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疏经通督推拿手法治疗神经根型颈椎病的临床观察和机理研究
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摘要
颈椎病(Cervical Spondylosis,C.S.)是由颈部椎间盘、椎间关节及韧带等的退行性变,而累及周围组织(如神经根、脊髓、交感神经、椎动脉等)受损,而产生了相应的临床表现。其临床发病率大约在3.6~9%。
     颈椎病是中老年人的常见病,多发病。随着人们在工作生活中电脑应用的普及,伏案工作的时间日益增多,致使颈椎病的发病率不断上升而成为一种现代病。目前颈椎病仍然属于疑难病,其发病人群正趋于年轻化,严重影响了人们的生活工作。其中神经根型颈椎病是其中发病率最高的一种类型,所占比例高达50~60%,常见于40~60岁的人群。
     长期以来,由于对神经根型颈椎病的机理认识不清,对治疗方法的选择和实施带来了诸多的困难,疗效未尽人意,甚至有的患者在治疗中受到意外的医源性损伤,给其造成巨大的痛苦和经济损失。因此,研究一种能安全有效治疗神经根型颈椎病,并能尽量减少医源性损伤的方法则具有极大的社会和经济意义。
     本论文在整理祖国医学对颈椎病的认识和其诊疗经验的基础上,系统总结了中医中药治疗神经根型颈椎病的机制与相关进展。同时还对中医推拿在治疗神经根型颈椎病方面的文献进行了回顾总结。从中医学的观点来看,神经根型颈椎病应属于“痹证”的范畴,颈部遭受风、寒、湿邪侵袭,或遭受外伤以及长期的姿势不良导致颈部肌肉紧张痉挛,经脉闭阻为其外因;颈椎椎间盘的退变,颈项部韧带肥厚和钙化,颈椎生理曲度改变以及颈椎的小关节错位,颈椎骨质退化增生,都会阻碍气血的正常运行,而气血运行不畅、经脉不通导致筋骨失去濡养,此乃内因。内外因素的共同作用,寒瘀互结,滞于颈部,胶着于筋骨,使筋骨变性,打破了颈椎的生理平衡,致使“筋出槽”,“骨错缝”而发为颈椎病变。目前中医治疗神经根型颈椎病有一定的优势,例如针灸、推拿、中药、牵引、理疗等方法。其中作为中医特色疗法的推拿治疗神经根型颈椎病有较好疗效,但也不乏有手法操作不当而引起不良反应的报道;同时在推拿的临床研究上也存在着手法规范性不强,随意性较大,疗效缺乏客观、系统评价等不足。因此,加强对颈椎病的研究,发挥中医推拿治疗神经根型颈椎病的整体优势,探求安全有效的治疗方法具有重要的现实意义。
     同时,本论文整理回顾了国内外现代医学在颈椎病的病因、病理、诊治等方面的研究成果并进行了总结。近几十年来,随着对神经根型颈椎病基础研究的不断推进,人们己从解剖生理学、病理学角度对本病的发病机理有了更深一步的认识。目前关于神经根型颈椎病的发病机理的解释主要有三种学说,即机械压迫学说、化学刺激学说以及自身免疫学说,而机械压迫学说中的“压迫”,化学性神经根炎学说中的“炎性刺激”,以及自身免疫学说中的“免疫反应”都可导致神经根型颈椎病根性痛的发病,同时它们又是相互联系,相互作用的。
     目前对本病的临床治疗可分为手术治疗和非手术治疗。手术治疗有多种术式,通过手术治疗可以在直视下探查椎管、脊髓以及神经根,彻底地切除压迫神经根、脊髓的突出椎间盘、椎体后骨赘以及行椎体间植骨稳定颈椎。但由于手术并发症较多,如创伤大,颈椎稳定性结构的破坏,以及术后易伴发感染,植入物排斥、脱落,植入物不融合等,再加上昂贵的手术费用等因素。目前,不论国际、国内对于神经根型颈椎病的临床治疗,除了少数有典型手术指征的患者采用手术疗法外,大多数患者仍倾向于采用非手术治疗。
     本研究主要是基于导师金宏柱教授多年临床经验,在系统回顾文献对本病认识和治疗的基础上,采用随机、平行对照研究方法,客观评价了疏经通督推拿手法对该病治疗的临床疗效,观察疏经通督法在治疗过程中对神经根型颈椎病的多项临床疗效指标的影响,旨在对推拿治疗神经根型颈椎病的作用机理做进一步的深入探讨,为提高手法治疗神经根型颈椎病的疗效及安全性提供客观依据,以指导临床推拿治疗神经根型颈椎病,从而有利于在临床上推广应用。
     目的:观察疏经通督推拿手法对神经根型颈椎病的治疗作用,探讨其作用机制。
     方法:采用随机平行对照临床试验,将90例神经根型颈椎病患者分为1个研究组和两个对照组,共3组,分别给予疏经通督法推拿手法、传统推拿手法和口服西乐葆(COX-2抑制剂),观察比较治疗前后的临床症状、体征及血液流变学、一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶、5-羟色胺等理化指标的变化。
     结果:通过临床观察发现,疏经通督推拿手法能够明显改善患者的临床症状及体征,疏经通督推拿手法治疗神经根型颈椎病整体临床疗效显示出优于对照组的趋势,能更有效的改善临床观察指标,总有效率93.33%。特别是对于神经根型颈椎病疼痛症状的改善。
     结论:疏经通督推拿手法治疗神经根型颈椎病确能取得很好的治疗效果,并能提高手法治疗神经根型颈椎病的安全性。其作用机制可能在于有效地改善微循环,有针对性地调整颈椎内外力平衡状态,改变或调整神经根与周围组织之间的关系,恢复颈椎正常解剖结构,从而有效地改善症状。是一种值得临床推广应用的治疗方法。
Cervical Spondylosis (short for CS in this paper) is a degenerative condition ofintervertebral disks, intervertebral joints, ligaments of the neck that affects thesurrounding tissues (such as nerve roots, spinal cord, sympathetic nerve, cervicalartery, etc), which causes corresponding clinical manifestations. The incidence of CSis about 3.6 %~9% clinically.
