基于知识网络的肿瘤学衍生与发展研究
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摘要
研究目的
本课题旨在采用理论联系实际,定性和定量相结合的方法,将知识网络背景下的科学计量学理论与肿瘤学学科研究实践相结合,将理论、模型、实证评价和对策研究融为一体,试图构建肿瘤学学科及其主流分支学科的科学知识图谱,揭示肿瘤学学科前沿热点研究领域及历史演变轨迹,探寻知识网络角度的肿瘤学学科知识结构及其衍生与发展,明晰学科在群系统动态演进过程中的定位。通过对海量国际国内肿瘤学权威数据的挖掘和分析,为中国肿瘤学研究及时追踪国际前沿,加强国际合作提供参考；为中国肿瘤学学科发展和生物医学科技管理提供决策依据。
数据来源
国际数据：收集Web of Science的SCI-EXPANDED, CPCI-SSH数据库和生物医学领域PubMed数据库1912-2012年的相关肿瘤学数据；
国内数据：收集中国科学引文数据库涵盖的肿瘤学领域的全部期刊(10种)作为主要的数据来源,下载10种期刊近10年发表的所有论文的题录信息。
研究方法
1.文献分析法：通过纸质文献和电子期刊文献检索已发表的相关文献,获取原始资料并进行相关分析；
2.可视化方法集成分析：主要有关键词分析、文献共被引分析、作者共被引分析、期刊共被引分析及学科共被引分析；
3.多元统计方法集成分析：主要包括聚类分析、多维尺度分析、因子分析和主成分分析；
4.社会网络分析软件和统计软件的综合应用：运用多视角知识网络化分析软件CiteSpace Ⅱ、Pajek、Bibexcel以及SPSS软件、词频分析统计软件Wordsmith构建各种知识网络,并利用社会网络分析法、合著网络分析法等综合分析；
5.实证研究方法：采用规范研究与实证研究相结合的方法,对基于理论假设的肿瘤学新兴学科和交叉学科—表观遗传学进行实证研究,同时对发病率较高的肺癌的百年演变历史进行案例分析。
研究结果
1.绘制出的近10年肿瘤学科学知识图谱可以解读出肿瘤学top20核心作者、核心机构及核心国家。结果表明,近10年的肿瘤学研究中,美国一直处于领先和核心地位,中国是唯一一个进入top10核心国家的发展中国家。当代肿瘤学的研究前沿主要集中在4个方面：(1)癌基因异常表达机制；(2)肿瘤转移与血管生成；(3)癌细胞与凋亡关系；(4)肿瘤疫苗,这些研究前沿包括55个分支研究领域。
构建的当代国际、国内肿瘤学合作网络知识图谱显示,当代国际肿瘤学领域最具代表性的作者合著网由36个较为密集的聚集子群构成,包括91位近10年内共引次数超过20的作者；中国肿瘤学合作网络图谱显示合作最密切的省市为北京、上海和广东,合作最密切的科研团队主要来自华南肿瘤学国家重点试验室、复旦大学附属肿瘤医院、中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤研究所肿瘤医院、华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院、郑州大学第一附属医院肿瘤科、北京大学临床肿瘤学院、安徽医科大学附属省立医院、上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院和山东省肿瘤医院等,这些机构是中国肿瘤学领域科研团队最主要的生长土壤。同时发现科研合作关系主要集中在同一机构内部,跨省市的合作所占比例较小。
2.肿瘤学主流分支学科及学科结构分析结果显示,肿瘤学的主流分支学科有肿瘤分子生物学、临床肿瘤学、肿瘤流行病学、肿瘤放射治疗学、肿瘤诊断学以及肿瘤免疫学。从整体上看,临床医学和分子生物学为肿瘤学母本理论学科,肿瘤遗传学、肿瘤病理学、肿瘤病因学、实验肿瘤学和表观遗传学是其主要的新兴学科和交叉学科,其中表观遗传学可能发展成为当采学科或带头学科。
3.肿瘤学学科发展的实证案例分析阐释了：肿瘤病理学、肿瘤外科学、肿瘤流行病学、肿瘤治疗学、肿瘤病因学、肿瘤药理学、肿瘤分子生物学、肿瘤诊断学、肿瘤免疫学、肿瘤遗传学和肿瘤影像学是构成肿瘤学学科结构的11个主要元素；在过去的100年中,肿瘤学学科结构要素具有动态性,学科结构重心不断发生转移,但正是这种要素间的联系和运动,推动着肿瘤学整体体系的发展。
研究结论
提出肿瘤学学科衍生与发展规律：
1.肿瘤学学科衍生与发展经历了从分化到综合再到分化的历程
