基于网络嵌入的子公司演化成长机制研究
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摘要
20世纪80年年代以来，随着世界经济的全球化的趋势不断深化发展，跨国企业向海外进行大规模地投资成立海外子公司；同时期在中国企业改革中诞生的企业集团，也出现了大量的子公司。子公司成为跨国公司、企业集团向外拓展、整合资源的主要组织和活动形式。子公司的演化及其成长，与母子公司关系、子公司角色及其演化一起成为了跨国公司研究的三个主要内容之一。
企业是各种有形和无形资源按照一定规则连接的集合，企业的成长就是企业组织通过与环境的资源获取、交流和整合过程，也是不断地扩展与市场的交易边界、提升核心能力、知识和技术的投入和输出的过程。随着企业跨国界、跨区域的成长，企业的存在及其成长主要途径就是以子公司（分公司）的成立、成长形式进行，特别是大中型企业的成长的扩张。在国际上，跨国公司是母子公司的主要形式；在中国境内则企业集团是母子公司的主要形式。子公司作为企业边界外拓和企业组织扩展的主要形式，其成长不但是销售规模、资产规模等外在变化，而且包括了企业行业地位、核心能力、技术效率等方面的内在变化，因此子公司的成长实际上是“质”提升和“量“扩张的演化成长。随着经济、社会、技术的进步和变迁，对企业组织产生了深远的影响，催生了网络组织，从而使企业间的关系从单一的交易竞争到网络合作的关系，企业组织和企业关系不断网络化，并嵌入更广泛的社会网络结构之中，这改变了企业存在形式和交易性质，因此子公司衍生和成长实际上是嵌入网络关系的演化成长，即子公司的成长是基于嵌入网络组织环境下网络化演化成长。因此，研究和探索子公司嵌入网络的结构、子公司网络嵌入后演化成长的模式、动因和影响因素，在理论和实践都具有客观必要性。
本论文从网络嵌入的视角，以子公司的演化成长为研究对象，运用网络嵌入理论、企业演化成长理论、母子公司理论，并通过问卷调查和实证检验，研究子公司网络嵌入结构和演化成长模式和路径，探求子公司网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的机理。本文通过理论分析和实际调研，对上述三个主要内容进行了研究，为实际母子公司理论的研究拓展新的视角，也为政府推动企业转型升级和企业提升组织竞争力的实践提供有益的参考作用。
论文共分七章：
第一章是绪论。主要阐述本文研究背景、研究目标、思路与主要研究内容，并介绍论文的研究方法与技术线路。
第二章是文献综述。主要是对企业成长理论和子公司成长理论、网络嵌入理论的研究成果进行了检索、梳理、总结和评述，分析以往对子公司演化成长理论研究的不足，引导本文的研究问题。首先，本文在对综述母子公司关系、子公司角色较多、子公司性质的规模成长文献基础上，然后提出基于网络环境、基于网络嵌入公司的角度研究子公司演化成长的必要和合理性。
第三章是构建子公司网络嵌入结构的分析模型。本章是本文研究的逻辑基础。本章首先将在网络组织理论、母子公司网络关系理论的基础上，从网络嵌入的视角构建子公司网络嵌入结构模型，并从子公司网络嵌入结构特征和网络嵌入关系特征两个维度对此进行剖析；其次，从子公司网络嵌入关系切入，将子公司网络嵌入结构划分为纵向网络嵌入结构、横向网络嵌入结构和混合网络嵌入结构，并对实践中的市场导向型、研发导向型和生产导向型、资源导向型进行介绍和阐述；最后，论述了子公司嵌入网络结构的效应。
第四章是网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的动因和模式。本章是本文的核心部分，本文从子公司网络资本、网络嵌入租金对子公司网络演化成长驱动作用、网络嵌入成长原因、成长模式、成长过程进行深入分析。首先，定义子公司演化成长的概念、含义的特征及其度量，具体地通过企业分工理论、组织模块等分析子公司演化内涵，从规模扩张、竞争优势、技术效率等方面定义子公司演化成长含义。其次，运用网络租金、网络资本理论和实物期权理论分析网络嵌入条件下子研究公司演化成长的动因，研究表明子公司在网络环境下的网络嵌入租金促进网络成员共享资源、知识外溢、分散风险的收益，也促进子公司的组织衍生、扩张和演化成长；再次，分析网络嵌入关系下子公司演化成长的模式，指出子公司演化成长包括嵌入网络后纵向成长、横向成长和多元化成长三模式。最后，基于元胞自动机理论模型模拟分析了子公司嵌入网络吸收网络资源的过程。
第五章网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的路径研究。基于前述的子公司网络嵌入结构，本文建构了子公司嵌入网络与子公司成长演化的分析框架。本文认为子公司网络嵌入结构特征和子公司网络嵌入关系、母公司控制是影响子公司成长和演化的内生因素，其中网络嵌入特征包括了网络位置、网络规模、网络界面三个方面；网络嵌入关系特征包括
子公司网络嵌入联结方式、嵌入强度、嵌入密度、嵌入周期等，并分析上述特征来对子公司的演化成长的影响过程和效应关系，在此基础上提出研究假设。
第六章网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的实证研究。实证研究表明，子公司网络嵌入结构特征、网络嵌入关系特征、母公司控制特征对子公司演化成长具有重要的影响作用，其中嵌入网络规模、嵌入网络中心性、嵌入网络中介性与子公司演化成长正相关，网络界面与子公司演化成长负相关；网络嵌入链接越是股权式联结，有利于子公司演化成长、子公司网络嵌入频度、嵌入价值、嵌入密度、嵌入互惠性都与子公司演化成长正相关，网络嵌入周期与子公司演化成长正向关没有得到验证；母公司行政控制与子公司演化成长负相关、母公司业务控制与子公司演化成长正相关、母公司人员控制与子公司演化成长关系不显著。
第七章结论与展望。概括本论文的主要研究成果，分析本研究的理论贡献与实际意义，提出本论文的研究不足，提出进一步的后续研究的方向和建议。
Economic globalization has been intensified since1980s, and witnessed that more andmore multinational corporations established overseas subsidiaries through large-scale foreigninvestment. During the same period of time, a series of enterprise groups began to take shapeas the result of enterprise reform took place in China. Enterprise group, in essence, is a kind ofenterprise combination with the parent-company and its subsidiaries as the core. Establishingsubsidiaries has become the main approach to expand outwards adopted by multinationalcorporations or enterprise groups. The three main fields of nowadays research in multinationalcorporations include: a) transformation and development of subsidiaries; b) relationshipbetween parent-company and its subsidiaries; and, c) the role played by subsidiaries and itsevolution.
