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汪履秋教授治疗痹证的学术思想探讨
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摘要
汪履秋教授(1919~1999),生前系全国名老中医、著名的中医内科学专家、南京中医药大学教授、江苏省中医院内科主任中医师。从医六十余载,业精于内科诸学,尤擅长治疗外感时病及内伤杂病,特别是对风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、白塞氏病、系统性红斑狼疮等风湿病(痹证)的治疗具有丰富经验。本文就其治疗痹证的学术思想作了探讨。
     汪老教授认为痹证的病因主要有:感受风寒湿邪、感受风湿热邪、饮食药物失当、跌扑损伤、劳逸不当、老年久病、体质亏虚等。痹证的病机主要为外邪痹阻肢体、经络,气血运行失畅。病理性质病初以邪实为主,病久邪留伤正可致虚实夹杂。因风寒湿热之邪阻痹经络关节,影响气血津液的运行,或因肝肾亏虚,气血不足,使气血津液运行无力,可致津凝为痰,血滞为瘀,痰痰互结。本病病初因邪痹肌表、经络之间,故表现为肢体百节疼痛为主的五体痹见证。若病邪留恋或反复感邪,久病不愈,积年累月,或受邪较重,病邪由表及里,由经入脏,即可形成顽固而难愈的“五脏痹”。
     汪老教授认为痹证可归纲为风寒痹阻、风湿痹阻、寒湿痹阻、湿热痹阻、瘀血痹阻、痰瘀痹阻、气虚血瘀、脾肾阳虚、肝肾阴虚等16个证型。治疗可包括疏风宣痹、散寒通痹、除湿蠲痹、化痰祛瘀、滋阴清热、温补脾肾等多种方法。
     在痹证类疾病的论治过程中,汪老教授主张在疾病初期,兼夹表证及因外感诱发之时常倡导疏表开腠发汗之法;在急性发作以疼痛为主者,则先治其标,重在祛邪通络止痛;病久邪气虽存,正气已弱,或气血双补,或肝肾兼顾,必扶正为治;寒湿证者,虽多择芳香辛温燥烈之品,应短暂使用,或佐以他药,以防留弊;痹证化热,当用寒凉,但须顾护脾胃;湿邪盛者,常辛宣、芳化、渗利相兼,酌用温通;在局部辨证中,肢体关节病变为主者,多择藤类药物,以行经络;关节肿胀有形体变化者,化痰逐瘀兼施;久病顽痹者,则以虫类药物搜风剔络。在痹证类疾病的整个论治过程中,并特别注意顾护脾胃、保护正气,即使是痹证初期,邪势较盛需使用温燥、苦寒、辛窜之品时,也不忘中病即止,或施以佐使之药,以免脾胃被伤,气血枉耗;而在痹证类疾病的中后期,则处处照顾正气,或气血双调,或精血兼顾,以固本为要。
     汪老教授对类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑性狼疮、痛风、皮肌炎、风湿热、白塞病等病证的病因病机、辨证论治等都有其独特的经验。
     类风湿性关节炎与中医学“骨痹”、“历节病”、“鹤膝风”、“顽痹”、“(?)痹”等病证相似。其病因在于风、寒、湿、热等外邪的侵入,内因与素体气血不足、肝肾亏虚有关。主要病机为邪气痹阻经络,气血运行滞涩,病久可致痰浊瘀血痹阻,气血肝肾受损,表现为虚实夹杂之证。
     系统性红斑狼疮与多种中医病证相关,如“阴阳毒”、“鬼脸疮”、“蝴蝶丹”、“马缨丹”、“日晒疮”、“瘟毒发斑”等,后期内脏受损可分别归属于“水肿”、“心悸”、“咳嗽”、“喘证”、“悬饮”、“黄疸”、“胁痛”、“癥积”、“虚劳”等病证。临床多属本虚标实之证,由于本病多见肝肾阴虚,热毒侵袭,故滋阴降火,清热解毒实为本病临床常用之治疗大法。
     皮肌炎相似于中医学的“皮痹”、“肌痹”,当出现肌肉萎缩或萎软无力时,又可按“痿证”论治。病因正虚不能御邪,风热、风寒、风湿、毒热之邪,侵犯肌表,导致营卫失和,经脉闭阻,瘀血阻络。外邪久羁肌表关节,滞留不去,日久内舍脏腑。属本虚标实之证,初起以邪实为主,后期脏腑受损,气阴两亏,以正虚为主。其病位,初起在皮肤、肌肉、经络、关节,后期损及脾肾。
     白塞病与祖国医学“狐惑病”相似。病因有外因、内因两个方面,外因主要是感受淫邪毒气,内因主要是脏腑功能失调,尤以肝、脾、肾三脏功能失调为主,主要病机是湿热毒邪蕴滞,治疗当以清热除湿,泻火解毒为原则。
     风湿热总属祖国医学“痹证”范畴,心脏受损则与“心痹”、“胸痹”、“心痛”、“心悸”等病相类。其病因由于素体正虚,卫外功能不足,风、寒、湿、热之邪乘虚侵袭肌肤、经络、关节,内入脏腑所致。主要病机为风寒湿热之邪,乘虚侵袭,由表入里,由气入血,致气血壅滞不畅。本病病本正虚,感邪后多见标实,且初发多为标实,病久虚实夹杂,反复发作则由实致虚,以虚为主。
     痛风也属于中医学“痹证”范畴。其病因在于风、寒、湿、热等外邪的侵入,内因与正气不足、劳逸不当、体质亏虚有关。主要病机为湿邪痰浊留滞经脉,气血运行滞涩,病久可致痰浊瘀血痹阻,肾气受损,表现有虚有实而以实证为主。
     硬皮病应属于中医“痹证”范畴,尤其与“皮痹”更为接近。后期内脏受损,因累及的脏腑不同,可有各种相应的病名,如“噎膈”、“泄泻”、“咳喘”、“心悸”、“水肿”等。若内脏广泛受累,正气严重耗损,又可隶属“虚劳”、“虚损”。以脾肾阳虚、阴寒凝结为基本病机。
     干燥综合征宜归属于中医“燥证”范畴:关节疼痛属于“痹证”;近年全国中医痹病专业委员会所著《痹病论治学》称本病为“燥痹”。基本病机是阴虚津亏燥毒亢盛。病理性质属本虚标实。
Professor Wang Luqiu (1919~1999), the late nationally famous veteran terandoctors of TCM, expert in Internal Medicine, had been working with the University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine and as a traditional Chinese physician in JiangsuProvincial Hospital of TCM. In his over sixty years of working as a doctor, he hadbeen a master in Internal Medicine, especially good at diseases caused by exogenouspathogenic factor and various internal damage. He has accumulated plentifulexperiences in the treatment of Rheumarthritis, arthritis deformans, Behcet's disease,and systemic lupus erythematosus (arthromyodynia). And this paper is to discuss hisacademic thoughts in treating arthromyodynia.