在20世纪前30年,各分支学科之间相对比较独立；20世纪50年代至90年代,学科内与各学科之间相互渗透,相互补充,相互结合,出现综合趋势；进入20世纪90年代,肿瘤学形成了更深层的学科分化,使得很多前沿领域已无法用“学科”概念来描述,这种分化还会向更高级更复杂层次飞跃。
2.科学内部新技术、新方法的突破和新理论的深化是肿瘤学学科衍生与发展的直接动力
肿瘤学学科的进展和突破,正是其学科结构不断演进的内在动力,促使学科日趋进步和完善。
3.交叉学科和新兴学科是肿瘤学学科衍生与发展的主要轨迹与方向
肿瘤学的分支学科大部分属于交叉学科和新兴学科,其分支学科衍生发展方向基本上遵循交叉学科和新兴学科的发展规律,新兴学科多发生在不同学科的边缘交叉点上。肿瘤学学科按照纵向衍生与横向衍生两种方式同时进行。
本研究的创新点
1.运用定量分析与科学知识图谱绘制相结合的多视角多维度集成创新方法研究肿瘤学学科衍生与发展趋势；发现肿瘤学衍生与发展规律。
2.构建肿瘤学学科发展理论模型,并通过实证研究与案例分析验证。
继续开展本研究的设想
1.通过网上调查、电子邮件、设计调查问卷等定性研究,将肿瘤学相关著作的分析及临床病例报告,作为对期刊论文定量数据的有力补充,运用meta-分析与科学计量学方法相结合的方法,开展从社会学、心理学等多个视角、更广阔地考察肿瘤学学科发展前沿热点的形成与发展规律。
2.根据生命科学发展历程中的大纪事划分时段,继续收集其它癌症如乳腺癌、肝癌、肾癌等百年数据开展研究；根据研究中确定的肿瘤学主流分支学科收集分支学科数据,进一步深化肿瘤学衍生与发展规律。
Purpose:
This study aims to adopt the methods of a combination of theory with practice, and ofqualitative with quantitative, that is, a combination of scientometrics theory and theoncology practice based on knowledge network, and an integration of the theories,models, empirical evaluation and countermeasure research, to try to depict thescientific knowledge maps of the mainstream oncology disciplines and itself.Oncology research fronts, hotspots and evolution trajectory is revealed, oncologydiscipline structure and its derivation and development is explored, and its position inthe groups of biomedicine disciplines is clearly defined, so as to timely trace theinternational forefront and strengthen international cooperation for Chinese oncologyresearch, and to supply decision-making basis for Chinese oncology disciplinedevelopment and biomedical technology management.
Data:
International data: All the literatures related to oncology with format 'articl' and‘review’ from the SCI-EXPANDED, CPCI-SSH of Web of Science database from1912to2012are retrieved.
Chinese data: All the data from10core oncology source journals in China in the lastdecade are collected.
