生活垃圾高效转运与污染控制技术研究
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摘要
本文以上海市生活垃圾内河集装化转运系统(以下简称“集运系统”)为背景,对集运系统关键工艺和关键设备进行了系统研发；针对生活垃圾集装化转运过程中的恶臭污染控制和渗滤液处理进行了较深入的研究。
针对不同类型中转站送料机构特点,从技术特性、运行特性、系统环保、投资和节能特性等进行综合比较,并结合集运系统的规模和运行要求,推荐活动地板作为本系统的送料机构。
集运系统选择预压缩工艺。实验表明,压缩机推头压力上限设置为50t/m2时,可以确保垃圾被压缩到1.0t/m3以上。用Algor软件对压缩机预压腔进行受力情况分析,结果表明,压缩机主要受力部件的最大等效应力约在180MPa左右。外加强梁连接处应力集中,最大等效应力高达400MPa。
垃圾集装箱是集运系统的核心,本研究成功开发出具备标准接口和高密封性的集装箱,并将结构优化到最佳。采用有限元模拟分析垃圾集装箱在不同工况下的箱体受力和变型情况。结果表明,集装箱底侧梁、底板厚度、底横梁、顶侧梁分别调整为6mm、4.5mm、4mm、4.5mm,在堆码、吊顶、栓固以及横向刚性测试中,集装箱部分位置的最大应力和弹性变形均小于并接近于材料屈服强度(345MPa)。
基于中转站拖挂车不同的使用工况(其装运的集装箱在重箱与空箱两种情况下都可以与压缩机对接；拖运集装箱在中转站和码头之间周转),选用非线性半刚性悬挂系统。板簧的下弯曲率半径设置为3880mm。
综合分析老港自卸车的使用工况,确定车辆轴距范围为4300—4400mm；发动机额定功率不小于240kW,最大扭矩不小于1500N-m；车辆最小转弯直径不得大于21m；驱动形式选择6×6底盘。
通过对EM菌液和其他商品微生物除臭剂的种群结构进行分析,考察其组成和优势菌种,初步探讨EM菌液除臭作用机理。同时分离筛选出适于垃圾填埋场除臭的高效微生物种群。EM菌的急性毒性和皮肤致敏性等毒性实验表明EM菌液对生物无害。
以集装化垃圾为研究对象,测试了万洁芬生物除臭剂(A)、BIOSTREME除臭剂(B)、EM菌液(C)、YL活性生物复合剂(D)、LA.BIOREASORB除臭药剂+STANDARD除臭药剂(E)喷撒12小时后,集装箱内和垃圾倾倒后周边环境的臭气浓度和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度。VOCs共检测出46种,本研究对其中的八种(二硫化碳、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯、一氯甲烷、甲苯、间,对-二甲苯、苯乙烯)进行了对比分析。研究表明：集装箱内臭气浓度的削减效果由高到低依次为：B>A>E>C>D;垃圾倾倒后周边环境的臭气浓度削减效果由高到低依次为：B>A>C>D>E.对于堆存12h后集装箱内VOCs的抑制效果,A对二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯有去除效果；B对二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯和甲苯均有去除效果；C仅对乙酸乙酯有去除效果；D对苯、和间,对-二甲苯有较好的去除效果；E仅对乙酸乙酯和一氯甲烷有去除效果。对于倾倒后垃圾仓边界VOCs的抑制效果：A仅对苯无抑制效果；B对所分析的8种气体均有去除效果；C仅对乙酸乙酯无去除效果；D对乙酸乙酯、苯和甲苯有处理效果。E对此8种气体没有削减作用。
以矿化污泥和粉煤灰作为混合填料构建了生物反应器,研究了矿化污泥的改性及其驯化；对矿化污泥生物反应器水力负荷运行参数进行优化；考察一级矿化污泥生物反应器和二级矿化污泥生物反应器长期运行效果。研究结果表明,添加质量百分比为9.1%的粉煤灰有助于矿化污泥填料改性。水力负荷设置为35.4L渗滤液/m3填料/d是较为经济合理的。采用二级反应器,对垃圾渗滤液具有良好的处理效果,出水水质可以达到COD<300mg/L, NH4+-N<5mg/L。以多重微孔颗粒(矿化垃圾和粉煤灰组成)作为填料构建了生物反应器。研究表明：与矿化垃圾相比,多重微孔颗粒具有更多的蜂窝状结构,更适合微生物的挂膜,且填料通透性好。多重微孔颗粒生物反应床对COD和氨氮的去除效果优于矿化垃圾,其COD平均去除率高于70%,NH_4~+-N平均去除率为83%。采用两级以上串联工艺和回流工艺,总氮去除率可以提高30%以上。微生物群落结构分析表明,多重微孔颗粒床内的生物多样性包括硝化细菌数量均高于矿化垃圾反应床。
The design of key equipments and selection of key process for shanghai municipal solid waste containerized waterway transfer system (CWTS) were carried out, and the new equipments were applied in transfer system. The odor control during the transportation of containerized waste and the new technology for treating leachate were also investigated.
