北京首云铁矿尾矿库生态恢复的植被特征分析
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摘要
矿产资源的开发会导致许多生态与环境问题,生态恢复对于矿山废弃地生态环境质量的改善和区域经济的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义,而植被建植是矿山废弃地生态系统恢复中至关重要的问题之一。近年来我国矿山废弃地的植被恢复发展迅速,但尚缺乏长期和系统的作用机理研究,尤其是利用人工措施恢复植被的长期动态方面,系统性研究案例和资料严重欠缺。本论文研究了首云铁矿采用三种不同治理方法数年后,尾矿库的植被、土壤及恢复植被的生态化学计量学特征,以期探讨和评价不同措施的治理效果和应用前景,为采矿废弃地的有效治理提供实践例证。研究结果表明：
(1)在治理7年后,采用覆盖客土加生态植被毯措施(简称为SC+VC)恢复的植被物种丰富度和多样性指数显著高于单独覆盖客土(简称为SC)或覆盖生态植被毯(简称为VC)恢复的植被；VC处理下植物多度和SC+VC处理下差异不大,均显著高于SC处理：SC处理下植物均匀度指数显著高于VC处理。SC+VC处理下植物的地上、地下部生物量及地表枯落物量显著高于另外两种处理；采用SC+VS处理样地的土壤养分指标均高于另外两种处理样地,而采用SC处理的样地土壤总氮、速效钾、有机质含量显著高于VC处理样地。从植被和土壤指标衡量,覆盖客土辅加生态植被毯应用显然是类似采矿迹地最佳的恢复措施；而在土壤缺乏的情况下,单独应用生态植被毯也可以取得与覆盖客土类似的植被恢复效果。
(2)治理15年后,尾矿库定植的植物主要以禾本科、豆科和菊科植物为主,占物种总数的58%；群落物种多度和丰富度分别以恢复第1年和2年群落为最高；Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数随着恢复年限呈降低趋势,但和周边植被差异不大；均匀度指数随着恢复年限增加而增加,直到在第八年达到最大值。地上部生物量随着恢复年限呈先降低后增加的趋势,而地下部生物量随着恢复年限则呈下降趋势；地表枯落物量第5年起逐渐接近周边植被水平。土壤有机碳库占整个生态系统碳库的72.2%,主要分布于表层0-20cm深度的土层中。经过治理15年后尾矿库土壤碳储量远低于周边植被下的土壤碳储量。利用SC+VC'恢复措施能够快速地实现尾矿库的植被恢复,生物多样性和植被生产力可以迅速恢复至未扰动植被水平。
(3)尾矿库的3种优势菊科植物(猪毛蒿、黄花蒿和茵陈蒿)叶片和细根N、P生态化学计量特征季节内呈现一定的波动。叶片N、P含量在生长季内表现为先增加后减小的趋势,而细根N、P的季节变化则与叶片呈相反的趋势。叶片N：P比值在生长季内表现为生长季内先降低后增加的趋势；细根N：P比值初期略增加,后期与叶片N：P比值呈现一致的变化。植物叶片N、P含量之间存在显著的正相关关系,P含量与N：P比值之间存在负相关关系。
(4)群落水平叶片和细根N、P含量随着恢复年限呈现一定的波动。叶片N、P含量在恢复初期波动较大,第4年后趋于稳定。叶片N：P值随着恢复年限整体呈现先降低后增加趋势。细根N、P含量随恢复时间整体呈现先降低后期逐渐趋于稳定,细根N：P值在恢复初期变化波动较大,后期变化逐渐趋缓稳定。
Exploitation of mineral resources can lead to many ecological and environmental consequences. Ecological restoration of mined lands is of great significance to both improvement of eco-environmental quality and regional sustainable economic development. Establishment of vegetation is one of the critical steps in achiving the goal of ecosystem restoration on mined lands. In recent years, restoration of vegetation on mined lands has progressed rapidly in China, but generally lacks long-term and systematic studies on the operating mechanisms; especially the well-established case studies and information are lacking on the vegetation dynamics following restoration practices. At the Shouyun Iron Ore Mine in suburb of Beijing, this dissertation investigated selective traits of vegetation, soil, and ecological stoichiometry on a tailings dam many years after treatments with three different methods. The objectives were to determine the effectiveness of vegetation establishment on sites with different treatments and to provide a case study for treatment of mined lands. Major results are as follows:
(1) The site treated by combination of soil covering and application of vegetation carpet (designated as SC+VC) had significantly higher species richness and greater values of Shannon-Wiener index than the sites treated by either soil covering (designated as SC) alone or application of ecological vegetation carpet (designated as VC) alone. The VC site had a comparable plant abundance with the SC+VC site; whereas the SC site outperformed the VC and SC+VC sites in species evenness. Above-and belowground biomass and litter mass on the SC+VC site were higher than on the other two sites. The VC site did not differ with the SC site in the vegetational traits, albeit low soil fertility. It is suggested that application of vegetation carpet can be an alternative to introduction of topsoil for treatment of tailings dam with fine-structured substrate of ore sands. However, combination of topsoil treatment and application of vegetation carpet greatly increases vegetation coverage and plant biodiversity, and is therefore a much better approach for assisting vegetation establishment on the tailings dam of strip-mining operations.
