长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数研究
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摘要
近年来,许多城市的植物景观过分注重视觉效果和强调植物的观赏性,应用大量的引进外来观赏植物,而忽视了乡土植物应用,结果造成城市景观千城一面的局面,缺乏地方特色。大量引入外来植物容易破坏城市生态环境,降低物种多样性。乡土植物不仅具有适应性和抗逆性强的特点,而且具有养护管理简便,不易对生态系统造成破坏和容易形成地域性景观的特点。所以,城市绿化应当以乡土植物为主。
虽然园林工作者一直都在宣传乡土植物,提倡多用乡土植物,相关的政府部门也认识到了乡土植物的重要性,但有关乡土植物的评价应用研究较少,在实际应用中该参照何种标准选择应用乡土植物仍十分茫然。为了给今后城市园林的乡土植物选择应用提供科学依据,本文通过长沙市乡土植物种类研究乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价体系,以长沙乡土植物为对象,建立了长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价体系,计算出长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数,根据适宜性指数选取适宜城市园林应用的乡土植物种类。
论文研究取得的主要成果包括以下几个方面：
(1)调查统计了长沙市乡土植物有158科、619属、1116种,并编制了长沙乡土植物名录表。城市外围区域采取标准样地调查法,在青羊湖等四个森林公园各选取20个标准样方进行调查,记录乔木种类、株数、树高、胸径,灌木的种类、株数、冠幅、株高,草本层的种类、覆盖面积。城市内部区域采取场所抽样调查法,分别从城市公园、居住区、企事业单位、城市道路等不同场所选取各自典型场所进行乡土植物调查。调查发现长沙乡土植物具有以下特点：①乡土植物种类丰富,含10种以上的大科有29科；②已应用于城市绿化的乡土植物种类仅为乡土植物种类的10.26%;③长沙城市园林绿化中应用乡土树种的比例少,占长沙市城市绿化树种的27.08%。
(2)通过固碳释氧、降温增湿能力测定,发现其在乡土植物与外来植物问的差异并没有一致的规律可循,与植物种类有关而与来源无很大相关性。在相同立地条件、树龄相近、长势基本相同的条件下,测定了3种常绿乡土乔木木莲、香樟、秃瓣杜英,和3种常绿外来乔木毛桃木莲、乐昌含笑、平伐含笑,常绿乡土乔木的单位土地面积的固碳量分别是57.58g-m-2d-1,5%.67g·m-2d-1、28.54g·m-2d-1,释氧量分别是52.35g·m-2d-1、42.65g·m-2d-1、20.75g·m-2d-1,增湿量分别是12132.90g·m-2d-1、17882.68g·m-2d-1、13081.82g·m-2d-1,降温值分别是2.34℃、3.44℃、2.52℃；常绿外来乔木的单位土地面积的固碳量分别是49.42g·m-2d-1、31.86g·m-2d-1、44.77g·m-2d-1释氧量分别是44.92g·m-2d-1、28.97g·m-2d-1、40.70g·m-2d-1,增湿量分别是10729.84g·m-2d-1、7929.44g·m-2d-1、10326.53g·m-2d-1,降温值分别是2.07℃、1.53℃、1.99℃,发现植物的固碳释氧、降温增湿能力与植物种类有关,而与来源并没有直接的关系。另外,分别测定了6种落叶乔木、常绿灌木和落叶灌木的单位土地面积的固碳释氧量和降温增湿量,得到与常绿乔木类似的结果。
(3)乡土植物为优势种的群落的丰富度和多样性指数都高于外来植物为优势种的群落。采用Gleason指数、辛普森多样性指数计算群落的丰富度指数和多样性指数,乡土植物为优势种的群落的丰富度和多样性指数分别是2.0028、2.1698、1.8359、3.1712和0.8061、0.8405、0.8065、0.8473,外来物植物为优势种的群落的丰富度和多样性指数分别是1.8359、1.6690、1.0014、1.1683和0.7135、0.7631、0.6432、0.5931。乡土植物为优势种的群落其结构更复杂,层次更明显,生物多样性更高。
(4)建立了乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系。依据科学性、系统性、简明性、代表性、可比性、适用性和定性指标与定量指标相结合的原则,通过搜集整理国内乡土植物等相关研究方面的文献,结合森林城市、园林美学研究的内容,尽可能多的搜集评价指标。采用头脑风暴法、Delphi法、会内会外法等方法,经过四轮的指标筛选,最后确定了3个一级指标,4个二级指标,24个三级指标作为乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标。计算24个指标的得分值和其权重的乘积,将其累加值定义为乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数。通过指数的大小来表示适宜程度,采用百分制计量,并将其按各个指标的权重而附其不同的分值。根据乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数的大小将乡土植物城市园林适宜性水平划分为五个等级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ,分别表示很好、较好、一般、较差、很差。
(5)评价了乡土植物在长沙市城市园林中的适宜性。采用专家打分法,确定了各个指标的重要性。通过层次分析法,确定了各个评价指标相对于长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价的权重,对每个指标进行加权量化,采用百分制确定各指标得分值,并将各指标划分为三个等级,各等级赋予一定的分值,得出长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系。