Methods:
1. Literature analysis
2. Integrated analysis of visualization methods: keyword analysis, documentco-citation analysis, author co-citation analysis, journal co-citation analysis anddiscipline co-citation analysis
3. Integrated analysis of multivariate statistical methods
4.Integrated applications in social network analysis and statistic softwares: CiteSpace,Pajek, Bibexcel, SPSS, SAS and Wordsmith
5.Empirical methods
Results:
1. The knowledge maps of oncology research domains, we found that the citationfrequency of the US accounted for53.8%of the total citation frequency of the top20core countries performing oncology research. China is the sole developing country toenter the top10. Within the core institutions of oncology research, the US accountedfor18of the top20institutions, and its total citation frequency accounted for93.5%of the top20. The research strength of the University of Texas, the NCI and HarvardUniversity has steadily grown for nearly10years, and most countries and institutionshave separate and distinct research directions. It is clear that the United States is theleading country in oncology research. We found that the current oncology researchfronts are focused in four fields:(1) the mechanism of abnormal oncogene expression,(2) tumour metastasis and angiogenesis,(3) the relationship between cancer cells andapoptosis, and (4) tumour vaccines. The four research frontiers included55branchfields.
The study also identified the36most collaborative academic communities andstated that their oncology research strength is basically in balance. Multiple myeloma,angiogenesis, and acute lymphocytic leukaemia were the primary focuses of researchcollaborations in oncology from2001to2010. This study reveals that researchersfrom Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong cooperate most closely with each other andthat the collaboration within ‘Administrative Divisions’ is closer than that betweenthem, and the closer collaboration groups are among the State Key Laboratory ofHuanan Oncology,Affiliated Oncology Hospital of Fudan University, Cancer Instituteand Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union MedicalCollege Oncology Hospital and Institution, Tongji Medical College of HuazhongUniversity of Science and Technology, No1Affiliated Hospital Oncology of Zhengzhou University, Peking University School of Oncology, Anhui MedicalUniversity Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School ofMedical Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shandong Provincial Oncology University, etc.These institutes function as ‘incubators’ for Chinese Oncology research and are majorplayers in this field.
2. The analysis of oncology branch disciplines and its structure showed themainstream branch disciplines of oncology are clinical oncology, oncologyepidemiology, oncology radiation, oncology diagnostics and immunology. Overall,clinical oncology and molecular biology are the maternal disciplines, cancer genetics,tumor pathology, tumor etiology, experimental oncology and epigenetics are its mainemerging disciplines and cross-disciplines, which suggested Epigenetics may developinto the leading one.
3. The empirical studies illustrated oncology pathology, oncology surgery, oncologyepidemiology, oncology therapy, oncology etiology, oncology pharmacology,molecular biology of oncology, oncology diagnosis, oncology immunology,oncology genetics and oncology imaging are11major elements; During the past100years, oncology discipline structural elements were dynamic, the discipline structurecenter was continually shifted, which promoted the development of oncology for thelink and moving among these elements.
Findings:
The study demonstrated the derivation and development law of oncology disciplines.
1. Oncology derivation and development has gone through the course ofdifferentiation to integration, and to differentiation.
2. The breakthrough of new technologies, new methods and new theories in scienceinternal is the direct driving force in the development of oncology disciplines.
3. The appearances of interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines are its track anddirection for oncology derivation and development.Innovation points of view in this study:
1. By using multi-angle and multi-dimensional integration of innovative approaches,mainly in the combination of quantitative analysis and scientific knowledge maps, the oncology trends and laws for derivation and development were traced andanalyzed.
2. A theoretical model for oncology derivation and development was built, which isverified by an empirical research and case studies.
Conceptions for making further study:
1. As a strong complement to quantitative data of journal papers, online surveys,e-mail, questionnaire design and other qualitative research should be carried out for asupplement of books and clinical case reports related to oncology. Combination themeta-analysis and scientific metrology methods to examine oncology developmenthotspots and its law from sociology, psychology and other perspectives.
2. A century-data of breast, liver, kidney and other oncologies should be collected,and time slices will be divided according to the Great History Chronicle in thedevelopment of life sciences, so as to make a further research on oncology derivationand development.
