城市化过程中人工湿地去污模式与强化技术研究
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摘要
本文以北京未来科技城温榆河水为研究对象,结合未来科技城特殊的功能定位,利用在人工湿地前增加曝气生物滤池的强化系统处理试验,通过曝气生物滤池处理污染物试验、人工湿地基质去污性能试验、人工湿地的植物筛选及去污效果试验、强化人工湿地系统技术去除污染物试验,对曝气生物滤池和人工湿地处理污染物的影响因素、去氮除磷机理及处理效果进行了研究和探讨,旨在解决人工湿地强化污染物去除的问题,主要研究结论如下：
(1)影响曝气生物滤池处理效果的主要因素是气水比和水力负荷。采用生物陶粒作为试验填料的曝气生物滤池装置在气水比为3：1和水力负荷2.0m3/(m2·h)当流量为15L/h,水力停留时间为0.2h时)的运行条件下,对有机物和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为64.27%和55.36%,在运行成本和动力消耗上也最低。
(2)在人工湿地基质除磷和去除污染物试验研究中,钢渣对磷的理论饱和吸附量(G0)为88.07mg/kg,煤渣对磷的理论饱和吸附量(G0)为79.36mg/kg。随着溶液pH值的增大,两种基质吸附磷量都随之逐渐增大。弱碱或酸性条件下,pH值对基质磷的吸附量变化作用不明显,但在碱性条件下增加作用显著。
(3)在未来科技城现状土壤和水质条件下,凤眼莲对COD的去除率达到72.9%,其次是芦苇和香蒲。多种植物的合理搭配能产生比单一种类更好的景观效果,其中芦苇-香蒲-凤眼莲的组合去除效率最高,对COD的去除率达到了69.2%。
(4)在单独人工湿地系统技术运行过程中,湿地最佳运行水位为85cm,最佳水力负荷为1.1×10-2m3/(m2.h),最佳pH值为8.5。人工湿地对污染物的去除效果与运行水位的升高成正比,与湿地进水的水力负荷成反比关系。COD/N对湿地系统COD的去除效果影响较小,而对NH4+-N的去除效果影响则较大,在硝化过程中pH值对其影响较大。
(5)在垂直潜流、水平潜流人工湿地复合系统处理污染物的研究中,复合流湿地对污染物的去除效果相对稳定且最高：复合流人工湿地对COD平均去除率为80.07%,复合人工湿地对NH4+-N的平均去除率为71.85%,对TN的去除率为73.91%；复合人工湿地主要通过填料以及生物膜对磷的吸附、截留作用去除TP,平均去除率为75.64%。在相同试验条件下,复合流人工湿地去除污染物的效果大于单纯的水平流或者垂直流人工湿地,提高幅度约在10%左右。
(6)针对湿地内部溶解氧分布规律进行的试验表明,要提高湿地硝化反应能力仅凭调节进水溶解氧量是不能达到的,需要试着通过其他途径来调节湿地内部溶解氧分布规律。强化人工湿地系统技术的去污效果优于单独技术的去污效果。
Base on the existed wetland research domestic and international, this paper studied the factors that influenced biologic aerated filter and wetland treatment of contamination, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism and effect of Wenyu River water in Future Scientific and Technical Centre. The experiments include biologic aerated filter contamination treatment wetland matrix phosphorus removing and its performance wetland plant screening and phosphorus removing effect and wetland system strengthening and contamination removing test. The main results are showed as followings:
(1) The main factors influencing the biologic aerated filter treatment effect are gas-water ratio and hydraulic loading. When the biologic aerated filter take the bio-ceramic as test fill when gas-water ratio is3:1and hydraulic loading is2.0m3(m2-h)(when the flow is15L/h, hydraulic residence time is0.2h), its removing effect to organics and ammonia nitrogen is the best, which are64.27%and55.36%receptively. At this time, the operation cost and power consumption is the lowest.
(2) In the test research of constructed wetland matrix phosphorus removing and contamination treatment, steel-slag for phosphorus adsorption capacity of theory (G0) is88.07mg/kg and the coal slag (G0) is79.36mg/kg. With the increasing of pH value, phosphorus adsorption capacity of steel-slag and furnace slag is improving. If slag is in acidic or weak alkaline condition, the pH value is not obviously influence its adsorption capacity, but in alkaline condition the improving effect of pH value is significant.
