中国农产品农药残留成因与影响研究
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摘要
我国是农业大国，同时也是农药生产与使用大国。农药的大量使用为保证农产品供给做出了重要贡献。然而，农药是一柄“双刃剑”。农药使用过程中的农药暴露使生产者长期接触农药可能会导致急性中毒，而且会导致了难以分解的部分农药有效化学成分在农产品中的聚集，形成严重的农药残留问题。农药残留问题不仅仅危害到国内民众的健康，还会产生对农产品安全问题的担忧与恐慌。随着国际市场上日趋严格的农药残留标准日益成为发达国家或农产品进口国重要的技术贸易壁垒手段，我国日显恶化的农产品农药残留问题也严重阻碍了农产品的出口，造成巨额损失。
为保证居民健康诉求，避免农药残留技术壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响，研究和探讨研究其对我国经济社会和农产品出口的影响，并提出保证农产品质量安全的有效措施具有重要理论和现实意义。作者在已有研究的基础上，首先，从信息不对称、外部效应、政府规制等经济理论入手，深层次探讨和研究导致农户农药的滥施乱用以及政府监管缺失的理论根源。然后，从生产者、政府监管和农产品贸易三个视角全方位审视我国农药残留问题的成因。最后，又研究了农药残留对我国经济社会的影响以及农产品出口贸易的影响，并提出了具体应对措施。
基于本文的研究方法和内容，得出如下研究结论：
1)农药残留问题的出现源自市场失灵和政府监管失灵。
2)农户农药使用行为视角影响农药残留。
3)农药残留监管效率不高的客观现实仍没有得到切实改观。
4)农药残留除了危害人体健康外，还造成巨额经济损失、扰乱农产品市场和阻碍农村区域经济发展等经济影响，以及恶化食品安全、损害政府形象等社会影响。
5)农药残留标准具有贸易保护和福利效应。
6)日本、欧盟和美国等国家苛刻的农药残留标准壁垒给我国农产品贸易带来巨大损失。大量出口农产品被扣留、退回，仓储、检验费用增加，出口成本增加，农产品竞争力下降。
7)发达国家拥有完善、系统的法律法规体系。
8)为保证居民健康诉求，提高我国农产品竞争力应实行以下措施：①四大战略：绿色战略，产业化战略，法制化战略，标准化战略；②加大虫害防治技术的研究与应用；③制定和完善标准体系；④规模化经营；⑤完善法律法规体系；⑥实施良好农业规范；⑦普及农产品质量安全追朔制度。
China is a large agricultural country, is also one of the big countries which hasconsiderably large production and consumption of pesticide. The extensive consumption ofpesticides in order to ensure gricultural supply and to ease the food crisis has made importantcontributions. However, the pesticide is a two-edged double-edged sword. The pesticideexposure can cause acute poisoning of producers during long-term exposure to pesticides, andwill cause the accumulation of refractory chemical constituents in agricultural products,creating serious problems of pesticide residue. With the increasingly stringent standards forpesticide residues in the international market is increasingly becoming important means oftechnical barriers to trade in the developed countries or importing countries of agriculturalproducts, increasingly deteriorating agricultural pesticide residues in China is also a seriousimpediment to the export of agricultural products, resulting in huge losses.
In order to ensure that the demands of the health of residents, to avoid the impact ofTechnical Barriers of pesticide residues on China's agricultural exports, research and exploreits impact on China's economic, social and agricultural exports, and effective measures toguarantee the quality and safety of agricultural products has important theoretical andpractical significance. Based on existing research, from the theory of asymmetric information,externalities, government regulation, and other economic, the theoretical roots of the farmersindiscriminate use of pesticides, as well as the lack of government regulation were deeplyresearched and studied. Then, the causes of the problem of pesticide residues were examinedfrom the three perspectives of producer, government regulation and agricultural trade. Finally,the impact of pesticide residue on China's economy and society as well as the export ofagricultural products were studied, and specific responses were proposed.
Draw the following conclusions based on the research method and content,
1)The emergence of drug residues is because of market failure and government
regulatory failure.
2)Farmers’ behavior perspective of pesticide affects pesticide residues.
3)The objective reality of low efficiency of pesticide residues regulatory still has notbeen effectively changed.
4)In addition to the harm to human health, pesticide residues also cause huge economicloss, disturb the agricultural products market and hinder rural regional economy developmentand other economic impact. Also, pesticide residues cause deterioration of food safety,damage to the image of the government and other social influence.
5)Pesticide residue standards play active role in trade protection and welfare effect.
6)The harsh pesticide residue standards in Japan, the European Union and the UnitedStates and other countries brought huge losses in agriculture trade in China. A large number ofexport agricultural products were detained and returned. Correspondingly, the cost ofwarehousing and inspection increased. Also, the cost of export increased. As a result, China’sagricultural products lost competitiveness in international market.
7)Developed countries have perfect systems of laws and regulations.
8)To ensure the health demands of residents health and improve the competitiveness ofagriculture products, the following measures should be carried out.