本课题旨在采用理论联系实际,定性和定量相结合的方法,将知识网络背景下的科学计量学理论与肿瘤学学科研究实践相结合,将理论、模型、实证评价和对策研究融为一体,试图构建肿瘤学学科及其主流分支学科的科学知识图谱,揭示肿瘤学学科前沿热点研究领域及历史演变轨迹,探寻知识网络角度的肿瘤学学科知识结构及其衍生与发展,明晰学科在群系统动态演进过程中的定位。通过对海量国际国内肿瘤学权威数据的挖掘和分析,为中国肿瘤学研究及时追踪国际前沿,加强国际合作提供参考；为中国肿瘤学学科发展和生物医学科技管理提供决策依据。
数据来源
国际数据：收集Web of Science的SCI-EXPANDED, CPCI-SSH数据库和生物医学领域PubMed数据库1912-2012年的相关肿瘤学数据；
国内数据：收集中国科学引文数据库涵盖的肿瘤学领域的全部期刊(10种)作为主要的数据来源,下载10种期刊近10年发表的所有论文的题录信息。
研究方法
1.文献分析法：通过纸质文献和电子期刊文献检索已发表的相关文献,获取原始资料并进行相关分析；
2.可视化方法集成分析：主要有关键词分析、文献共被引分析、作者共被引分析、期刊共被引分析及学科共被引分析；
3.多元统计方法集成分析：主要包括聚类分析、多维尺度分析、因子分析和主成分分析；
4.社会网络分析软件和统计软件的综合应用：运用多视角知识网络化分析软件CiteSpace Ⅱ、Pajek、Bibexcel以及SPSS软件、词频分析统计软件Wordsmith构建各种知识网络,并利用社会网络分析法、合著网络分析法等综合分析；
5.实证研究方法：采用规范研究与实证研究相结合的方法,对基于理论假设的肿瘤学新兴学科和交叉学科—表观遗传学进行实证研究,同时对发病率较高的肺癌的百年演变历史进行案例分析。
研究结果
1.绘制出的近10年肿瘤学科学知识图谱可以解读出肿瘤学top20核心作者、核心机构及核心国家。结果表明,近10年的肿瘤学研究中,美国一直处于领先和核心地位,中国是唯一一个进入top10核心国家的发展中国家。当代肿瘤学的研究前沿主要集中在4个方面：(1)癌基因异常表达机制；(2)肿瘤转移与血管生成；(3)癌细胞与凋亡关系；(4)肿瘤疫苗,这些研究前沿包括55个分支研究领域。
构建的当代国际、国内肿瘤学合作网络知识图谱显示,当代国际肿瘤学领域最具代表性的作者合著网由36个较为密集的聚集子群构成,包括91位近10年内共引次数超过20的作者；中国肿瘤学合作网络图谱显示合作最密切的省市为北京、上海和广东,合作最密切的科研团队主要来自华南肿瘤学国家重点试验室、复旦大学附属肿瘤医院、中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤研究所肿瘤医院、华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院、郑州大学第一附属医院肿瘤科、北京大学临床肿瘤学院、安徽医科大学附属省立医院、上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院和山东省肿瘤医院等,这些机构是中国肿瘤学领域科研团队最主要的生长土壤。同时发现科研合作关系主要集中在同一机构内部,跨省市的合作所占比例较小。
2.肿瘤学主流分支学科及学科结构分析结果显示,肿瘤学的主流分支学科有肿瘤分子生物学、临床肿瘤学、肿瘤流行病学、肿瘤放射治疗学、肿瘤诊断学以及肿瘤免疫学。从整体上看,临床医学和分子生物学为肿瘤学母本理论学科,肿瘤遗传学、肿瘤病理学、肿瘤病因学、实验肿瘤学和表观遗传学是其主要的新兴学科和交叉学科,其中表观遗传学可能发展成为当采学科或带头学科。
3.肿瘤学学科发展的实证案例分析阐释了：肿瘤病理学、肿瘤外科学、肿瘤流行病学、肿瘤治疗学、肿瘤病因学、肿瘤药理学、肿瘤分子生物学、肿瘤诊断学、肿瘤免疫学、肿瘤遗传学和肿瘤影像学是构成肿瘤学学科结构的11个主要元素；在过去的100年中,肿瘤学学科结构要素具有动态性,学科结构重心不断发生转移,但正是这种要素间的联系和运动,推动着肿瘤学整体体系的发展。
研究结论
提出肿瘤学学科衍生与发展规律：
1.肿瘤学学科衍生与发展经历了从分化到综合再到分化的历程
