西藏特提斯白垩纪中期页岩—微生物岩组合
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摘要
越来越多的证据显示，白垩纪多期大洋缺氧事件（OAEs）都与海底甲烷泄漏有关，因此研究当时极端环境下的沉积记录——黑色页岩-微生物岩组合对于解释OAEs时期一系列环境事件成因、相互作用机制和生物-环境协同演化等具有重要意义。研究区页岩-微生物岩沉积组合可划分为3种泥质岩岩相和6种碳酸盐岩微相，并进一步分出9种沉积组合。根据浮游有孔虫化石，认为强东剖面古错村组和岗巴东山组的界线大致与Aptian/Albian界线相当，察且拉组时代限定在Albian期R. appenninica带，冷青热组为Cenomanian–Coniacian，岗巴村口组不早于Santonian，横向上可能有穿时。据地层序列旋回性和海平面变化特征，可划分出两个亚二级层序K1SS1和K_2SS1，总体表现为两个退积-进积旋回，又分别可分为7个三级层序（K1S1-K1S7）和4个三级层序（K_2S1-K_2S4）。
岗巴地区在白垩纪中期总体处于内陆棚-陆架边缘斜坡环境（50～250m），生境型为Ⅲ_2~Ⅳ_2，生产力整体较高。按演化阶段和组合特征可划分出3个有孔虫动物群，并利用水深局限分子和(P/(P+E))%等指标恢复了古水深（海平面）变化，显示研究区海平面变化长周期与Haq et al.(1987)完全一致，短周期也基本协同，但是Cen.期海平面变化比全球频繁得多，说明当时海平面变化主要受构造控制；OAE2之后表现出气候驱动为主的特征。依据溶解氧浓度的替代指标，如底栖有孔虫丰度、Shannon-Weiner分异度以及底栖有孔虫氧指数（BFOI）等，识别出8次不同程度的贫氧或缺氧期，其中有4次的时代和特征与OAE1d, MCE,OAE2以及可能的OAE3相对应。
在岗巴东山组上部（约Alb.上部R. ticiensis带）和和冷青热组下部（R.cushmani带中部）暗色页岩中发现两套较大规模的冷泉碳酸盐岩，为甲烷泄漏的证据。时空分布、沉积特征、生物群落和地球化学标志等方面都显示了典型的冷泉碳酸盐岩特征，认为甲烷泄漏为温室效应、海平面变化、缺氧环境和区域构造不稳定性等共同导致。而这些环境事件之间具有明显的相互作用关系，并共同控制了缺氧环境下白垩纪海洋生物的演替和生产力的发展，形成了极端环境下特殊的生物圈-地圈正负反馈机制。
Increasing evidence shows that episodes of mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxicevents (OAEs) are associated with the eruption of methane hydrates. Therefore, itis important to study the sedimentary record in the extreme environment: blackshale-calcimicrobialite assemblages for re-interpretation of the causes of OAEs,the interaction mechanism and biological-environmental co-evolution. Shale-calcimicrobialite assemblages in Gamba area can be divided into three kinds ofargillaceous lithofacies and six carbonate microfacies, and then divided into ninekinds of sedimentary formation. Based on planktonic foraminifera, TheGucuocun Formation/Gamba Dongshan Formation boundary are close toAptian/Albian boundary in age, and The Chaqiela Formation’s age is limited in R.appenninica Zone, Lengqingre Formation is Cenomanian-Coniacian, and theGamba Cunkou Formation is later than Santonian. The Zongshan section andTingri region seems to be different, so there may be shuttle laterally. Accordingto the lithostratigraphic sequence cycles and sea level variations, it can bedivided into two sub-second-order sequence: K1SS1and K_2SS1, the overallperformance of the two transgression-regression cycles. K1SS1and K_2SS1,respectively, can be divided into seven third-order sequences (K1S1-K1S7) andfour third-order sequences (K_2S1-K_2S4).
Gamba overall located in the inner shelf-shelf edge slope environment, witha water depth of50to250m, habitat type of Ⅲ~Ⅳ and higher productivity inthe mid-Cretaceous. Three planktonic and benthic fauna were divided accordingto the stage of evolution and combination of characteristics. Water depth limitedspecies,(P/P+E))%and other indicators of recovery paleao-water depth (sealevel) change show that sea-level change coincides with long period of GambaHaq et al (1987), and short-period basic collaborative, but the study areaCenomanian of sea-level change much more frequently than the global changes, suggesting that sea-level change was mainly controlled by the structure. Theafter-OAE2sea-level change and Haq et al (1987)’s short cycle tends to becollaborative, demonstrating climate-driven characteristics. The benthicforaminiferal alternative indicator of dissolved oxygen concentration includingabundance, Shannon-Weiner diversity and benthic foraminiferal oxygen index(BFOI) identified eight different oxygen-depleted or anoxic periods, which offour were corresponding to OAE1d, MCE, OAE2and OAE3.