(6)提出了长沙市优先推荐使用的乡土植物381种。其中蕨类植物30种,裸子植物8种,被子植物343种。
(7)探讨了乡土植物在公园绿地、防护绿地及附属绿地这三类城市绿地中的景观设计。依据各种类型绿地的功能,参照适宜性指数及各项指标得分,分别按照乔木、灌木、藤本及地被四个类别选取和绿地功能相适宜的乡土植物种类。分别对每个绿地类型做出了相应的植物群落配置供参考应用。
主要创新点包括三个方面：
(1)将“适宜性指数”概念引入乡土植物的城市园林应用,建立了乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系和评价模型,确定以乔灌木、藤本、地被为一级指标,观赏性、生态效益、引种驯化、养护管理为二级指标,并下分24个三级指标进行乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价。计算24个指标的得分值和其权重的乘积,将其累加值定义为乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数。
(2)采用专家打分法,确定了长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价各个指标的重要性。通过层次分析法,得出长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系。对调查统计的长沙市1116种乡土植物计算其适宜性指数,提出了长沙市优先推荐使用的乡土植物381种。
(3)参照适宜性指数及各项指标得分,依据各种类型绿地的功能,分别按照乔木、灌木、藤本及地被四个类别选取和绿地功能相适宜的乡土植物种类。
In recent years, too much emphasis on the visual effects and ornamental value of plants is placed to landscape in many cities, therefore a large number of the introduced exotic ornamental plants are adopted, while the application of indigenous plants is ignored, resulting in the situation that the urban landscapes are all the same and lack local characteristics. Large scale introduction of alien plants is may destroy the city's ecological environment and reduce biodiversity. Indigenous plants not only have the characteristics of strong adaptability and stress resistance, but also are easy to maintain and manage, and won't damage the ecosystem easily and can form regional landscapes. Therefore, more indigenous plants shall be introduced for the urban landscapes.
Although landscape architects have been promoting indigenous plants and use more indigenous plants, and the relevant government departments have also recognized the importance of indigenous plants, the studies of indigenous plants are few, and which selection criteria should be applied in practice is still uncertain. In order to provide a scientific basis for the selection and application of indigenous plants in urban landscapes in the future, this paper studies the urban landscape architecture suitability evaluation system based on the study of indigenous plant species in Changsha, and sets up an urban landscape suitability evaluation system of indigenous plants with Changsha indigenous plants as the subject, and works out the urban landscape suitability index of Changsha indigenous plants, and finally decides on the species of indigenous plants which can be used in urban landscapes according to the suitability index.