Enterprise can be defined as an aggregation of various tangible and intangible resourcesassembled according to some certain regulations. The growth of an enterprise, therefore, refersto a process in which an enterprise enlarge its transaction broader and input-output scalethrough obtaining, communicating and integrating resources. The existence of an enterprise aswell as its development across borders is reflected in its subsidiaries’ establishment and growth.In the international arena, parent-subsidiaries generally appear as multinational corporations.The majority of enterprise groups registered in mainland China can be ascribed toparent-subsidiaries.
The development of subsidiaries, as a main approach for an enterprise to expandingoutwards its boundary and organization, involves changes in inner quality and in outer scale.Therefore, the growth of a subsidiary is a coin with two sides. On one side, it means thechange of relationship with its parent company and its own business boundary. On the otherside, it means evolution on sales and assets. The birth of network organization, which was theresult of rapid development and transforms of global economy, society and techniques, has afar-reaching impact on enterprises. Because of the emergence of network organization, itseems more appropriate to define relationship between companies as complexnetwork-competition-cooperation rather than the simplistic trade-competition.
Network-competition-cooperation relationship includes formal and informal socialrelations, and has changed fundamentally the nature of enterprise existence and transaction.
From this point of view, subsidiary derivative and growth, in essence, is the evolutionarygrowth through embedding itself into the network organization. In other words, a subsidiary’sdevelopment depends on the networked growth of the network in which it embedded. In realpractices, subsidiaries become more likely to develop by themselves. Subsidiaries need toconsider the nature and characteristics of the network with their local business partners.Subsidiaries’ derivative, scale of growth and speed of development all depends on how theyembed themselves into the network organization.
This research focuses on the model and effect of subsidiary’s network embeddedness, andthe relationship between network embeddedness and subsidiary development. Networkembeddedness theory, enterprise evolution theory and parent-subsidiaries theory are applied totheoretical analysis as well as field work study. The research contributes to a new prospect ofparent-subsidiaries research and efforts aiming at accelerating enterprises transformation andenhancing competition competence.
There are seven chapters in the thesis:
Chapter one is an overall introduction of the study. It includes research background,research aim, research plan, research content and research methodology.
Chapter two is literature review. It exams those theories related to the research, such asenterprise development theory, subsidiary development theory, and network embeddednesstheory. It seems that those existing studies are insufficient in the following aspects: a) there arefewer studies on subsidiary development than studies on subsidiary’s role and relationshipwith parent-company; b) there are fewer studies on evolution of company’s nature than studieson company’s sales and assets; c) there are few studies on subsidiary’s evolution based onembeddedness theory and network environment.