(2) The vegetation on the tailings dam sites treated during1997-2011was compared with undisturbed vegetation around the mining operation area. Species in the Poaceae, Legume and Compositae dominated the plant communities across all treatment sites, accounting for58%of total number of plant species. The plant abundance was greatest after one year of site treatment, and species richness was greatest after two years of site treatments, respectively. The value of Shannon-wiener index decreased with time after treatments on the tailings dam, but was not significantly different from the undisturbed vegetation nearby. Value pf Pielou index increased with site after site treatments until reaching maximu in the8th year after site treatments. The aboveground biomass decreased initially and then increased following site treatments. The belowground biomass consistently decreased with time following site treatments. Ground-surface litter mass increased with time following site treatments until reaching maximum and comparable level as the undisturbed sites surrounding in the6th year. These results indicate that the SC+VC treatment is most effective for facilitating vegetation establishment on tailings dam, resulting in rapid development of biodiversity and plant productivity comparable to the nearby undisturbed vegetation.
(3) The seasonal variations of N and P in foliage and fine roots were studied in three dominant composites, including Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit., A. annua L. and A. capillaries Thunb. The N and P concentrations of foliage and roots fluctuated seasonally in all the three composite plants. The foliar N and P concentrations increased in initial stage and then decreased until end of growth seasonl; whereas N and P concentrations in fine roots displayed opposite trend as of foliar N and P concentrations. Seasonal variations in foliar N:P ratio also contradicted that of foliar N and P concentrations, i.e. initial decrease followed by a trend of increase after the peak growth. Variations of N:P ratio in fine roots followed the trend of foliar N:P ratio except during the initial stage. Foliar N and P concentrations were significantly and positively related; whereas foliar P concentration and foliar N:P ratio were negatively related.
(4) At community level, N and P concentrations in foliage and fine roots fluctuated across sites differing in the years of site treatments. The foliar N concentration decreased and then increased whereas P concentration increased and then decreased with years of site treatments. Foliar C:N ratio, C:P ratio and N:P ratio all increased with duration of restoration. Fine root N:P ratio varied greatly during the first four years after site treatmemt and then remained relatively steady thereafter.
(1)在治理7年后,采用覆盖客土加生态植被毯措施(简称为SC+VC)恢复的植被物种丰富度和多样性指数显著高于单独覆盖客土(简称为SC)或覆盖生态植被毯(简称为VC)恢复的植被；VC处理下植物多度和SC+VC处理下差异不大,均显著高于SC处理：SC处理下植物均匀度指数显著高于VC处理。SC+VC处理下植物的地上、地下部生物量及地表枯落物量显著高于另外两种处理；采用SC+VS处理样地的土壤养分指标均高于另外两种处理样地,而采用SC处理的样地土壤总氮、速效钾、有机质含量显著高于VC处理样地。从植被和土壤指标衡量,覆盖客土辅加生态植被毯应用显然是类似采矿迹地最佳的恢复措施；而在土壤缺乏的情况下,单独应用生态植被毯也可以取得与覆盖客土类似的植被恢复效果。
(2)治理15年后,尾矿库定植的植物主要以禾本科、豆科和菊科植物为主,占物种总数的58%；群落物种多度和丰富度分别以恢复第1年和2年群落为最高；Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数随着恢复年限呈降低趋势,但和周边植被差异不大；均匀度指数随着恢复年限增加而增加,直到在第八年达到最大值。地上部生物量随着恢复年限呈先降低后增加的趋势,而地下部生物量随着恢复年限则呈下降趋势；地表枯落物量第5年起逐渐接近周边植被水平。土壤有机碳库占整个生态系统碳库的72.2%,主要分布于表层0-20cm深度的土层中。经过治理15年后尾矿库土壤碳储量远低于周边植被下的土壤碳储量。利用SC+VC'恢复措施能够快速地实现尾矿库的植被恢复,生物多样性和植被生产力可以迅速恢复至未扰动植被水平。
(3)尾矿库的3种优势菊科植物(猪毛蒿、黄花蒿和茵陈蒿)叶片和细根N、P生态化学计量特征季节内呈现一定的波动。叶片N、P含量在生长季内表现为先增加后减小的趋势,而细根N、P的季节变化则与叶片呈相反的趋势。叶片N：P比值在生长季内表现为生长季内先降低后增加的趋势；细根N：P比值初期略增加,后期与叶片N：P比值呈现一致的变化。植物叶片N、P含量之间存在显著的正相关关系,P含量与N：P比值之间存在负相关关系。
(4)群落水平叶片和细根N、P含量随着恢复年限呈现一定的波动。叶片N、P含量在恢复初期波动较大,第4年后趋于稳定。叶片N：P值随着恢复年限整体呈现先降低后增加趋势。细根N、P含量随恢复时间整体呈现先降低后期逐渐趋于稳定,细根N：P值在恢复初期变化波动较大,后期变化逐渐趋缓稳定。
Exploitation of mineral resources can lead to many ecological and environmental consequences. Ecological restoration of mined lands is of great significance to both improvement of eco-environmental quality and regional sustainable economic development. Establishment of vegetation is one of the critical steps in achiving the goal of ecosystem restoration on mined lands. In recent years, restoration of vegetation on mined lands has progressed rapidly in China, but generally lacks long-term and systematic studies on the operating mechanisms; especially the well-established case studies and information are lacking on the vegetation dynamics following restoration practices. At the Shouyun Iron Ore Mine in suburb of Beijing, this dissertation investigated selective traits of vegetation, soil, and ecological stoichiometry on a tailings dam many years after treatments with three different methods. The objectives were to determine the effectiveness of vegetation establishment on sites with different treatments and to provide a case study for treatment of mined lands. Major results are as follows:
(1) The site treated by combination of soil covering and application of vegetation carpet (designated as SC+VC) had significantly higher species richness and greater values of Shannon-Wiener index than the sites treated by either soil covering (designated as SC) alone or application of ecological vegetation carpet (designated as VC) alone. The VC site had a comparable plant abundance with the SC+VC site; whereas the SC site outperformed the VC and SC+VC sites in species evenness. Above-and belowground biomass and litter mass on the SC+VC site were higher than on the other two sites. The VC site did not differ with the SC site in the vegetational traits, albeit low soil fertility. It is suggested that application of vegetation carpet can be an alternative to introduction of topsoil for treatment of tailings dam with fine-structured substrate of ore sands. However, combination of topsoil treatment and application of vegetation carpet greatly increases vegetation coverage and plant biodiversity, and is therefore a much better approach for assisting vegetation establishment on the tailings dam of strip-mining operations.
(2) The vegetation on the tailings dam sites treated during1997-2011was compared with undisturbed vegetation around the mining operation area. Species in the Poaceae, Legume and Compositae dominated the plant communities across all treatment sites, accounting for58%of total number of plant species. The plant abundance was greatest after one year of site treatment, and species richness was greatest after two years of site treatments, respectively. The value of Shannon-wiener index decreased with time after treatments on the tailings dam, but was not significantly different from the undisturbed vegetation nearby. Value pf Pielou index increased with site after site treatments until reaching maximu in the8th year after site treatments. The aboveground biomass decreased initially and then increased following site treatments. The belowground biomass consistently decreased with time following site treatments. Ground-surface litter mass increased with time following site treatments until reaching maximum and comparable level as the undisturbed sites surrounding in the6th year. These results indicate that the SC+VC treatment is most effective for facilitating vegetation establishment on tailings dam, resulting in rapid development of biodiversity and plant productivity comparable to the nearby undisturbed vegetation.
(3) The seasonal variations of N and P in foliage and fine roots were studied in three dominant composites, including Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit., A. annua L. and A. capillaries Thunb. The N and P concentrations of foliage and roots fluctuated seasonally in all the three composite plants. The foliar N and P concentrations increased in initial stage and then decreased until end of growth seasonl; whereas N and P concentrations in fine roots displayed opposite trend as of foliar N and P concentrations. Seasonal variations in foliar N:P ratio also contradicted that of foliar N and P concentrations, i.e. initial decrease followed by a trend of increase after the peak growth. Variations of N:P ratio in fine roots followed the trend of foliar N:P ratio except during the initial stage. Foliar N and P concentrations were significantly and positively related; whereas foliar P concentration and foliar N:P ratio were negatively related.
(4) At community level, N and P concentrations in foliage and fine roots fluctuated across sites differing in the years of site treatments. The foliar N concentration decreased and then increased whereas P concentration increased and then decreased with years of site treatments. Foliar C:N ratio, C:P ratio and N:P ratio all increased with duration of restoration. Fine root N:P ratio varied greatly during the first four years after site treatmemt and then remained relatively steady thereafter.
引文
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