(l)The survey makes statistics for158families,619genera,1116kinds of indigenous plants in Changsha City, and prepares the Changsha indigenous plants directory. In the outskirts of the city, the standard sample plot survey method is employed, which selects20standard plots from four forest parks including Qingyang Lake, records the species, number, height and diameter of arbor, the types, number, breadth and height of shrub, the types and area of herb. Inside the city, the sample survey method is employed, which selects the typical places from city parks, residential areas, enterprises and institutions, urban roads respectively to carry out the survey of indigenous plants. According to the survey, Changsha indigenous plants have the following characteristics:①There is a variety of indigenous plants, there are29large families including more than10species;②The indigenous plant species that have been applied to urban greening are only10.26%of the indigenous plant species;③The application proportion of indigenous plants in Changsha urban landscapes is very small, accounting for only27.08%of the Changsha City urban greening tree species.
(2) Depending on the determination of the carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification capability, there is no consistent differences of capabilities between indigenous plants and exotic plants. The carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification capability of plants associated with species, and there is no direct relationship with source. There species of evergreen native arbors-Manglietia fordiana, Cinnamomum camphora and Eelaeocarpus glabripetalus, and there species of evergreen exotic arbors-Manglietia moto, Michelia chapensis and Michelia cavaleriei are measured in the same site conditions, at similar ages and growing conditions. The carbon fixation amount of the evergreen native arbors on per unit of land are respectively57.58g·m-2d-1,58.67g·m-2d-1and28.54g·m-2d-1; the oxygen release amount of them are respectively52.35g·m-2d-1,42.65gm·2d-1and20.75g·m-2d-1;the humidification amount of them are respectively12132.90g·m-2d-1,17882.68g·m-2d-1and13081.82g·m-2d-1; the cooling amount of them are respectively2.34℃,3.44℃and2.52℃. The carbon fixation amount of the evergreen exotic arbors on per unit of land are respectively49.42g·m-2d-1,31.86g·m-2d-1and44.77g·m-2d-1; the oxygen release amount of them are respectively44.92g·m-2d-1,28.97g·m-2d-1and40.70g·m-2d-1; the humidification amount of them are respectively10729.84g·m-2d-1,7929.44g·m-2d-1and10326.53g·m-2d-1; the cooling amount of them are respectively2.07℃,1.53℃and1.99℃. According to the measurement, the carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification capability of plants associated with species, and there is no direct relationship with source. Moreover, the carbon fixation and oxygen release amount and cooling and humidification amount of6species of deciduous arbors, evergreen shrubs and deciduous shrubs are measured, similar results are obtained to the evergreen arbors.
(3)The abundance index and diversity index of the community dominated by indigenous plants are higher than the communities dominated by foreign plants. Calculated with Gleason index and Simpson diversity index, the abundance index and diversity index of the community dominated by indigenous plants are2.0028,2.1698,1.8359,3.1712and0.8061,0.8405,0.8065,0.8473; the abundance index and diversity index of the community dominated by exotic plants are1.8359,1.6690,1.0014,1.1683and0.7135,0.7631,0.6432, 0.5931. The community dominated by indigenous plants is more complex in structure, more obvious in level, and much higher in biodiversity.
(4)It sets up the suitability evaluation indicator system of indigenous plants to urban landscapes. Evaluating indicators are collected as many as possible with the principle of combining science, systematic method, simplicity, representativeness, comparability, applicability, qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators together through gathering and arranging the literatures relating to the research of domestic indigenous plants based on the research on urban garden esthetics. Through brainstorming, the Delphi method, and in-meeting&after-meeting method, after four rounds of indicators screening, finally three first-level indicators, four secondary indicators, and24third-level indicators are determined as suitability evaluation indicators of indigenous plants for urban landscapes. The score of24indicators multiplied by their weights is defined as the suitability index of indigenous plants for urban landscapes. The suitability is represented by the index measured using the percentage system and it is attached with different scores measured by the weight of the individual indicators. Depending on the suitability index of indigenous plants to the urban landscapes, the suitability level of indigenous plants to urban landscapes is divided into five levels-Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ,Ⅴ respectively, representing very good, good, average, poor, very poor.
