常规武器作用下斜拉桥结构的动力行为分析及损伤评估研究
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摘要
桥梁是交通运输系统中的枢纽和生命线工程，在战争中具有十分重要的地位和作用。开展常规武器冲击作用下大跨径桥梁结构动力响应分析，探讨高技术兵器对重要桥梁设施破坏作用的特点、程度和规律，研究重要桥梁结。构抗冲击损伤评估方法和战时抢修技术方法，是有着重要学术价值、但目前仍处于空白的研究课题。研究成果将为有关部门制定交通基本建设贯彻国防要求技术政策和技术标准提供理论依据，为重要桥梁设施战时保障方案的编制提供技术支持。依托国家交通战备办公室和中国人民解放军总后勤部军事交通运输部联合下达的《大跨及异型桥梁抢修工程技术可行性研究任务书》([2002]交战办字第43号)项目的支持，本文以斜拉桥结构作为研究对象，通过理论分析和有限元数值模拟分析，在以下六个方面取得了研究成果：
首先，研究了薄壁构件抗侵彻、爆炸作用的局部破坏效应问题。结构冲击力学行为的突出表现是产生弹坑、震塌和贯穿三种形态的局部破坏。对于斜拉桥这种由薄壁构件组成的结构，贯穿破坏是影响结构抗局部破坏能力的主要因素。依据试验中得到的贯穿破坏形态，从贯穿破坏的机理出发，建构了钢筋混凝土薄壁构件抗侵彻贯穿破坏的工程解析模型和抗接触爆炸贯穿破坏的工程解析模型。模型中充分考虑了迎弹面冲击成坑的抗力效应、混凝土板冲切破坏的抗力效应、双层配筋下板底钢筋和板顶钢筋的抗力效应等因素。通过这两个模型及其解析公式，为评估钢筋混凝土薄壁构件抗侵彻贯穿破坏能力和抗爆炸贯穿破坏能力提供了有效的技术手段。
其次，针对预应力技术在混凝土薄壁结构中应用广泛，但其抗冲击力学行为的研究目前开展甚少的现状，采用非线性动力有限元方法，模拟分析了预加应力对混凝土板构件抗冲击动力行为的影响。研究表明，预应力在减轻层裂效应、抑制局部裂隙区的形成、提高板在整体振动阶段的抗裂性等方面具有一定作用。
第三，将对基本构件的研究拓展到对整体结构的动力分析，在结构的整体环境中分析基本构件的力学行为，探究基本构件的局部损伤对结构整体变形的影响。采用非线性动力有限元方法，以一座双塔双索面半飘浮体系混凝土斜拉桥作为研究对象，针对桥塔、桥跨主梁的关键部位，施加导弹战斗部冲击作用，开展了斜拉桥抗冲击动态响应的数值模拟分析，探讨了高技术兵器对斜拉桥结构破坏作用的特点、程度和规律；依据结构损伤状态的数值模拟结果，通过对这种损伤状态引起的结构自振频率和振型上的变异的分析，进一步研究了斜拉桥抗冲击局部损伤对结构整体振动特性的影响。得出了若干对斜拉桥防护设计和抢修技术有参考价值的结论。
第四，采用非线性动力有限元方法，对不同结构体系—刚构体系、支承体系和漂浮体系斜拉桥抗冲击动态响应进行了数值模拟计算，比较了结构体系形式的不同对斜拉桥抗冲击动力响应的影响，得出有意义的结论：3种结构体系中漂浮体系被撞击区域的局部塑性变形最小；刚构体系中塔抗冲击的塑性动力变形最大，冲击破坏的危险性最大，其桥面系主梁的振动响应也最明显。
第五，开展了斜拉桥结构抗冲击损伤评估方法的研究。建立了桥梁构件丧失承载力的简化理论判据，并在此基础上，提出了构件损伤程度的具体界定标准；提出了根据局部损伤发生的具体位置和毁伤效果，通过桥梁构件丧失承载力的简化理论判据评估构件损伤程度和通过考察局部损伤引起的结构内力重分布评估结构整体内力状态的危险程度的损伤评估具体方法。
第六，依据斜拉桥不同特征的损伤状态，提出了具有技术可行性的斜拉桥战时抢修的初步方案。
Bridges are the hinges and lifelines of the traffic systems, especially in wartimes. It is very meaningful but new in technicality to discuss such topics as the dynamic responses, the destructive characteristics and degrees, the damage assessment methods and rush-repair techniques of bridges in wartime at the attack of a conventional weapon. And the technical policies, criterions and transport schemes of the important bridge constructions in traffic systems can be built for the relevant departments, to meet the national defense needs and adapt to the requirements of safety guarantee in wartime. According to "task book of the feasibility research on emergency repair technique of long-span bridge and fly-over bridge ( [2002] Num.43 )", which is jointly issued by Country traffic combat readiness office and military affairs traffic office of the general logistics of PLA of China, the dynamic behaviors of cable-stayed bridges are theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated with the finite element method. The results are given as follows:
Firstly, the local destructions of thin-walled members subjected to the impaction or explosion loads are discussed. Cratering, scabbing and perforating effects are three typical local damages of the RC structures in the early time responses of structures under impaction or explosion. To cable-stayed bridges, which are consisted mainly of the thin-walled members, perforation is the major factor that influences the resistance of structures to the local damages. Based on the failure modes in perforation experiments and fracture mechanisms, two engineering analytical models for resistance to perforation have been developed for the thin-walled members under impaction and contact detonation respectively. In the models, such factors as cratering resistant force in the front face, punching shear resistant force in the concrete slabs and the resistant forces of rebars with double layer arrangements are sufficiently taken into account. And the effective evaluation methods for the resistant abilities of thin-walled members to perforation under impact and explosive load are developed by means of the given models and analysis formulas.