①Four strategic: green strategy, industrialization strategy, strategy of legalization,standardization strategy.
②Strength research and application the pest control technology.
③Formulate and perfect the standard system.
④Scale management
⑤The perfect legal laws and regulations system.
⑥Implement good agricultural standard.
⑦Establishment of the traceability system about agricultural products quality and safety.
为保证居民健康诉求，避免农药残留技术壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响，研究和探讨研究其对我国经济社会和农产品出口的影响，并提出保证农产品质量安全的有效措施具有重要理论和现实意义。作者在已有研究的基础上，首先，从信息不对称、外部效应、政府规制等经济理论入手，深层次探讨和研究导致农户农药的滥施乱用以及政府监管缺失的理论根源。然后，从生产者、政府监管和农产品贸易三个视角全方位审视我国农药残留问题的成因。最后，又研究了农药残留对我国经济社会的影响以及农产品出口贸易的影响，并提出了具体应对措施。
基于本文的研究方法和内容，得出如下研究结论：
1)农药残留问题的出现源自市场失灵和政府监管失灵。
2)农户农药使用行为视角影响农药残留。
3)农药残留监管效率不高的客观现实仍没有得到切实改观。
4)农药残留除了危害人体健康外，还造成巨额经济损失、扰乱农产品市场和阻碍农村区域经济发展等经济影响，以及恶化食品安全、损害政府形象等社会影响。
5)农药残留标准具有贸易保护和福利效应。
6)日本、欧盟和美国等国家苛刻的农药残留标准壁垒给我国农产品贸易带来巨大损失。大量出口农产品被扣留、退回，仓储、检验费用增加，出口成本增加，农产品竞争力下降。
7)发达国家拥有完善、系统的法律法规体系。
8)为保证居民健康诉求，提高我国农产品竞争力应实行以下措施：①四大战略：绿色战略，产业化战略，法制化战略，标准化战略；②加大虫害防治技术的研究与应用；③制定和完善标准体系；④规模化经营；⑤完善法律法规体系；⑥实施良好农业规范；⑦普及农产品质量安全追朔制度。
China is a large agricultural country, is also one of the big countries which hasconsiderably large production and consumption of pesticide. The extensive consumption ofpesticides in order to ensure gricultural supply and to ease the food crisis has made importantcontributions. However, the pesticide is a two-edged double-edged sword. The pesticideexposure can cause acute poisoning of producers during long-term exposure to pesticides, andwill cause the accumulation of refractory chemical constituents in agricultural products,creating serious problems of pesticide residue. With the increasingly stringent standards forpesticide residues in the international market is increasingly becoming important means oftechnical barriers to trade in the developed countries or importing countries of agriculturalproducts, increasingly deteriorating agricultural pesticide residues in China is also a seriousimpediment to the export of agricultural products, resulting in huge losses.
In order to ensure that the demands of the health of residents, to avoid the impact ofTechnical Barriers of pesticide residues on China's agricultural exports, research and exploreits impact on China's economic, social and agricultural exports, and effective measures toguarantee the quality and safety of agricultural products has important theoretical andpractical significance. Based on existing research, from the theory of asymmetric information,externalities, government regulation, and other economic, the theoretical roots of the farmersindiscriminate use of pesticides, as well as the lack of government regulation were deeplyresearched and studied. Then, the causes of the problem of pesticide residues were examinedfrom the three perspectives of producer, government regulation and agricultural trade. Finally,the impact of pesticide residue on China's economy and society as well as the export ofagricultural products were studied, and specific responses were proposed.
Draw the following conclusions based on the research method and content,
1)The emergence of drug residues is because of market failure and government
regulatory failure.
2)Farmers’ behavior perspective of pesticide affects pesticide residues.
3)The objective reality of low efficiency of pesticide residues regulatory still has notbeen effectively changed.
4)In addition to the harm to human health, pesticide residues also cause huge economicloss, disturb the agricultural products market and hinder rural regional economy developmentand other economic impact. Also, pesticide residues cause deterioration of food safety,damage to the image of the government and other social influence.
5)Pesticide residue standards play active role in trade protection and welfare effect.
6)The harsh pesticide residue standards in Japan, the European Union and the UnitedStates and other countries brought huge losses in agriculture trade in China. A large number ofexport agricultural products were detained and returned. Correspondingly, the cost ofwarehousing and inspection increased. Also, the cost of export increased. As a result, China’sagricultural products lost competitiveness in international market.
7)Developed countries have perfect systems of laws and regulations.
8)To ensure the health demands of residents health and improve the competitiveness ofagriculture products, the following measures should be carried out.
①Four strategic: green strategy, industrialization strategy, strategy of legalization,standardization strategy.
②Strength research and application the pest control technology.
③Formulate and perfect the standard system.
④Scale management
⑤The perfect legal laws and regulations system.
⑥Implement good agricultural standard.
⑦Establishment of the traceability system about agricultural products quality and safety.
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