进油/排气孔,空间平均放置测温热电偶的设计方法。采用该测量装置对HY2900型高强度聚焦超声换能器声功率进行了实际测量,与前一章辐射力法的测量结果进行了对比,并分析了本装置测量中出现误差的可能原因。实际测量的声功率与驱动电压平方之间线性度好,与辐射力法测量结果接近,测量可重复性强,方法简便快捷,可以作为高强度聚焦超声声功率测量切实可行的方法。结合实际测量经验,对本装置的改进和测量中需要注意的事项进行了阐述。
针对当前HIFU治疗中单次辐照毁损灶体积小的问题,引入了一种新型双频共焦HIFU技术。实验设备既可以在双频模式下,也可以在单频模式下工作。在仿组织透明体模中对比了双频和传统单频模式下产生毁损灶的大小,探讨双频共焦HIFU增强组织超声能量沉积、提高HIFU治疗效率的可能性。采用的仿组织体模为聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和蛋清混合物,蛋清用于温度敏感指示剂。分别用双频共焦和单频模式HIFU对仿组织体模进行不同时间辐照,测量HIFU毁损灶的长度和直径。结果显示,相同声功率相同辐照时间下,双频HIFU产生的毁损灶显著大于单频模式所致毁损灶。双频共焦HIFU比传统单频HIFU形成更大毁损灶的可能解释就是增强了介质内的空化效应。空化阈值随声波的频率而降低,双频模式下存在的差频声场作为低频声波可以极大的增强空化效应。
Total acoustic output power is a key parameter for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) systems. Typically, HIFU systems generate ultrasound fields that are very intense and strongly focused: these features introduce problems when measuring output power. This article begins with the summery of various methods of acoustic power measurement, including radiation force balance, the method of reciprocity, the calorimetric method, the acousto-optic diffraction method, the method using calibrated hydrophone to scan the acoustic field, the holography method. The principle, characteristics and applications of different ultrasound power measurement methods were compared. However it can be difficult or inaccurate to apply many of the measurement methods to HIFU fields, either due to physical principle limits or to practical measurement problems.
HIFU transducer output power was measured using radiation force balance method with absorbing target based on national standard. The results show that acoustic power has good linearity with the drive voltage squared of focusing transducer. Measurement error and problems were analyzed: nonlinear effects of the focused ultrasound field on the target, such as streaming and cavitation; water heating even explosive vapour in focus of HIFU field; force dependence on field geometry and target distance to the transducer; shielding by bubbles; limited accurate of balance in practical operation. According the practices measurement, also give some reasonable suggestion on using radiation force balance method to calibrate HIFU output power.
A novel design of power measuring system based on calorimetric method for HIFU transducer was introduced. The system using parallelled copper constantan thermocouple as temperature sensor. The principle and uncertainty of parallelled thermocouple for mean temperature measurement was analyzed. The basic principle, the practical application, and the error of the HIFU output power measurement system were discussed. According to the characteristic of focused ultrasound field, the system improved the traditional calorimetric ultrasound power measurement setup. Small container, small acoustic window,cone shaped bottom, oil filling/discharge pipe, spatial average thermocouple placement were used in the system. HIFU transducer output power was measured with the system, and the result was compared with radiation force balance. The power measured by the system has good linearity with the drive voltage squared of HIFU transducer, and similar to the result measured by the radiation force balance method, and the measurement uncertainty less than±6.5%in the power range of 87-399W. Finally proposes some improvements of the system. The method offers several important advantages, such as simplicity, economy, practicality and its good accuracy and steadiness. It is suitable for measuring HIFU output power.
The volume of the lesion created by conventional single-frequency HIFU is small, which lead to long treatment duration. A confocal dual-frequency HIFU technique was introduced. The lesions induced by confocal dual-frequency HIFU in optically transparent tissue mimicking phantom were investigated and compared with the lesions induced by conventional single-frequency HIFU. The results have shown that using different exposure time resulted in lesions of different sizes in both dual-frequency and single-frequency HIFU modes at the same acoustic power, but the dimensions of lesions in dual-frequency mode were significantly larger than those in single-frequency mode. Difference frequency acoustic field exist in the confocal region of dual-frequency HIFU may be the reason for the lesions dimensions enlargement. The dual-frequency HIFU mode may represents a new technique of improving the ablation efficiency of HIFU.
引文
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