(5) It evaluates the suitability of indigenous plants in Changsha urban landscapes and determines the importance of the various indicators with the expert scoring method. Besides, it also determines the weight of each evaluation indicator to the suitability evaluation of indigenous plants in Changsha landscapes by analytic hierarchy process, quantifies each index by weights, determines the index value by percentile, and divides each index into three levels, each having certain score, and finally decides the suitability evaluation indicator system of the indigenous plants in Changsha landscapes.
(6) It recommends381kinds of indigenous plants for Changsha City. There are30kinds of pteridophytes,8kinds of gymnosperms, and343kinds of angiosperms among them.
(7) It studies the landscape design of indigenous plants in the three types of urban green land, namely park, green buffer and attached green land. It selects appropriate types of indigenous plants to the features of green lands respectively based on four species, namely arbors, shrubs, vines and ground vegetation according to the features of various types of green land, with reference to the suitability indices and indicators scores, and makes corresponding plant community combination for each type of green land for reference and application.
The main innovations include three aspects:
(1) It introduces the concept of "suitability indicator" to the application of indigenous plants in urban landscapes, establishes the suitability evaluation indicator system and evaluation model for indigenous plants in urban landscapes, and decides to conduct suitability evaluation of indigenous plants for urban landscapes with indicators at different levels; wherein, level one indicator includes arbors, shrubs, vines, and ground vegetations; level two indicator mainly includes the ornamental value, ecological effect, introduction breeding, and maintenance management; and there are also24level three indicators. Through calculating the product of the scores of24indicators and their weight, the accumulated value is defined as the suitability indicator of indigenous plants in urban landscapes.
(2) It determines the importance of each suitability evaluation indicator of the indigenous plants for landscapes in Changsha with expert scoring method; works out the suitability evaluation indicator system of indigenous plants for landscapes in Changsha through the analytic hierarchy process; calculates the suitability index of1,116kinds of indigenous plants surveyed in Changsha, and then recommends381kinds of indigenous plants.
(3) With reference to the suitability index and the index score, based on the features of various types of green lands, it selects appropriate indigenous plant species for the green land respectively based on four specifies, namely arbors, shrubs, vines, and ground vegetations.
虽然园林工作者一直都在宣传乡土植物,提倡多用乡土植物,相关的政府部门也认识到了乡土植物的重要性,但有关乡土植物的评价应用研究较少,在实际应用中该参照何种标准选择应用乡土植物仍十分茫然。为了给今后城市园林的乡土植物选择应用提供科学依据,本文通过长沙市乡土植物种类研究乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价体系,以长沙乡土植物为对象,建立了长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价体系,计算出长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数,根据适宜性指数选取适宜城市园林应用的乡土植物种类。
论文研究取得的主要成果包括以下几个方面：