In consideration of various factors, including technical and operational feasibility, environmental protection, operational cost and energy saving, etc. and operational and scale requirement of containerized waterways transfer system of municipal waste in shanghai, the working floor was recommended serving as waste feeding equipment for this system.
The pre-compression process was applied in CWTS. The result of experiment showed that the the density of compressd waste is no less than1.0t/m3only if the the pressure of compactor pusher is no less than50t/m2. The Algor software was used to analyze the stress of pre-pressure chamber, and result showed that the maximum equivalent stress of major parts of chamber is less than180MPa. The maximum equivalent stress occurred at connection of reinforced beam, and which is400MPa.
The container is the key equipment in CWTS. This research developed the container, which is with standard interface and high sealing. The structure of container was also optimized. The stress's distribution and deformation of container under different working condition was analyzed using finite element simulation. The results showed that the thickness of bottom side rail, base, crossmember, top side rail was6mm,4.5mm,4mm,4.5mm, respectively, the maximum stress of container is less than and close to the yield strength of material (345MPa).
The working surrounding of low platform semi-trailer and requirement of rigidity of suspension was analyzed. The results showed that the semi-rigid suspension is recommended to the semi-trailer of CWTS and radius of curvature of plate spring is3880mm.
The working condition of dump truck was analyzed. The result showed that wheelbase is between4300mm and4400mm, Engine rated power is more than240kw, maximum torque is more than1500Nm, minimum turning diameter is less than21m, the drive type is6*6.
The community composition of between Effective Microorganisms (EM) and other deodorants was compared and the dominate populations were determined. The action mechanism of odor control for EM was discussed. The community for controlling odor of landfill was selected. The experiments for determining action mechanism and skin sensitization were conducted and results showed that EM is harmless.
The deodorant applied in control odor of waste landfill included Wan Jiefen biological deodorant (A), BIOSTREME deodorant (B)、EM (C)、YL bioactive composite agent (D)、 LA.BIOREASORB+STANDARD deodorant (E). The effects of these five kinds of deodorant on controlling the odor and VOCs emission from containerized waste, which was sited for12hours, were evaluated. The order of reducing odor in container (from high to low) was B, A, E, C, D. The order of reducing odor in surrounding (from high to low) was B, A, C, D, E. The results of reducing VOCs (carbon disulfide, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, benzene, methyl chloride, toluene, xylene and styrene) in container showed that A had effect on reducing methylene chloride and ethyl acetate, B had effect on reducing methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, benzene and toluene, C only could reduce ethyl acetate, D had effect on reducing benzene, xylene, E only could reduce ethyl acetate and methyl chloride. The results of reducing VOCs in surrounding showed that A only had no effect on reducing benzene, B could reduce all VOCs, C only had no effect on reducing ethyl acetate, D hand effect on ethyl acetate, benzene and toluene, E had no effect on reducing VOCs.
The bioreactor was build up with aged sludge as filler. The modification and acclimation of aged sludge, the optimal hydraulic load, the performance of one and two stage bioreactor for treating leachate were investigated. The results showed that the addition9.1%fly ash could improve the performance of bioreactor, the hydraulic load was35.4L/m3/d was feasible and economical, the COD and NH4+N concentration in effluent from two stage reactor was below300mg/L and5mg/L, respectively. The bioreactor was build up with micro-porous particles, which is consisted of aged refuge and fly ash, as filler. The experimental results showed that micro-porous particles have more honeycomb structure, which has good performance in forming biofilm and permeability. Compared to aged refuge bed, the micro-porous particles bed showed the high remove efficiencies of COD and NH4+-N, which is70%and83%, respectively. The removal of total nitrogen could be enhanced30%, when the two stage cascade and reflow process was applied. Community composition was analyzed and results showed that there is higher biological diversity and more nitrifying bacteria in the micro-porous particles bed than aged refuge bed.
