不同灌溉模式下马铃薯的水肥效率及膜下滴灌的氮肥推荐
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摘要
内蒙古阴山北麓地区是中国马铃薯的优势产区，该地区长期形成的大水漫灌和过量施肥对资源造成严重的浪费，并且加重了土壤氮素淋洗的风险。为此，近十多年来该地区马铃薯生产中引进了多种节水生产设备。与此同时，膜下滴灌作为新型的马铃薯生产模式在该地区已经开始逐步推广应用，但与马铃薯生产相配套的综合养分管理技术，目前还有待进一步深入研究。在这样的背景下，本研究利用连续两年的试验资料系统地评价了漫灌、喷灌、露地滴灌和膜下滴灌马铃薯的生产效率、商品特性、经济与环境效益，并从马铃薯的生长发育及土壤水分状况进行了成因分析。在此基础上，研究了膜下滴灌马铃薯对氮、磷、钾素的吸收、分配与累积规律，并利用叶柄硝酸盐反射仪，建立了适合该地区的氮素营养诊断指标和氮肥施肥模型。旨在为马铃薯节水灌溉技术的潜力挖掘及养分高效利用提供技术参考和理论依据。主要结果如下：
1、滴灌（膜下滴灌和露地滴灌）马铃薯的产量、水分利用效率、光能利用率、氮磷钾肥料的偏生产力、单株薯数、商品率、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量、以及经济净收益均显著高于漫灌、喷灌。此外，滴灌显著减少了马铃薯收获后60～120cm土层无机氮残留量，降低了环境污染的风险。
2、滴灌促进马铃薯生长的优势在块茎形成期得以体现。到淀粉积累期时，各灌溉模式的生物量、叶面积指数、株高和复叶数，均表现为：滴灌>喷灌>漫灌。不同灌溉模式在马铃薯整个生育时期日耗水值均呈单峰曲线变化规律，且在块茎膨大期出现日耗水峰值；不同灌溉模式0～80cm各土层的土壤含水量均值均表现为：膜下滴灌>露地滴灌>喷灌>漫灌；相同土层的土壤含水量变异系数均表现为：漫灌>喷灌>露地滴灌>膜下滴灌。
3、阴山北麓地区膜下滴灌马铃薯“克新1号”各器官的氮磷钾含量都随生育进程的推移呈递减趋势；根茎叶的氮磷钾累积量在全生育期呈单峰曲线，而块茎的养分累积量随生育进程的推移呈上升趋势；阴山北麓地区膜下滴灌马铃薯“克新1号”千公斤块茎产量植株所需的氮素(N)为：3.80kg；磷素(P2O5)为：1.61kg；钾素（K2O）为：6.55kg。
4、膜下滴灌马铃薯产量与施氮量的数量关系以线性加平台模型较为合理。最佳施氮量下的氮肥吸收利用率为53.61～48.50%；出苗60天左右出现最大叶面积指数为3.72～4.12。
5、阴山北麓地区膜下滴灌马铃薯基于反射仪的氮素营养诊断指标体系参数如下：诊断时间：上午9:00～11:00；取样部位：倒4叶叶柄；测试株数：30株。出苗18天到55天基于叶柄硝酸盐诊断值的氮肥推荐模型：
Nr(出苗18-55天)=（1.1962Ed~2-194.76Ed+10652–Tr）×（2.939×10~(-6)Ed~2+3.986×10~(-6)Ed+0.08256）
其中，Nr为氮肥追肥量（kg·hm~(-2)），Ed为出苗18-55天中任意的出苗天数，Tr为出苗Ed天的实测倒4叶叶柄硝酸含量(mg·L-1)。
The north foot of Yinshan Mountain of Inner Mongolia is the advantage potatoproduction region of China, however, flood irrigation and overused nitrogen used for along time lead to serious problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution.In order to solve this problem, a variety of water-saving equipments were introdueced forpotato production in the area during last ten years, among which under-mulch-dripirrigation (UMDI) is applied and popularized gradually as a new type of potato irrigationmode. However, the comprehensive nutrient management technology of potatoproduction matching UMDI still needs to be further studied. In such background, theeffects of different irrigation methods were investigated consist of production efficiency,commodity characters, economical and the eco-environmental benefits of potatocultivation in this study. The field experiments were conducted in2009-2010in Wuchuan,a region located at the north foot of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia, the irrigationpatterns includes flood irrigation (FI), ground sprinkler (GS), drip irrigation (DI) andUMDI. After analyzing the reasons caused the differences among four irrigation methodsfrom the potato growth and development and soil water status aspects, UMDI wasselected for further study including the regulation of absorption, translocation andaccumulation for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), establishment of thenitrogen diagnostic index and nitrogen fertilization model at the region by reflectancemeter measure value of petiole sap nitrate. The object is to lay the theoretical foundationand provide technical reference for mining the potential of water-saving irrigationtechnology of potato and efficient use of nutrient. The major results of this study are asfollows:
1. The potato yield, water use efficiency, light energy use efficiency, N、P and Kfertilizer partial productivity, tuber number per plant, percentage of large tuber, commodityrate, starch content, soluble protein content and net economic income under UMDI and DIare significantly higher than that under FI and GS. Drip irrigation, DI and UMDI, haslower residual soil inorganic nitrogen contents at60～120cm layer after tuber harvestcompared to other treatments, reducing the risk of environmental pollution due tonitrogen leaching.