在20世纪前30年,各分支学科之间相对比较独立；20世纪50年代至90年代,学科内与各学科之间相互渗透,相互补充,相互结合,出现综合趋势；进入20世纪90年代,肿瘤学形成了更深层的学科分化,使得很多前沿领域已无法用“学科”概念来描述,这种分化还会向更高级更复杂层次飞跃。
2.科学内部新技术、新方法的突破和新理论的深化是肿瘤学学科衍生与发展的直接动力
肿瘤学学科的进展和突破,正是其学科结构不断演进的内在动力,促使学科日趋进步和完善。
3.交叉学科和新兴学科是肿瘤学学科衍生与发展的主要轨迹与方向
肿瘤学的分支学科大部分属于交叉学科和新兴学科,其分支学科衍生发展方向基本上遵循交叉学科和新兴学科的发展规律,新兴学科多发生在不同学科的边缘交叉点上。肿瘤学学科按照纵向衍生与横向衍生两种方式同时进行。
本研究的创新点
1.运用定量分析与科学知识图谱绘制相结合的多视角多维度集成创新方法研究肿瘤学学科衍生与发展趋势；发现肿瘤学衍生与发展规律。
2.构建肿瘤学学科发展理论模型,并通过实证研究与案例分析验证。
继续开展本研究的设想
1.通过网上调查、电子邮件、设计调查问卷等定性研究,将肿瘤学相关著作的分析及临床病例报告,作为对期刊论文定量数据的有力补充,运用meta-分析与科学计量学方法相结合的方法,开展从社会学、心理学等多个视角、更广阔地考察肿瘤学学科发展前沿热点的形成与发展规律。
2.根据生命科学发展历程中的大纪事划分时段,继续收集其它癌症如乳腺癌、肝癌、肾癌等百年数据开展研究；根据研究中确定的肿瘤学主流分支学科收集分支学科数据,进一步深化肿瘤学衍生与发展规律。
Purpose:
This study aims to adopt the methods of a combination of theory with practice, and ofqualitative with quantitative, that is, a combination of scientometrics theory and theoncology practice based on knowledge network, and an integration of the theories,models, empirical evaluation and countermeasure research, to try to depict thescientific knowledge maps of the mainstream oncology disciplines and itself.Oncology research fronts, hotspots and evolution trajectory is revealed, oncologydiscipline structure and its derivation and development is explored, and its position inthe groups of biomedicine disciplines is clearly defined, so as to timely trace theinternational forefront and strengthen international cooperation for Chinese oncologyresearch, and to supply decision-making basis for Chinese oncology disciplinedevelopment and biomedical technology management.
Data:
International data: All the literatures related to oncology with format 'articl' and‘review’ from the SCI-EXPANDED, CPCI-SSH of Web of Science database from1912to2012are retrieved.
Chinese data: All the data from10core oncology source journals in China in the lastdecade are collected.