针对不同类型中转站送料机构特点,从技术特性、运行特性、系统环保、投资和节能特性等进行综合比较,并结合集运系统的规模和运行要求,推荐活动地板作为本系统的送料机构。
集运系统选择预压缩工艺。实验表明,压缩机推头压力上限设置为50t/m2时,可以确保垃圾被压缩到1.0t/m3以上。用Algor软件对压缩机预压腔进行受力情况分析,结果表明,压缩机主要受力部件的最大等效应力约在180MPa左右。外加强梁连接处应力集中,最大等效应力高达400MPa。
垃圾集装箱是集运系统的核心,本研究成功开发出具备标准接口和高密封性的集装箱,并将结构优化到最佳。采用有限元模拟分析垃圾集装箱在不同工况下的箱体受力和变型情况。结果表明,集装箱底侧梁、底板厚度、底横梁、顶侧梁分别调整为6mm、4.5mm、4mm、4.5mm,在堆码、吊顶、栓固以及横向刚性测试中,集装箱部分位置的最大应力和弹性变形均小于并接近于材料屈服强度(345MPa)。
基于中转站拖挂车不同的使用工况(其装运的集装箱在重箱与空箱两种情况下都可以与压缩机对接；拖运集装箱在中转站和码头之间周转),选用非线性半刚性悬挂系统。板簧的下弯曲率半径设置为3880mm。
综合分析老港自卸车的使用工况,确定车辆轴距范围为4300—4400mm；发动机额定功率不小于240kW,最大扭矩不小于1500N-m；车辆最小转弯直径不得大于21m；驱动形式选择6×6底盘。
通过对EM菌液和其他商品微生物除臭剂的种群结构进行分析,考察其组成和优势菌种,初步探讨EM菌液除臭作用机理。同时分离筛选出适于垃圾填埋场除臭的高效微生物种群。EM菌的急性毒性和皮肤致敏性等毒性实验表明EM菌液对生物无害。
以集装化垃圾为研究对象,测试了万洁芬生物除臭剂(A)、BIOSTREME除臭剂(B)、EM菌液(C)、YL活性生物复合剂(D)、LA.BIOREASORB除臭药剂+STANDARD除臭药剂(E)喷撒12小时后,集装箱内和垃圾倾倒后周边环境的臭气浓度和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度。VOCs共检测出46种,本研究对其中的八种(二硫化碳、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯、一氯甲烷、甲苯、间,对-二甲苯、苯乙烯)进行了对比分析。研究表明：集装箱内臭气浓度的削减效果由高到低依次为：B>A>E>C>D;垃圾倾倒后周边环境的臭气浓度削减效果由高到低依次为：B>A>C>D>E.对于堆存12h后集装箱内VOCs的抑制效果,A对二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯有去除效果；B对二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯和甲苯均有去除效果；C仅对乙酸乙酯有去除效果；D对苯、和间,对-二甲苯有较好的去除效果；E仅对乙酸乙酯和一氯甲烷有去除效果。对于倾倒后垃圾仓边界VOCs的抑制效果：A仅对苯无抑制效果；B对所分析的8种气体均有去除效果；C仅对乙酸乙酯无去除效果；D对乙酸乙酯、苯和甲苯有处理效果。E对此8种气体没有削减作用。
以矿化污泥和粉煤灰作为混合填料构建了生物反应器,研究了矿化污泥的改性及其驯化；对矿化污泥生物反应器水力负荷运行参数进行优化；考察一级矿化污泥生物反应器和二级矿化污泥生物反应器长期运行效果。研究结果表明,添加质量百分比为9.1%的粉煤灰有助于矿化污泥填料改性。水力负荷设置为35.4L渗滤液/m3填料/d是较为经济合理的。采用二级反应器,对垃圾渗滤液具有良好的处理效果,出水水质可以达到COD<300mg/L, NH4+-N<5mg/L。以多重微孔颗粒(矿化垃圾和粉煤灰组成)作为填料构建了生物反应器。研究表明：与矿化垃圾相比,多重微孔颗粒具有更多的蜂窝状结构,更适合微生物的挂膜,且填料通透性好。多重微孔颗粒生物反应床对COD和氨氮的去除效果优于矿化垃圾,其COD平均去除率高于70%,NH_4~+-N平均去除率为83%。采用两级以上串联工艺和回流工艺,总氮去除率可以提高30%以上。微生物群落结构分析表明,多重微孔颗粒床内的生物多样性包括硝化细菌数量均高于矿化垃圾反应床。
The design of key equipments and selection of key process for shanghai municipal solid waste containerized waterway transfer system (CWTS) were carried out, and the new equipments were applied in transfer system. The odor control during the transportation of containerized waste and the new technology for treating leachate were also investigated.