(1)调查统计了长沙市乡土植物有158科、619属、1116种,并编制了长沙乡土植物名录表。城市外围区域采取标准样地调查法,在青羊湖等四个森林公园各选取20个标准样方进行调查,记录乔木种类、株数、树高、胸径,灌木的种类、株数、冠幅、株高,草本层的种类、覆盖面积。城市内部区域采取场所抽样调查法,分别从城市公园、居住区、企事业单位、城市道路等不同场所选取各自典型场所进行乡土植物调查。调查发现长沙乡土植物具有以下特点：①乡土植物种类丰富,含10种以上的大科有29科；②已应用于城市绿化的乡土植物种类仅为乡土植物种类的10.26%;③长沙城市园林绿化中应用乡土树种的比例少,占长沙市城市绿化树种的27.08%。
(2)通过固碳释氧、降温增湿能力测定,发现其在乡土植物与外来植物问的差异并没有一致的规律可循,与植物种类有关而与来源无很大相关性。在相同立地条件、树龄相近、长势基本相同的条件下,测定了3种常绿乡土乔木木莲、香樟、秃瓣杜英,和3种常绿外来乔木毛桃木莲、乐昌含笑、平伐含笑,常绿乡土乔木的单位土地面积的固碳量分别是57.58g-m-2d-1,5%.67g·m-2d-1、28.54g·m-2d-1,释氧量分别是52.35g·m-2d-1、42.65g·m-2d-1、20.75g·m-2d-1,增湿量分别是12132.90g·m-2d-1、17882.68g·m-2d-1、13081.82g·m-2d-1,降温值分别是2.34℃、3.44℃、2.52℃；常绿外来乔木的单位土地面积的固碳量分别是49.42g·m-2d-1、31.86g·m-2d-1、44.77g·m-2d-1释氧量分别是44.92g·m-2d-1、28.97g·m-2d-1、40.70g·m-2d-1,增湿量分别是10729.84g·m-2d-1、7929.44g·m-2d-1、10326.53g·m-2d-1,降温值分别是2.07℃、1.53℃、1.99℃,发现植物的固碳释氧、降温增湿能力与植物种类有关,而与来源并没有直接的关系。另外,分别测定了6种落叶乔木、常绿灌木和落叶灌木的单位土地面积的固碳释氧量和降温增湿量,得到与常绿乔木类似的结果。
(3)乡土植物为优势种的群落的丰富度和多样性指数都高于外来植物为优势种的群落。采用Gleason指数、辛普森多样性指数计算群落的丰富度指数和多样性指数,乡土植物为优势种的群落的丰富度和多样性指数分别是2.0028、2.1698、1.8359、3.1712和0.8061、0.8405、0.8065、0.8473,外来物植物为优势种的群落的丰富度和多样性指数分别是1.8359、1.6690、1.0014、1.1683和0.7135、0.7631、0.6432、0.5931。乡土植物为优势种的群落其结构更复杂,层次更明显,生物多样性更高。
(4)建立了乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系。依据科学性、系统性、简明性、代表性、可比性、适用性和定性指标与定量指标相结合的原则,通过搜集整理国内乡土植物等相关研究方面的文献,结合森林城市、园林美学研究的内容,尽可能多的搜集评价指标。采用头脑风暴法、Delphi法、会内会外法等方法,经过四轮的指标筛选,最后确定了3个一级指标,4个二级指标,24个三级指标作为乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标。计算24个指标的得分值和其权重的乘积,将其累加值定义为乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数。通过指数的大小来表示适宜程度,采用百分制计量,并将其按各个指标的权重而附其不同的分值。根据乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数的大小将乡土植物城市园林适宜性水平划分为五个等级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ,分别表示很好、较好、一般、较差、很差。
(5)评价了乡土植物在长沙市城市园林中的适宜性。采用专家打分法,确定了各个指标的重要性。通过层次分析法,确定了各个评价指标相对于长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价的权重,对每个指标进行加权量化,采用百分制确定各指标得分值,并将各指标划分为三个等级,各等级赋予一定的分值,得出长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系。
(6)提出了长沙市优先推荐使用的乡土植物381种。其中蕨类植物30种,裸子植物8种,被子植物343种。
(7)探讨了乡土植物在公园绿地、防护绿地及附属绿地这三类城市绿地中的景观设计。依据各种类型绿地的功能,参照适宜性指数及各项指标得分,分别按照乔木、灌木、藤本及地被四个类别选取和绿地功能相适宜的乡土植物种类。分别对每个绿地类型做出了相应的植物群落配置供参考应用。
主要创新点包括三个方面：
(1)将“适宜性指数”概念引入乡土植物的城市园林应用,建立了乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系和评价模型,确定以乔灌木、藤本、地被为一级指标,观赏性、生态效益、引种驯化、养护管理为二级指标,并下分24个三级指标进行乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价。计算24个指标的得分值和其权重的乘积,将其累加值定义为乡土植物城市园林适宜性指数。
(2)采用专家打分法,确定了长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价各个指标的重要性。通过层次分析法,得出长沙乡土植物城市园林适宜性评价指标体系。对调查统计的长沙市1116种乡土植物计算其适宜性指数,提出了长沙市优先推荐使用的乡土植物381种。
(3)参照适宜性指数及各项指标得分,依据各种类型绿地的功能,分别按照乔木、灌木、藤本及地被四个类别选取和绿地功能相适宜的乡土植物种类。
In recent years, too much emphasis on the visual effects and ornamental value of plants is placed to landscape in many cities, therefore a large number of the introduced exotic ornamental plants are adopted, while the application of indigenous plants is ignored, resulting in the situation that the urban landscapes are all the same and lack local characteristics. Large scale introduction of alien plants is may destroy the city's ecological environment and reduce biodiversity. Indigenous plants not only have the characteristics of strong adaptability and stress resistance, but also are easy to maintain and manage, and won't damage the ecosystem easily and can form regional landscapes. Therefore, more indigenous plants shall be introduced for the urban landscapes.