(3) In the test of constructed wetland plant screening and phosphorus removing effect, nitrogen and phosphorus removing effect of the cattail and reed are better than others. The biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus content of plants directly determined its nitrogen and phosphorus cumulative performance. By comparing the biomass and nitrogen cumulative performance of reed, water hyacinth, Alisma. cattail, Scirpus validus, lotus, the nitrogen content of cattail is the highest,15.3g/Kg, while water hyacinth is the second and lotus is the lowest,9.9g/kg; the phosphorus content of reed is the highest.7.2g/kg, while cattail is the second and Scirpus validus is the lowest,5.7g/kg.
(4) In the test of separate constructed wetland system operation, the best operation water is85cm. the best hydraulic loading is1.1×10-2m3(m2-h) and the best pH value is8.5. The contamination removing effect of constructed wetland is proportional to the rising operation water level, but inversely proportional to inflow hydraulic loading. When the hydraulic loading is small, because of long stay of the hydraulic loading, the wetland forms an anaerobic environment, which is not beneficial to its removing effect. Conversely, if the hydraulic loading is too high, the removing effect is also decreasing because of the strong erosion. As organic contamination could be degraded by Aerobic and anaerobic microorganism, ammonia nitrogen must use aerobic nitrification before removing. COD/N has a little effect to the removing of COD in wetland system, and has a better effect to the removing of ammonia nitrogen. PH value has a big effect to nitrification.
(5)The complex wetland system with both vertical and level undercurrent has a more steady effect to contamination treatment. The COD average remove rate of complex wetland is80.07%, the ammonia nitrogen average remove rate is71.85%, the overall remove rate of total nitrogen is not high, the average remove rate is73.91%, and the average remove rate of total phosphorus is75.64%. Under the same experimental conditions, the contamination treatment effect of vertical undercurrent wetland is better than level undercurrent wetland with10%. The vertical undercurrent constructed wetland has certain advantage in the contamination treatment.
(6) Through the analysis of the DO distribution in the constructed wetland system, the problem of poor nitration can't be totally solved when changing the concentration of the DO in the inlet water. The other methods must be used to change the DO distribution in the constructed wetland system to improve the effects of decontamination. The effects of decontamination is better when strengthen the technology of the whole constructed wetland than improving separate technology. This is mainly because the advantage of separate technology is used in different stages when dealing with different state of nitrogen contamination. The two technologies complement each other to achieve maximum removal of contamination.
(1)影响曝气生物滤池处理效果的主要因素是气水比和水力负荷。采用生物陶粒作为试验填料的曝气生物滤池装置在气水比为3：1和水力负荷2.0m3/(m2·h)当流量为15L/h,水力停留时间为0.2h时)的运行条件下,对有机物和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为64.27%和55.36%,在运行成本和动力消耗上也最低。
(2)在人工湿地基质除磷和去除污染物试验研究中,钢渣对磷的理论饱和吸附量(G0)为88.07mg/kg,煤渣对磷的理论饱和吸附量(G0)为79.36mg/kg。随着溶液pH值的增大,两种基质吸附磷量都随之逐渐增大。弱碱或酸性条件下,pH值对基质磷的吸附量变化作用不明显,但在碱性条件下增加作用显著。
(3)在未来科技城现状土壤和水质条件下,凤眼莲对COD的去除率达到72.9%,其次是芦苇和香蒲。多种植物的合理搭配能产生比单一种类更好的景观效果,其中芦苇-香蒲-凤眼莲的组合去除效率最高,对COD的去除率达到了69.2%。
(4)在单独人工湿地系统技术运行过程中,湿地最佳运行水位为85cm,最佳水力负荷为1.1×10-2m3/(m2.h),最佳pH值为8.5。人工湿地对污染物的去除效果与运行水位的升高成正比,与湿地进水的水力负荷成反比关系。COD/N对湿地系统COD的去除效果影响较小,而对NH4+-N的去除效果影响则较大,在硝化过程中pH值对其影响较大。
(5)在垂直潜流、水平潜流人工湿地复合系统处理污染物的研究中,复合流湿地对污染物的去除效果相对稳定且最高：复合流人工湿地对COD平均去除率为80.07%,复合人工湿地对NH4+-N的平均去除率为71.85%,对TN的去除率为73.91%；复合人工湿地主要通过填料以及生物膜对磷的吸附、截留作用去除TP,平均去除率为75.64%。在相同试验条件下,复合流人工湿地去除污染物的效果大于单纯的水平流或者垂直流人工湿地,提高幅度约在10%左右。
(6)针对湿地内部溶解氧分布规律进行的试验表明,要提高湿地硝化反应能力仅凭调节进水溶解氧量是不能达到的,需要试着通过其他途径来调节湿地内部溶解氧分布规律。强化人工湿地系统技术的去污效果优于单独技术的去污效果。
Base on the existed wetland research domestic and international, this paper studied the factors that influenced biologic aerated filter and wetland treatment of contamination, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism and effect of Wenyu River water in Future Scientific and Technical Centre. The experiments include biologic aerated filter contamination treatment wetland matrix phosphorus removing and its performance wetland plant screening and phosphorus removing effect and wetland system strengthening and contamination removing test. The main results are showed as followings:
(1) The main factors influencing the biologic aerated filter treatment effect are gas-water ratio and hydraulic loading. When the biologic aerated filter take the bio-ceramic as test fill when gas-water ratio is3:1and hydraulic loading is2.0m3(m2-h)(when the flow is15L/h, hydraulic residence time is0.2h), its removing effect to organics and ammonia nitrogen is the best, which are64.27%and55.36%receptively. At this time, the operation cost and power consumption is the lowest.
(2) In the test research of constructed wetland matrix phosphorus removing and contamination treatment, steel-slag for phosphorus adsorption capacity of theory (G0) is88.07mg/kg and the coal slag (G0) is79.36mg/kg. With the increasing of pH value, phosphorus adsorption capacity of steel-slag and furnace slag is improving. If slag is in acidic or weak alkaline condition, the pH value is not obviously influence its adsorption capacity, but in alkaline condition the improving effect of pH value is significant.
(3) In the test of constructed wetland plant screening and phosphorus removing effect, nitrogen and phosphorus removing effect of the cattail and reed are better than others. The biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus content of plants directly determined its nitrogen and phosphorus cumulative performance. By comparing the biomass and nitrogen cumulative performance of reed, water hyacinth, Alisma. cattail, Scirpus validus, lotus, the nitrogen content of cattail is the highest,15.3g/Kg, while water hyacinth is the second and lotus is the lowest,9.9g/kg; the phosphorus content of reed is the highest.7.2g/kg, while cattail is the second and Scirpus validus is the lowest,5.7g/kg.
(4) In the test of separate constructed wetland system operation, the best operation water is85cm. the best hydraulic loading is1.1×10-2m3(m2-h) and the best pH value is8.5. The contamination removing effect of constructed wetland is proportional to the rising operation water level, but inversely proportional to inflow hydraulic loading. When the hydraulic loading is small, because of long stay of the hydraulic loading, the wetland forms an anaerobic environment, which is not beneficial to its removing effect. Conversely, if the hydraulic loading is too high, the removing effect is also decreasing because of the strong erosion. As organic contamination could be degraded by Aerobic and anaerobic microorganism, ammonia nitrogen must use aerobic nitrification before removing. COD/N has a little effect to the removing of COD in wetland system, and has a better effect to the removing of ammonia nitrogen. PH value has a big effect to nitrification.
(5)The complex wetland system with both vertical and level undercurrent has a more steady effect to contamination treatment. The COD average remove rate of complex wetland is80.07%, the ammonia nitrogen average remove rate is71.85%, the overall remove rate of total nitrogen is not high, the average remove rate is73.91%, and the average remove rate of total phosphorus is75.64%. Under the same experimental conditions, the contamination treatment effect of vertical undercurrent wetland is better than level undercurrent wetland with10%. The vertical undercurrent constructed wetland has certain advantage in the contamination treatment.
(6) Through the analysis of the DO distribution in the constructed wetland system, the problem of poor nitration can't be totally solved when changing the concentration of the DO in the inlet water. The other methods must be used to change the DO distribution in the constructed wetland system to improve the effects of decontamination. The effects of decontamination is better when strengthen the technology of the whole constructed wetland than improving separate technology. This is mainly because the advantage of separate technology is used in different stages when dealing with different state of nitrogen contamination. The two technologies complement each other to achieve maximum removal of contamination.
引文
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