In consideration of various factors, including technical and operational feasibility, environmental protection, operational cost and energy saving, etc. and operational and scale requirement of containerized waterways transfer system of municipal waste in shanghai, the working floor was recommended serving as waste feeding equipment for this system.
The pre-compression process was applied in CWTS. The result of experiment showed that the the density of compressd waste is no less than1.0t/m3only if the the pressure of compactor pusher is no less than50t/m2. The Algor software was used to analyze the stress of pre-pressure chamber, and result showed that the maximum equivalent stress of major parts of chamber is less than180MPa. The maximum equivalent stress occurred at connection of reinforced beam, and which is400MPa.
The container is the key equipment in CWTS. This research developed the container, which is with standard interface and high sealing. The structure of container was also optimized. The stress's distribution and deformation of container under different working condition was analyzed using finite element simulation. The results showed that the thickness of bottom side rail, base, crossmember, top side rail was6mm,4.5mm,4mm,4.5mm, respectively, the maximum stress of container is less than and close to the yield strength of material (345MPa).
The working surrounding of low platform semi-trailer and requirement of rigidity of suspension was analyzed. The results showed that the semi-rigid suspension is recommended to the semi-trailer of CWTS and radius of curvature of plate spring is3880mm.
The working condition of dump truck was analyzed. The result showed that wheelbase is between4300mm and4400mm, Engine rated power is more than240kw, maximum torque is more than1500Nm, minimum turning diameter is less than21m, the drive type is6*6.
The community composition of between Effective Microorganisms (EM) and other deodorants was compared and the dominate populations were determined. The action mechanism of odor control for EM was discussed. The community for controlling odor of landfill was selected. The experiments for determining action mechanism and skin sensitization were conducted and results showed that EM is harmless.
The deodorant applied in control odor of waste landfill included Wan Jiefen biological deodorant (A), BIOSTREME deodorant (B)、EM (C)、YL bioactive composite agent (D)、 LA.BIOREASORB+STANDARD deodorant (E). The effects of these five kinds of deodorant on controlling the odor and VOCs emission from containerized waste, which was sited for12hours, were evaluated. The order of reducing odor in container (from high to low) was B, A, E, C, D. The order of reducing odor in surrounding (from high to low) was B, A, C, D, E. The results of reducing VOCs (carbon disulfide, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, benzene, methyl chloride, toluene, xylene and styrene) in container showed that A had effect on reducing methylene chloride and ethyl acetate, B had effect on reducing methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, benzene and toluene, C only could reduce ethyl acetate, D had effect on reducing benzene, xylene, E only could reduce ethyl acetate and methyl chloride. The results of reducing VOCs in surrounding showed that A only had no effect on reducing benzene, B could reduce all VOCs, C only had no effect on reducing ethyl acetate, D hand effect on ethyl acetate, benzene and toluene, E had no effect on reducing VOCs.
The bioreactor was build up with aged sludge as filler. The modification and acclimation of aged sludge, the optimal hydraulic load, the performance of one and two stage bioreactor for treating leachate were investigated. The results showed that the addition9.1%fly ash could improve the performance of bioreactor, the hydraulic load was35.4L/m3/d was feasible and economical, the COD and NH4+N concentration in effluent from two stage reactor was below300mg/L and5mg/L, respectively. The bioreactor was build up with micro-porous particles, which is consisted of aged refuge and fly ash, as filler. The experimental results showed that micro-porous particles have more honeycomb structure, which has good performance in forming biofilm and permeability. Compared to aged refuge bed, the micro-porous particles bed showed the high remove efficiencies of COD and NH4+-N, which is70%and83%, respectively. The removal of total nitrogen could be enhanced30%, when the two stage cascade and reflow process was applied. Community composition was analyzed and results showed that there is higher biological diversity and more nitrifying bacteria in the micro-porous particles bed than aged refuge bed.
引文
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