Although landscape architects have been promoting indigenous plants and use more indigenous plants, and the relevant government departments have also recognized the importance of indigenous plants, the studies of indigenous plants are few, and which selection criteria should be applied in practice is still uncertain. In order to provide a scientific basis for the selection and application of indigenous plants in urban landscapes in the future, this paper studies the urban landscape architecture suitability evaluation system based on the study of indigenous plant species in Changsha, and sets up an urban landscape suitability evaluation system of indigenous plants with Changsha indigenous plants as the subject, and works out the urban landscape suitability index of Changsha indigenous plants, and finally decides on the species of indigenous plants which can be used in urban landscapes according to the suitability index.
(l)The survey makes statistics for158families,619genera,1116kinds of indigenous plants in Changsha City, and prepares the Changsha indigenous plants directory. In the outskirts of the city, the standard sample plot survey method is employed, which selects20standard plots from four forest parks including Qingyang Lake, records the species, number, height and diameter of arbor, the types, number, breadth and height of shrub, the types and area of herb. Inside the city, the sample survey method is employed, which selects the typical places from city parks, residential areas, enterprises and institutions, urban roads respectively to carry out the survey of indigenous plants. According to the survey, Changsha indigenous plants have the following characteristics:①There is a variety of indigenous plants, there are29large families including more than10species;②The indigenous plant species that have been applied to urban greening are only10.26%of the indigenous plant species;③The application proportion of indigenous plants in Changsha urban landscapes is very small, accounting for only27.08%of the Changsha City urban greening tree species.
(2) Depending on the determination of the carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification capability, there is no consistent differences of capabilities between indigenous plants and exotic plants. The carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification capability of plants associated with species, and there is no direct relationship with source. There species of evergreen native arbors-Manglietia fordiana, Cinnamomum camphora and Eelaeocarpus glabripetalus, and there species of evergreen exotic arbors-Manglietia moto, Michelia chapensis and Michelia cavaleriei are measured in the same site conditions, at similar ages and growing conditions. The carbon fixation amount of the evergreen native arbors on per unit of land are respectively57.58g·m-2d-1,58.67g·m-2d-1and28.54g·m-2d-1; the oxygen release amount of them are respectively52.35g·m-2d-1,42.65gm·2d-1and20.75g·m-2d-1;the humidification amount of them are respectively12132.90g·m-2d-1,17882.68g·m-2d-1and13081.82g·m-2d-1; the cooling amount of them are respectively2.34℃,3.44℃and2.52℃. The carbon fixation amount of the evergreen exotic arbors on per unit of land are respectively49.42g·m-2d-1,31.86g·m-2d-1and44.77g·m-2d-1; the oxygen release amount of them are respectively44.92g·m-2d-1,28.97g·m-2d-1and40.70g·m-2d-1; the humidification amount of them are respectively10729.84g·m-2d-1,7929.44g·m-2d-1and10326.53g·m-2d-1; the cooling amount of them are respectively2.07℃,1.53℃and1.99℃. According to the measurement, the carbon fixation and oxygen release, cooling and humidification capability of plants associated with species, and there is no direct relationship with source. Moreover, the carbon fixation and oxygen release amount and cooling and humidification amount of6species of deciduous arbors, evergreen shrubs and deciduous shrubs are measured, similar results are obtained to the evergreen arbors.