2. Compared with GS and FI, growth superiority of DI and UMDI appeared at tuberformation stage. At the starch accumulation stage, biomass, leaf area index, the plantheight and the number of compound leaf expressed as DI and UMDI> GS> FI. Dailywater consumption at all irrigation patterns exhibit single-peak curve during the wholegrowth period and the daily water consumption peak occurs at the tuber bulking stage.With0~80cm soil profile the average soil water content is shown as: UMDI> DI> GS>FI. The variation coefficients of soil water content at same soil layers under differentirrigation modes are shown as: FI> GS> DI> UMDI.
3. N、P and K concentration of the “Kexin No.1” cultivar at different organs declineswith growth processed in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain. The total accumulation ofN, P and K in potato root, stem and leaf exhibits a single-peak curve at whole life cyclebut the accumulation of N, P and K in potato tuber tends to increase with thedevelopment process progressed. The demands of N、P(P2O5) and K (K2O) of “KexinNo.1” cultivar are3.80kg,1.61kg and6.55kg per1000kg tuber separately, at the localenvironmental condition.
4. The relationship between yield and N application is more reasonable to fit linearplus plateau model under UMDI. Based on the model the best N application, the nitrogenrecovery efficiency is53.61~48.50%and maximum leaf area index is3.72~4.12at60-day seedlings accordingly.
5. The parameters of nitrogen diagnostic index system with reflectometer underUMDI in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain are as follows: the diagnosis time is themorning9~11; the sampling position is the fourth petioles from the apical tip; thequantity of measurement is30plants at a time. The nitrogen fertilizer recommendationdiagnosis model with nitrate content of the fourth petioles was instituted between18daysto55days of emergence.
Nr(18to55days of emergence)=(1.1962Ed~2-194.76Ed+10652–Tr)×(2.939×10-6Ed~2+3.986×10~(-6)Ed+0.08256)
Among them: Nr: the amount of nitrogen fertilizer (kg·hm~(-2)); Ed: the day between18to55days of emergence; Tr: nitrate content measured the fourth4petiole (mg·L-1).
1、滴灌（膜下滴灌和露地滴灌）马铃薯的产量、水分利用效率、光能利用率、氮磷钾肥料的偏生产力、单株薯数、商品率、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量、以及经济净收益均显著高于漫灌、喷灌。此外，滴灌显著减少了马铃薯收获后60～120cm土层无机氮残留量，降低了环境污染的风险。
2、滴灌促进马铃薯生长的优势在块茎形成期得以体现。到淀粉积累期时，各灌溉模式的生物量、叶面积指数、株高和复叶数，均表现为：滴灌>喷灌>漫灌。不同灌溉模式在马铃薯整个生育时期日耗水值均呈单峰曲线变化规律，且在块茎膨大期出现日耗水峰值；不同灌溉模式0～80cm各土层的土壤含水量均值均表现为：膜下滴灌>露地滴灌>喷灌>漫灌；相同土层的土壤含水量变异系数均表现为：漫灌>喷灌>露地滴灌>膜下滴灌。
3、阴山北麓地区膜下滴灌马铃薯“克新1号”各器官的氮磷钾含量都随生育进程的推移呈递减趋势；根茎叶的氮磷钾累积量在全生育期呈单峰曲线，而块茎的养分累积量随生育进程的推移呈上升趋势；阴山北麓地区膜下滴灌马铃薯“克新1号”千公斤块茎产量植株所需的氮素(N)为：3.80kg；磷素(P2O5)为：1.61kg；钾素（K2O）为：6.55kg。
4、膜下滴灌马铃薯产量与施氮量的数量关系以线性加平台模型较为合理。最佳施氮量下的氮肥吸收利用率为53.61～48.50%；出苗60天左右出现最大叶面积指数为3.72～4.12。
5、阴山北麓地区膜下滴灌马铃薯基于反射仪的氮素营养诊断指标体系参数如下：诊断时间：上午9:00～11:00；取样部位：倒4叶叶柄；测试株数：30株。出苗18天到55天基于叶柄硝酸盐诊断值的氮肥推荐模型：
Nr(出苗18-55天)=（1.1962Ed~2-194.76Ed+10652–Tr）×（2.939×10~(-6)Ed~2+3.986×10~(-6)Ed+0.08256）
其中，Nr为氮肥追肥量（kg·hm~(-2)），Ed为出苗18-55天中任意的出苗天数，Tr为出苗Ed天的实测倒4叶叶柄硝酸含量(mg·L-1)。
The north foot of Yinshan Mountain of Inner Mongolia is the advantage potatoproduction region of China, however, flood irrigation and overused nitrogen used for along time lead to serious problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution.In order to solve this problem, a variety of water-saving equipments were introdueced forpotato production in the area during last ten years, among which under-mulch-dripirrigation (UMDI) is applied and popularized gradually as a new type of potato irrigationmode. However, the comprehensive nutrient management technology of potatoproduction matching UMDI still needs to be further studied. In such background, theeffects of different irrigation methods were investigated consist of production