     Professor Wang believed that the main causes for arthromyodynia includewind-cold-wetness evil, polyarthritis rheumatica acuta, improper food and medicine,injury from falling down, work and rest, age-old invalidism, deficiency in constitution,and so on. The pathogenesis for arthromyodynia are mainly exogenous evil hinderingextremity and meridian, and the loss of QI-blood circulation. The pathological natureshows the state of evil domination at the very beginning, and inclusion of excess anddeficiency if the evil stays for long. The evil of cold ,dampness, and heat locksmeridian, so as to affect the operation of QI-blood and body fluid. Or the deficiency inliver and kidney, and the insufficiency of vital energy and blood affect the operation ofQI-blood and body fluid, making the body fluid into sputum, causing the bloodstagnation. At the beginning, the evil stays between the surface and meridian, so thatthe arthralgia spasm in the limbs features all joints being painful. If it stays for longand not being cured for long, the evil will go through the surface to the inner part,forming the obstructed visceral pain that will be hard to cure.
     Professor Wang believed that arthromyodynia can be concluded into the following16 types of syndrome: cold hypochondrium protrusion by wind-cold, coldhypochondrium protrusion by wind-cold, cold hypochondrium protrusion by coldwetness, cold hypochondrium protrusion by wet heat, cold hypochondrium protrusionby stagnated blood, blockage of phlegm and blood stasis, stagnation of blood bydeficiency of vital energy, asdthenic splenonephro-yang, and hepatic and renal yin
     deficiency. And the treating methods can be divided into the following ways:expelling wind, scatter cold, dehumidity, eliminate sputum to removing blood stasis,nurish Yin to clear heat and pryetic tonification of spleen and kidney.
     In the process of treating the diseases of arthromyodynia. Professor Wang claimedthat at the initial stage, diaphoresis by dispersing the interior should be adopted; ifacute pain appears, the symptom should be treated first, then expelling pathogenshould activating meridians to stop pain should be adopted; if the disease exists forlong, healthy energy has become weak, so that nourishing both qi and blood, ornourishing liver and kidney, should put strengthening body resistance in the first place.In treating cold-damp syndrome,fragrantly warm and fierce substance should be usedtemporarily in case arthromyodynia stay. If arthromyodynia leads to heat-transmission,cool substances should be used, while the spleen and stomach should be taken intoaccount. If damp pathogen prevails, fragrantly warm substances can be used.
     Prof. Wang had his distinct experiences in treating arthritis deformans, systemiclupus erythematosis, arthrolithiasis, and dermatomyositis. Arthritis deformans showsome similarities with rheumatism involving bone, obstinate arthralgia, and so on. Themain reasons lie in the invasion of exogenous evil. And the internal cause has to dowith insufficiency of vital energy and blood, deficiency in liver and kidney. Itspathogenesis shows the evil factor hinders meridian, stagnant QI-blood circulation, andso forth.
     Systemic lupus erythematosus shows many symptoms that are the same with thatin TCM, for example, Lantzna camara, solar dermatitis and solar dermatitis. Thedamage on internal organs can be concluded into dropsy, cardiopalmus, cough,dyspnea and so on.
     Dermatomyositis is similar to skin itching. When the muscles weakens, it can betreated according to paralysis.
     Behcet disease has internal and external causes. The external causes are mainlyfrom the reception of excessive Qi, and the internal causes are chiefly from thedisorder of the function of entrails.
     Polyarthritis rheumatica acuta belongs to the arthromyodynia in TCM. Damage onheart is similar to the such diseases as cardiac obstruction, thoracic obstruction,cardialgia and cardiopalmus
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