Chapter three describes a model for analyzing the structure of subsidiary embeddedness,which is the basis of the overall study. First, a model is set up based on network organizationtheory and parent-subsidiary network relationship theory from the prospect of networkembeddedness. Second, the characteristics and influential factors of subsidiary network areanalyzed from the prospect of embedded scale and embedded interface. Third, the relationship between subsidiaries and its outer network is divided into two types based on the approachesof embedding, namely horizontal and vertical relationship, and into four types based on thenature of embeddedness, namely emotional interaction embeddedness, discrete contractingembeddedness, contracting cooperation embeddedness, and equity joint ventureembeddedness.
Chapter four reports the mechanism between network embeddedness and subsidiarydevelopment, and this chapter is the core of the thesis. The characteristics of networkembeddedness have been studied from three aspects: embedded strength, embedded intensity,and network embeddedness location. In addition, this chapter explains the impact ofembeddedness on company’s derivative, and the motivation, models and paths that subsidiariesmight have or take to get embedded in the network. In specific, the chapter firstly defines whatcompany derivative is and described ways to measure subsidiary development. Secondly, thechapter examines the motivation of company development by using network rent theory andreal option theory. It is found that the network rent emerged within a network environment isthe benefit from sharing resources, knowledge spillover and risk dissemination among allnetwork partners. Finally, the chapter examines the possible approaches that subsidiaries mightchoose to realize development within a network organization.
Chapter five emphasizes on the effect of parent-company control model on thedevelopment of subsidiaries. Two foci includes: a) relationship between parent-company andsubsidiaries within the network organization framework; b) relationship betweenparent-company control and subsidiary development.
Chapter six reports an empirical study. It includes questionnaire survey, model constructionand analysis, and statistics analysis, such as hypothesis testing. It is found that networkembeddedness has great influence on subsidiary development, and there is a kind ofrelationship between the extent of network embeddedness and subsidiary development.
Chapter seven is titled ‘Conclusions and Future Study’. It summarizes the main findings ofthe thesis, discusses the contribution to theory as well as to practice, and points out theshortcomings of the study and suggestions for future study.The possible contributions of thestudy to the existing research include:
a) A new approach to analyzing the development and evolution of subsidiaries from the prospect of network embeddedness. In specific, the research introduces a model of subsidiarynetwork embeddedness, which can be used to analyze variables involved in network and theimpact of their development on subsidiaries’ development. There types of embedded growth,namely horizontal, vertical and mixed embedded growth, as well as embeddedness regression,are defined and applied to the analysis.