efficiency,commodity characters, economical and the eco-environmental benefits of potatocultivation in this study. The field experiments were conducted in2009-2010in Wuchuan,a region located at the north foot of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia, the irrigationpatterns includes flood irrigation (FI), ground sprinkler (GS), drip irrigation (DI) andUMDI. After analyzing the reasons caused the differences among four irrigation methodsfrom the potato growth and development and soil water status aspects, UMDI wasselected for further study including the regulation of absorption, translocation andaccumulation for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), establishment of thenitrogen diagnostic index and nitrogen fertilization model at the region by reflectancemeter measure value of petiole sap nitrate. The object is to lay the theoretical foundationand provide technical reference for mining the potential of water-saving irrigationtechnology of potato and efficient use of nutrient. The major results of this study are asfollows:
1. The potato yield, water use efficiency, light energy use efficiency, N、P and Kfertilizer partial productivity, tuber number per plant, percentage of large tuber, commodityrate, starch content, soluble protein content and net economic income under UMDI and DIare significantly higher than that under FI and GS. Drip irrigation, DI and UMDI, haslower residual soil inorganic nitrogen contents at60～120cm layer after tuber harvestcompared to other treatments, reducing the risk of environmental pollution due tonitrogen leaching.
2. Compared with GS and FI, growth superiority of DI and UMDI appeared at tuberformation stage. At the starch accumulation stage, biomass, leaf area index, the plantheight and the number of compound leaf expressed as DI and UMDI> GS> FI. Dailywater consumption at all irrigation patterns exhibit single-peak curve during the wholegrowth period and the daily water consumption peak occurs at the tuber bulking stage.With0~80cm soil profile the average soil water content is shown as: UMDI> DI> GS>FI. The variation coefficients of soil water content at same soil layers under differentirrigation modes are shown as: FI> GS> DI> UMDI.
3. N、P and K concentration of the “Kexin No.1” cultivar at different organs declineswith growth processed in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain. The total accumulation ofN, P and K in potato root, stem and leaf exhibits a single-peak curve at whole life cyclebut the accumulation of N, P and K in potato tuber tends to increase with thedevelopment process progressed. The demands of N、P(P2O5) and K (K2O) of “KexinNo.1” cultivar are3.80kg,1.61kg and6.55kg per1000kg tuber separately, at the localenvironmental condition.
4. The relationship between yield and N application is more reasonable to fit linearplus plateau model under UMDI. Based on the model the best N application, the nitrogenrecovery efficiency is53.61~48.50%and maximum leaf area index is3.72~4.12at60-day seedlings accordingly.
5. The parameters of nitrogen diagnostic index system with reflectometer underUMDI in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain are as follows: the diagnosis time is themorning9~11; the sampling position is the fourth petioles from the apical tip; thequantity of measurement is30plants at a time. The nitrogen fertilizer recommendationdiagnosis model with nitrate content of the fourth petioles was instituted between18daysto55days of emergence.
Nr(18to55days of emergence)=(1.1962Ed~2-194.76Ed+10652–Tr)×(2.939×10-6Ed~2+3.986×10~(-6)Ed+0.08256)
Among them: Nr: the amount of nitrogen fertilizer (kg·hm~(-2)); Ed: the day between18to55days of emergence; Tr: nitrate content measured the fourth4petiole (mg·L-1).
引文
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