Two sets of large-scale cold-seep carbonates were found in the upper part ofthe Gamba Dongshan Formantion and Lengqingre Formation for evidence ofmethane leakage. The spatial and temporal distribution, biological communitiesand geochemical characteristics show typical seep carbonates characteristics.
Methane leakages were commonly caused by greenhouse effect, sea-levelchange, anoxic environment and regional tectonic instability. It has obviousinteraction between these environmental events, and jointly controlled successionof the anoxic environment, Cretaceous marine life and the development ofproductivity, and then formed the Biosphere-Geosphere feedback mechanisms.
岗巴地区在白垩纪中期总体处于内陆棚-陆架边缘斜坡环境（50～250m），生境型为Ⅲ_2~Ⅳ_2，生产力整体较高。按演化阶段和组合特征可划分出3个有孔虫动物群，并利用水深局限分子和(P/(P+E))%等指标恢复了古水深（海平面）变化，显示研究区海平面变化长周期与Haq et al.(1987)完全一致，短周期也基本协同，但是Cen.期海平面变化比全球频繁得多，说明当时海平面变化主要受构造控制；OAE2之后表现出气候驱动为主的特征。依据溶解氧浓度的替代指标，如底栖有孔虫丰度、Shannon-Weiner分异度以及底栖有孔虫氧指数（BFOI）等，识别出8次不同程度的贫氧或缺氧期，其中有4次的时代和特征与OAE1d, MCE,OAE2以及可能的OAE3相对应。
在岗巴东山组上部（约Alb.上部R. ticiensis带）和和冷青热组下部（R.cushmani带中部）暗色页岩中发现两套较大规模的冷泉碳酸盐岩，为甲烷泄漏的证据。时空分布、沉积特征、生物群落和地球化学标志等方面都显示了典型的冷泉碳酸盐岩特征，认为甲烷泄漏为温室效应、海平面变化、缺氧环境和区域构造不稳定性等共同导致。而这些环境事件之间具有明显的相互作用关系，并共同控制了缺氧环境下白垩纪海洋生物的演替和生产力的发展，形成了极端环境下特殊的生物圈-地圈正负反馈机制。
Increasing evidence shows that episodes of mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxicevents (OAEs) are associated with the eruption of methane hydrates. Therefore, itis important to study the sedimentary record in the extreme environment: blackshale-calcimicrobialite assemblages for re-interpretation of the causes of OAEs,the interaction mechanism and biological-environmental co-evolution. Shale-calcimicrobialite assemblages in Gamba area can be divided into three kinds ofargillaceous lithofacies and six carbonate microfacies, and then divided into ninekinds of sedimentary formation. Based on planktonic foraminifera, TheGucuocun Formation/Gamba Dongshan Formation boundary are close toAptian/Albian boundary in age, and The Chaqiela Formation’s age is limited in R.appenninica Zone, Lengqingre Formation is Cenomanian-Coniacian, and theGamba Cunkou Formation is later than Santonian. The Zongshan section andTingri region seems to be different, so there may be shuttle laterally. Accordingto the lithostratigraphic sequence cycles and sea level variations, it can bedivided into two sub-second-order sequence: K1SS1and K_2SS1, the overallperformance of the two transgression-regression cycles. K1SS1and K_2SS1,respectively, can be divided into seven third-order sequences (K1S1-K1S7) andfour third-order sequences (K_2S1-K_2S4).
Gamba overall located in the inner shelf-shelf edge slope environment, witha water depth of50to250m, habitat type of Ⅲ~Ⅳ and higher productivity inthe mid-Cretaceous. Three planktonic and benthic fauna were divided accordingto the stage of evolution and combination of characteristics. Water depth limitedspecies,(P/P+E))%and other indicators of recovery paleao-water depth (sealevel) change show that sea-level change coincides with long period of GambaHaq et al (1987), and short-period basic collaborative, but the study areaCenomanian of sea-level change much more frequently than the global changes, suggesting that sea-level change was mainly controlled by the structure. Theafter-OAE2sea-level change and Haq et al (1987)’s short cycle tends to becollaborative, demonstrating climate-driven characteristics. The benthicforaminiferal alternative indicator of dissolved oxygen concentration includingabundance, Shannon-Weiner diversity and benthic foraminiferal oxygen index(BFOI) identified eight different oxygen-depleted or anoxic periods, which offour were corresponding to OAE1d, MCE, OAE2and OAE3.
Two sets of large-scale cold-seep carbonates were found in the upper part ofthe Gamba Dongshan Formantion and Lengqingre Formation for evidence ofmethane leakage. The spatial and temporal distribution, biological communitiesand geochemical characteristics show typical seep carbonates characteristics.
Methane leakages were commonly caused by greenhouse effect, sea-levelchange, anoxic environment and regional tectonic instability. It has obviousinteraction between these environmental events, and jointly controlled successionof the anoxic environment, Cretaceous marine life and the development ofproductivity, and then formed the Biosphere-Geosphere feedback mechanisms.
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