b) A series of criteria to measure the extent to which a subsidiary embedded in the network,and a description of relationship between the extent of embeddedness and evolution. Theresearch explains the motivation, models and paths that subsidiaries might have or take to getembedded in the network through analyzing the boundary and rent of embeddedness.
企业是各种有形和无形资源按照一定规则连接的集合，企业的成长就是企业组织通过与环境的资源获取、交流和整合过程，也是不断地扩展与市场的交易边界、提升核心能力、知识和技术的投入和输出的过程。随着企业跨国界、跨区域的成长，企业的存在及其成长主要途径就是以子公司（分公司）的成立、成长形式进行，特别是大中型企业的成长的扩张。在国际上，跨国公司是母子公司的主要形式；在中国境内则企业集团是母子公司的主要形式。子公司作为企业边界外拓和企业组织扩展的主要形式，其成长不但是销售规模、资产规模等外在变化，而且包括了企业行业地位、核心能力、技术效率等方面的内在变化，因此子公司的成长实际上是“质”提升和“量“扩张的演化成长。随着经济、社会、技术的进步和变迁，对企业组织产生了深远的影响，催生了网络组织，从而使企业间的关系从单一的交易竞争到网络合作的关系，企业组织和企业关系不断网络化，并嵌入更广泛的社会网络结构之中，这改变了企业存在形式和交易性质，因此子公司衍生和成长实际上是嵌入网络关系的演化成长，即子公司的成长是基于嵌入网络组织环境下网络化演化成长。因此，研究和探索子公司嵌入网络的结构、子公司网络嵌入后演化成长的模式、动因和影响因素，在理论和实践都具有客观必要性。
本论文从网络嵌入的视角，以子公司的演化成长为研究对象，运用网络嵌入理论、企业演化成长理论、母子公司理论，并通过问卷调查和实证检验，研究子公司网络嵌入结构和演化成长模式和路径，探求子公司网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的机理。本文通过理论分析和实际调研，对上述三个主要内容进行了研究，为实际母子公司理论的研究拓展新的视角，也为政府推动企业转型升级和企业提升组织竞争力的实践提供有益的参考作用。
论文共分七章：
第一章是绪论。主要阐述本文研究背景、研究目标、思路与主要研究内容，并介绍论文的研究方法与技术线路。
第二章是文献综述。主要是对企业成长理论和子公司成长理论、网络嵌入理论的研究成果进行了检索、梳理、总结和评述，分析以往对子公司演化成长理论研究的不足，引导本文的研究问题。首先，本文在对综述母子公司关系、子公司角色较多、子公司性质的规模成长文献基础上，然后提出基于网络环境、基于网络嵌入公司的角度研究子公司演化成长的必要和合理性。
第三章是构建子公司网络嵌入结构的分析模型。本章是本文研究的逻辑基础。本章首先将在网络组织理论、母子公司网络关系理论的基础上，从网络嵌入的视角构建子公司网络嵌入结构模型，并从子公司网络嵌入结构特征和网络嵌入关系特征两个维度对此进行剖析；其次，从子公司网络嵌入关系切入，将子公司网络嵌入结构划分为纵向网络嵌入结构、横向网络嵌入结构和混合网络嵌入结构，并对实践中的市场导向型、研发导向型和生产导向型、资源导向型进行介绍和阐述；最后，论述了子公司嵌入网络结构的效应。
第四章是网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的动因和模式。本章是本文的核心部分，本文从子公司网络资本、网络嵌入租金对子公司网络演化成长驱动作用、网络嵌入成长原因、成长模式、成长过程进行深入分析。首先，定义子公司演化成长的概念、含义的特征及其度量，具体地通过企业分工理论、组织模块等分析子公司演化内涵，从规模扩张、竞争优势、技术效率等方面定义子公司演化成长含义。其次，运用网络租金、网络资本理论和实物期权理论分析网络嵌入条件下子研究公司演化成长的动因，研究表明子公司在网络环境下的网络嵌入租金促进网络成员共享资源、知识外溢、分散风险的收益，也促进子公司的组织衍生、扩张和演化成长；再次，分析网络嵌入关系下子公司演化成长的模式，指出子公司演化成长包括嵌入网络后纵向成长、横向成长和多元化成长三模式。最后，基于元胞自动机理论模型模拟分析了子公司嵌入网络吸收网络资源的过程。
第五章网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的路径研究。基于前述的子公司网络嵌入结构，本文建构了子公司嵌入网络与子公司成长演化的分析框架。本文认为子公司网络嵌入结构特征和子公司网络嵌入关系、母公司控制是影响子公司成长和演化的内生因素，其中网络嵌入特征包括了网络位置、网络规模、网络界面三个方面；网络嵌入关系特征包括
子公司网络嵌入联结方式、嵌入强度、嵌入密度、嵌入周期等，并分析上述特征来对子公司的演化成长的影响过程和效应关系，在此基础上提出研究假设。
第六章网络嵌入与子公司演化成长的实证研究。实证研究表明，子公司网络嵌入结构特征、网络嵌入关系特征、母公司控制特征对子公司演化成长具有重要的影响作用，其中嵌入网络规模、嵌入网络中心性、嵌入网络中介性与子公司演化成长正相关，网络界面与子公司演化成长负相关；网络嵌入链接越是股权式联结，有利于子公司演化成长、子公司网络嵌入频度、嵌入价值、嵌入密度、嵌入互惠性都与子公司演化成长正相关，网络嵌入周期与子公司演化成长正向关没有得到验证；母公司行政控制与子公司演化成长负相关、母公司业务控制与子公司演化成长正相关、母公司人员控制与子公司演化成长关系不显著。
第七章结论与展望。概括本论文的主要研究成果，分析本研究的理论贡献与实际意义，提出本论文的研究不足，提出进一步的后续研究的方向和建议。
Economic globalization has been intensified since1980s, and witnessed that more andmore multinational corporations established overseas subsidiaries through large-scale foreigninvestment. During the same period of time, a series of enterprise groups began to take shapeas the result of enterprise reform took place in China. Enterprise group, in essence, is a kind ofenterprise combination with the parent-company and its subsidiaries as the core. Establishingsubsidiaries has become the main approach to expand outwards adopted by multinationalcorporations or enterprise groups. The three main fields of nowadays research in multinationalcorporations include: a) transformation and development of subsidiaries; b) relationshipbetween parent-company and its subsidiaries; and, c) the role played by subsidiaries and itsevolution.