Secondly, in spite of the pre-stress methods have been widely applied to thin-walled structures, the investigative experiences of dynamic behaviors of pre-stressed members under impact are deficient now. Simulations for the dynamic responses of pre-stressed concrete slab to impact loading were performed by the nonlinear finite element method. The results show that the pre-compression can effectively mitigate the scabbing effect produced by the reflected tensile waves and restrain the cracks surrounding the local fracture zones, as well as improve anti-cracking performances of structures in the whole vibration and deformation processes.
Thirdly, it is essential to extend the dynamic analyzing from basic members into the whole structures, to analyze the mechanical behaviors of basic members in the whole structure surroundings, and the influences of local damages on the deformations of the whole structures. With the nonlinear finite element method, numerical simulations for the dynamic responses of a cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and twin-cable planes, of which the important locations are impacted by the high technological weapon, have been done to probe into the damage characteristics and degrees of the whole structure. Considering the simulated damage results, the variations of eigen frequencies and vibration modes caused by the damage states are analyzed, to research the influences of the local damages on the vibration characteristics of the whole structure. Some valuable conclusions are summed out to assist protection designs and rushing repairs of the cable-stayed bridges in the wartime.
Fourthly, With the nonlinear finite element method, simulations for the dynamic responses of impacted cable-stayed bridges with different structural systems, such as the suspension system, the rigid-frame system and the support system, are proceeded to compare the effects of structural systems on the dynamic behaviors. The results show that the local plastic deformation of the suspension system is the least in three systems. To a rigid-frame system, the largest dynamic plastic deformations are distributed in the intermediate column of pylon, so the bridge pylon is easiest to fracture and the vibration responses of the main longitudinal girder are also most obvious.
Fifthly, the damage assessment methods of cable-stayed bridges are researched. The simplified theoretical criterion, at which condition the bridge members will loss their load bearing capacities, is established, and provides the foundation for a practical damage criterion to grade damage degrees, which is proposed here. In relation to the damage positions and the destruction effects, the damage assessment methods are presented, in which assessing the damaged members by the simplified theoretical criterion mentioned above and estimating the dangerous degrees of the internal force states of the whole structure, which are caused by the internal force redistribution due to local impacted damages, are adopted.
Sixthly, based on the damage states with different characteristics, the primary and feasible rush-repair techniques and schemes for cable-stayed bridges are put forward.
首先，研究了薄壁构件抗侵彻、爆炸作用的局部破坏效应问题。结构冲击力学行为的突出表现是产生弹坑、震塌和贯穿三种形态的局部破坏。对于斜拉桥这种由薄壁构件组成的结构，贯穿破坏是影响结构抗局部破坏能力的主要因素。依据试验中得到的贯穿破坏形态，从贯穿破坏的机理出发，建构了钢筋混凝土薄壁构件抗侵彻贯穿破坏的工程解析模型和抗接触爆炸贯穿破坏的工程解析模型。模型中充分考虑了迎弹面冲击成坑的抗力效应、混凝土板冲切破坏的抗力效应、双层配筋下板底钢筋和板顶钢筋的抗力效应等因素。通过这两个模型及其解析公式，为评估钢筋混凝土薄壁构件抗侵彻贯穿破坏能力和抗爆炸贯穿破坏能力提供了有效的技术手段。
其次，针对预应力技术在混凝土薄壁结构中应用广泛，但其抗冲击力学行为的研究目前开展甚少的现状，采用非线性动力有限元方法，模拟分析了预加应力对混凝土板构件抗冲击动力行为的影响。研究表明，预应力在减轻层裂效应、抑制局部裂隙区的形成、提高板在整体振动阶段的抗裂性等方面具有一定作用。
第三，将对基本构件的研究拓展到对整体结构的动力分析，在结构的整体环境中分析基本构件的力学行为，探究基本构件的局部损伤对结构整体变形的影响。采用非线性动力有限元方法，以一座双塔双索面半飘浮体系混凝土斜拉桥作为研究对象，针对桥塔、桥跨主梁的关键部位，施加导弹战斗部冲击作用，开展了斜拉桥抗冲击动态响应的数值模拟分析，探讨了高技术兵器对斜拉桥结构破坏作用的特点、程度和规律；依据结构损伤状态的数值模拟结果，通过对这种损伤状态引起的结构自振频率和振型上的变异的分析，进一步研究了斜拉桥抗冲击局部损伤对结构整体振动特性的影响。得出了若干对斜拉桥防护设计和抢修技术有参考价值的结论。
第四，采用非线性动力有限元方法，对不同结构体系—刚构体系、支承体系和漂浮体系斜拉桥抗冲击动态响应进行了数值模拟计算，比较了结构体系形式的不同对斜拉桥抗冲击动力响应的影响，得出有意义的结论：3种结构体系中漂浮体系被撞击区域的局部塑性变形最小；刚构体系中塔抗冲击的塑性动力变形最大，冲击破坏的危险性最大，其桥面系主梁的振动响应也最明显。
第五，开展了斜拉桥结构抗冲击损伤评估方法的研究。建立了桥梁构件丧失承载力的简化理论判据，并在此基础上，提出了构件损伤程度的具体界定标准；提出了根据局部损伤发生的具体位置和毁伤效果，通过桥梁构件丧失承载力的简化理论判据评估构件损伤程度和通过考察局部损伤引起的结构内力重分布评估结构整体内力状态的危险程度的损伤评估具体方法。
第六，依据斜拉桥不同特征的损伤状态，提出了具有技术可行性的斜拉桥战时抢修的初步方案。
Bridges are the hinges and lifelines of the traffic systems, especially in wartimes. It is very meaningful but new in technicality to discuss such topics as the dynamic responses, the destructive characteristics and degrees, the damage assessment methods and rush-repair techniques of bridges in wartime at the attack of a conventional weapon. And the technical policies, criterions and transport schemes of the important bridge constructions in traffic systems can be built for the relevant departments, to meet the national defense needs and adapt to the requirements of safety guarantee in wartime. According to "task book of the feasibility research on emergency repair technique of long-span bridge and fly-over bridge ( [2002] Num.43 )", which is jointly issued by Country traffic combat readiness office and military affairs traffic office of the general logistics of PLA of China, the dynamic behaviors of cable-stayed bridges are theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated with the finite element method. The results are given as follows:
Firstly, the local destructions of thin-walled members subjected to the impaction or explosion loads are discussed. Cratering, scabbing and perforating effects are three typical local damages of the RC structures in the early time responses of structures under impaction or explosion. To cable-stayed bridges, which are consisted mainly of the thin-walled members, perforation is the major factor that influences the resistance of structures to the local damages. Based on the failure modes in perforation experiments and fracture mechanisms, two engineering analytical models for resistance to perforation have been developed for the thin-walled members under impaction and contact detonation respectively. In the models, such factors as cratering resistant force in the front face, punching shear resistant force in the concrete slabs and the resistant forces of rebars with double layer arrangements are sufficiently taken into account. And the effective evaluation methods for the resistant abilities of thin-walled members to perforation under impact and explosive load are developed by means of the given models and analysis formulas.
Secondly, in spite of the pre-stress methods have been widely applied to thin-walled structures, the investigative experiences of dynamic behaviors of pre-stressed members under impact are deficient now. Simulations for the dynamic responses of pre-stressed concrete slab to impact loading were performed by the nonlinear finite element method. The results show that the pre-compression can effectively mitigate the scabbing effect produced by the reflected tensile waves and restrain the cracks surrounding the local fracture zones, as well as improve anti-cracking performances of structures in the whole vibration and deformation processes.
Thirdly, it is essential to extend the dynamic analyzing from basic members into the whole structures, to analyze the mechanical behaviors of basic members in the whole structure surroundings, and the influences of local damages on the deformations of the whole structures. With the nonlinear finite element method, numerical simulations for the dynamic responses of a cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and twin-cable planes, of which the important locations are impacted by the high technological weapon, have been done to probe into the damage characteristics and degrees of the whole structure. Considering the simulated damage results, the variations of eigen frequencies and vibration modes caused by the damage states are analyzed, to research the influences of the local damages on the vibration characteristics of the whole structure. Some valuable conclusions are summed out to assist protection designs and rushing repairs of the cable-stayed bridges in the wartime.
Fourthly, With the nonlinear finite element method, simulations for the dynamic responses of impacted cable-stayed bridges with different structural systems, such as the suspension system, the rigid-frame system and the support system, are proceeded to compare the effects of structural systems on the dynamic behaviors. The results show that the local plastic deformation of the suspension system is the least in three systems. To a rigid-frame system, the largest dynamic plastic deformations are distributed in the intermediate column of pylon, so the bridge pylon is easiest to fracture and the vibration responses of the main longitudinal girder are also most obvious.
Fifthly, the damage assessment methods of cable-stayed bridges are researched. The simplified theoretical criterion, at which condition the bridge members will loss their load bearing capacities, is established, and provides the foundation for a practical damage criterion to grade damage degrees, which is proposed here. In relation to the damage positions and the destruction effects, the damage assessment methods are presented, in which assessing the damaged members by the simplified theoretical criterion mentioned above and estimating the dangerous degrees of the internal force states of the whole structure, which are caused by the internal force redistribution due to local impacted damages, are adopted.
Sixthly, based on the damage states with different characteristics, the primary and feasible rush-repair techniques and schemes for cable-stayed bridges are put forward.
引文
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