Methods:
1. Literature analysis
2. Integrated analysis of visualization methods: keyword analysis, documentco-citation analysis, author co-citation analysis, journal co-citation analysis anddiscipline co-citation analysis
3. Integrated analysis of multivariate statistical methods
4.Integrated applications in social network analysis and statistic softwares: CiteSpace,Pajek, Bibexcel, SPSS, SAS and Wordsmith
5.Empirical methods
Results:
1. The knowledge maps of oncology research domains, we found that the citationfrequency of the US accounted for53.8%of the total citation frequency of the top20core countries performing oncology research. China is the sole developing country toenter the top10. Within the core institutions of oncology research, the US accountedfor18of the top20institutions, and its total citation frequency accounted for93.5%of the top20. The research strength of the University of Texas, the NCI and HarvardUniversity has steadily grown for nearly10years, and most countries and institutionshave separate and distinct research directions. It is clear that the United States is theleading country in oncology research. We found that the current oncology researchfronts are focused in four fields:(1) the mechanism of abnormal oncogene expression,(2) tumour metastasis and angiogenesis,(3) the relationship between cancer cells andapoptosis, and (4) tumour vaccines. The four research frontiers included55branchfields.
The study also identified the36most collaborative academic communities andstated that their oncology research strength is basically in balance. Multiple myeloma,angiogenesis, and acute lymphocytic leukaemia were the primary focuses of researchcollaborations in oncology from2001to2010. This study reveals that researchersfrom Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong cooperate most closely with each other andthat the collaboration within ‘Administrative Divisions’ is closer than that betweenthem, and the closer collaboration groups are among the State Key Laboratory ofHuanan Oncology,Affiliated Oncology Hospital of Fudan University, Cancer Instituteand Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union MedicalCollege Oncology Hospital and Institution, Tongji Medical College of HuazhongUniversity of Science and Technology, No1Affiliated Hospital Oncology of Zhengzhou University, Peking University School of Oncology, Anhui MedicalUniversity Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School ofMedical Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shandong Provincial Oncology University, etc.These institutes function as ‘incubators’ for Chinese Oncology research and are majorplayers in this field.
2. The analysis of oncology branch disciplines and its structure showed themainstream branch disciplines of oncology are clinical oncology, oncologyepidemiology, oncology radiation, oncology diagnostics and immunology. Overall,clinical oncology and molecular biology are the maternal disciplines, cancer genetics,tumor pathology, tumor etiology, experimental oncology and epigenetics are its mainemerging disciplines and cross-disciplines, which suggested Epigenetics may developinto the leading one.
3. The empirical studies illustrated oncology pathology, oncology surgery, oncologyepidemiology, oncology therapy, oncology etiology, oncology pharmacology,molecular biology of oncology, oncology diagnosis, oncology immunology,oncology genetics and oncology imaging are11major elements; During the past100years, oncology discipline structural elements were dynamic, the discipline structurecenter was continually shifted, which promoted the development of oncology for thelink and moving among these elements.
Findings:
The study demonstrated the derivation and development law of oncology disciplines.
1. Oncology derivation and development has gone through the course ofdifferentiation to integration, and to differentiation.
2. The breakthrough of new technologies, new methods and new theories in scienceinternal is the direct driving force in the development of oncology disciplines.
3. The appearances of interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines are its track anddirection for oncology derivation and development.Innovation points of view in this study:
1. By using multi-angle and multi-dimensional integration of innovative approaches,mainly in the combination of quantitative analysis and scientific knowledge maps, the oncology trends and laws for derivation and development were traced andanalyzed.
2. A theoretical model for oncology derivation and development was built, which isverified by an empirical research and case studies.
Conceptions for making further study:
1. As a strong complement to quantitative data of journal papers, online surveys,e-mail, questionnaire design and other qualitative research should be carried out for asupplement of books and clinical case reports related to oncology. Combination themeta-analysis and scientific metrology methods to examine oncology developmenthotspots and its law from sociology, psychology and other perspectives.
2. A century-data of breast, liver, kidney and other oncologies should be collected,and time slices will be divided according to the Great History Chronicle in thedevelopment of life sciences, so as to make a further research on oncology derivationand development.
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