     Cervical Spondylosis is a common condition in middle-aged and old people.Popularization of computers in our daily life and work has made us bend neck formore time, which causes the increasing incidence of CS. CS has been a moderndisease. Now, CS is still difficult to treat and affects more and more young peoplewhich always bothers most of people in their daily life and work. The incidence ofcervical radiculopathy (short for CR in this paper) is the highest among CS whichreaches 50-60%. CR always occurs in 40-60 aged people.
     Because the pathogenesis of CR has not been understand fully for a long time,the choose and application of treatment plan has met lots of difficulties. Sometimes,some patients suffered a lot from accidentally iatrogenic damage. Therefore, studyingan effective and convenient treatment of CR and lowering iatrogenic damage are ofgreat social and economical significance.
     Based on studying CS' knowledge and diagnostic and therapeutic experience intraditional Chinese medicine (short for TCM), the paper summarized systematicallytherapeutic mechanism of Chinese herbs and related research evolution in terms ofCR. Moreover, the paper reviewed and summarized documents on Tuina treating CR.In TCM perspective, CR belongs to "Bi syndrome". Pathogenic wind, cold, dampnessaffecting neck, local trauma and prolonged bad position contribute tense and spasticcervical muscle and then blockage of meridians, which is the external cause. Thedegeneration of cervical intervertebral disc, thickening and ossification of cervicalligaments, changed cervical physiological curvature, subluxation of the facet jointsand osteophytes of cervixes block the circulation of Qi and blood. The stagnation ofQi and blood and blockage of meridians causes malnutrition of sinews and bonesaround, which is the internal cause. The combination of internal and external causesmixed cold and blood stasis to linger in neck, which leads to degeneration of sinewsand bones around. Therefore, the physiological balance of neck has been disturbed,which results in subluxation of sinews and bones, and CS arise. So far, TCM treatingCR has certain advantages, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, Tuina, Chinese herbs,traction and physiotherapy. Among them, Tuina has good curative effect on CR. Butthere are negative reports about Tuina malpractices. Meanwhile, clinical researchesare believed poor-standardized, randomized and lack of objective and systemicevaluation. So studying CS vigorously, bringing the advantages of Tuina treating CRinto full play and searching effective treatment are of great significance.
     The paper also reviewed and summarized modern medical researches on etiology,pathology, diagnosis and treatment of CR at home and abroad. With the developmentof basic research of CR in the latest decades, people have further knowledge of CR'spathogenesis in terms of anatomy, physiology and pathology. There are three maintheories about CR's pathogenesis, that is, theory of mechanical compression, theory of chemical stimulation and autoimmune theory where compression, inflammatorystimulation and immune reaction can cause radiculopathic pain in CR. Moreover,they relate with and act on each other.
     So far there are surgery and conventional treatment as for CR. The surgery hasseveral approaches. In the surgery, spinal canal, spinal cord and nerve roots can beobserved, protruded disc, osteophytes can be removed and cervical vertebra can bestabilized by grafted bone. However, a series of complication (such as surgery'strauma, the damage of cervical stability, infection after surgery, rejection and graftedbone's falling off) and expensive treatment charge make most of patients with CRchoose conventional treatment at home and abroad except some typically indicatedfor surgery.
     Based on clinical experience of my tutor—Professor Jin Hongzhu anddocuments' review on CR, the study adopted randomized, paralleled controlledmethod so that Tuina's curative effect on CR by unblocking meridians and governorvessel method can be objectively evaluated. In the study, several indexes of curativeeffect were evaluated. The significance of this study is to further know the mechanismof Tuina treating CR which can provide objective foundation on curative effect andsecurity of Tuina manipulation treating CR. All these can guide Tuina treating CRwhich can benefit clinical popularization of Tuina.
     Objective: to observe Tuina treating CR by unblocking meridians and governorvessel method and to discuss the therapeutic mechanism.
     Methods: the clinical study was randomized, paralleled controlled. 90 patientswith CR were divided into 3 groups evenly—1 research group and 2 control group.They were treated by Tuina method of unblocking meridians and governor vessel,traditional massage and oral administration of Celecoxib(cyclooxygenase-2inhibitors). Then the indexes' change of clinical symptoms, signs and bloodrheoIogy, NO,NOS,5-HT before and after treatment were observed.
     Results: in clinical observation, Tuina manipulations of unblocking meridiansand governor vessel can markedly improve clinical symptoms and signs of patientswith CR. Moreover, curative effect of treatment group was better than that of controlgroups and the former can improve clinical indexes more effectively with 93.33%effective rate. These Tuina manipulations can especially relieve radiculopathic painand achieve good curative effect.
     Conclusion: Tuina method of unblocking meridians and governor vessel hasgood curative effect on treating CR and can improve the security of manipulationtreating CR. The mechanism is that this method can improve microcirculation,effectively readjust cervical balance and spacial relationship between nerve roots andsurrounding tissues, reduce anatomical structure to relieve symptoms. Therefore, thismethod is worthy to popularize in clinic.
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