(3)The abundance index and diversity index of the community dominated by indigenous plants are higher than the communities dominated by foreign plants. Calculated with Gleason index and Simpson diversity index, the abundance index and diversity index of the community dominated by indigenous plants are2.0028,2.1698,1.8359,3.1712and0.8061,0.8405,0.8065,0.8473; the abundance index and diversity index of the community dominated by exotic plants are1.8359,1.6690,1.0014,1.1683and0.7135,0.7631,0.6432, 0.5931. The community dominated by indigenous plants is more complex in structure, more obvious in level, and much higher in biodiversity.
(4)It sets up the suitability evaluation indicator system of indigenous plants to urban landscapes. Evaluating indicators are collected as many as possible with the principle of combining science, systematic method, simplicity, representativeness, comparability, applicability, qualitative indicators and quantitative indicators together through gathering and arranging the literatures relating to the research of domestic indigenous plants based on the research on urban garden esthetics. Through brainstorming, the Delphi method, and in-meeting&after-meeting method, after four rounds of indicators screening, finally three first-level indicators, four secondary indicators, and24third-level indicators are determined as suitability evaluation indicators of indigenous plants for urban landscapes. The score of24indicators multiplied by their weights is defined as the suitability index of indigenous plants for urban landscapes. The suitability is represented by the index measured using the percentage system and it is attached with different scores measured by the weight of the individual indicators. Depending on the suitability index of indigenous plants to the urban landscapes, the suitability level of indigenous plants to urban landscapes is divided into five levels-Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ,Ⅴ respectively, representing very good, good, average, poor, very poor.
(5) It evaluates the suitability of indigenous plants in Changsha urban landscapes and determines the importance of the various indicators with the expert scoring method. Besides, it also determines the weight of each evaluation indicator to the suitability evaluation of indigenous plants in Changsha landscapes by analytic hierarchy process, quantifies each index by weights, determines the index value by percentile, and divides each index into three levels, each having certain score, and finally decides the suitability evaluation indicator system of the indigenous plants in Changsha landscapes.
(6) It recommends381kinds of indigenous plants for Changsha City. There are30kinds of pteridophytes,8kinds of gymnosperms, and343kinds of angiosperms among them.
(7) It studies the landscape design of indigenous plants in the three types of urban green land, namely park, green buffer and attached green land. It selects appropriate types of indigenous plants to the features of green lands respectively based on four species, namely arbors, shrubs, vines and ground vegetation according to the features of various types of green land, with reference to the suitability indices and indicators scores, and makes corresponding plant community combination for each type of green land for reference and application.
The main innovations include three aspects:
(1) It introduces the concept of "suitability indicator" to the application of indigenous plants in urban landscapes, establishes the suitability evaluation indicator system and evaluation model for indigenous plants in urban landscapes, and decides to conduct suitability evaluation of indigenous plants for urban landscapes with indicators at different levels; wherein, level one indicator includes arbors, shrubs, vines, and ground vegetations; level two indicator mainly includes the ornamental value, ecological effect, introduction breeding, and maintenance management; and there are also24level three indicators. Through calculating the product of the scores of24indicators and their weight, the accumulated value is defined as the suitability indicator of indigenous plants in urban landscapes.
(2) It determines the importance of each suitability evaluation indicator of the indigenous plants for landscapes in Changsha with expert scoring method; works out the suitability evaluation indicator system of indigenous plants for landscapes in Changsha through the analytic hierarchy process; calculates the suitability index of1,116kinds of indigenous plants surveyed in Changsha, and then recommends381kinds of indigenous plants.
(3) With reference to the suitability index and the index score, based on the features of various types of green lands, it selects appropriate indigenous plant species for the green land respectively based on four specifies, namely arbors, shrubs, vines, and ground vegetations.
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