Enterprise can be defined as an aggregation of various tangible and intangible resourcesassembled according to some certain regulations. The growth of an enterprise, therefore, refersto a process in which an enterprise enlarge its transaction broader and input-output scalethrough obtaining, communicating and integrating resources. The existence of an enterprise aswell as its development across borders is reflected in its subsidiaries’ establishment and growth.In the international arena, parent-subsidiaries generally appear as multinational corporations.The majority of enterprise groups registered in mainland China can be ascribed toparent-subsidiaries.
The development of subsidiaries, as a main approach for an enterprise to expandingoutwards its boundary and organization, involves changes in inner quality and in outer scale.Therefore, the growth of a subsidiary is a coin with two sides. On one side, it means thechange of relationship with its parent company and its own business boundary. On the otherside, it means evolution on sales and assets. The birth of network organization, which was theresult of rapid development and transforms of global economy, society and techniques, has afar-reaching impact on enterprises. Because of the emergence of network organization, itseems more appropriate to define relationship between companies as complexnetwork-competition-cooperation rather than the simplistic trade-competition.
Network-competition-cooperation relationship includes formal and informal socialrelations, and has changed fundamentally the nature of enterprise existence and transaction.
From this point of view, subsidiary derivative and growth, in essence, is the evolutionarygrowth through embedding itself into the network organization. In other words, a subsidiary’sdevelopment depends on the networked growth of the network in which it embedded. In realpractices, subsidiaries become more likely to develop by themselves. Subsidiaries need toconsider the nature and characteristics of the network with their local business partners.Subsidiaries’ derivative, scale of growth and speed of development all depends on how theyembed themselves into the network organization.
This research focuses on the model and effect of subsidiary’s network embeddedness, andthe relationship between network embeddedness and subsidiary development. Networkembeddedness theory, enterprise evolution theory and parent-subsidiaries theory are applied totheoretical analysis as well as field work study. The research contributes to a new prospect ofparent-subsidiaries research and efforts aiming at accelerating enterprises transformation andenhancing competition competence.
There are seven chapters in the thesis:
Chapter one is an overall introduction of the study. It includes research background,research aim, research plan, research content and research methodology.
Chapter two is literature review. It exams those theories related to the research, such asenterprise development theory, subsidiary development theory, and network embeddednesstheory. It seems that those existing studies are insufficient in the following aspects: a) there arefewer studies on subsidiary development than studies on subsidiary’s role and relationshipwith parent-company; b) there are fewer studies on evolution of company’s nature than studieson company’s sales and assets; c) there are few studies on subsidiary’s evolution based onembeddedness theory and network environment.
Chapter three describes a model for analyzing the structure of subsidiary embeddedness,which is the basis of the overall study. First, a model is set up based on network organizationtheory and parent-subsidiary network relationship theory from the prospect of networkembeddedness. Second, the characteristics and influential factors of subsidiary network areanalyzed from the prospect of embedded scale and embedded interface. Third, the relationship between subsidiaries and its outer network is divided into two types based on the approachesof embedding, namely horizontal and vertical relationship, and into four types based on thenature of embeddedness, namely emotional interaction embeddedness, discrete contractingembeddedness, contracting cooperation embeddedness, and equity joint ventureembeddedness.
Chapter four reports the mechanism between network embeddedness and subsidiarydevelopment, and this chapter is the core of the thesis. The characteristics of networkembeddedness have been studied from three aspects: embedded strength, embedded intensity,and network embeddedness location. In addition, this chapter explains the impact ofembeddedness on company’s derivative, and the motivation, models and paths that subsidiariesmight have or take to get embedded in the network. In specific, the chapter firstly defines whatcompany derivative is and described ways to measure subsidiary development. Secondly, thechapter examines the motivation of company development by using network rent theory andreal option theory. It is found that the network rent emerged within a network environment isthe benefit from sharing resources, knowledge spillover and risk dissemination among allnetwork partners. Finally, the chapter examines the possible approaches that subsidiaries mightchoose to realize development within a network organization.
Chapter five emphasizes on the effect of parent-company control model on thedevelopment of subsidiaries. Two foci includes: a) relationship between parent-company andsubsidiaries within the network organization framework; b) relationship betweenparent-company control and subsidiary development.
Chapter six reports an empirical study. It includes questionnaire survey, model constructionand analysis, and statistics analysis, such as hypothesis testing. It is found that networkembeddedness has great influence on subsidiary development, and there is a kind ofrelationship between the extent of network embeddedness and subsidiary development.
Chapter seven is titled ‘Conclusions and Future Study’. It summarizes the main findings ofthe thesis, discusses the contribution to theory as well as to practice, and points out theshortcomings of the study and suggestions for future study.The possible contributions of thestudy to the existing research include:
a) A new approach to analyzing the development and evolution of subsidiaries from the prospect of network embeddedness. In specific, the research introduces a model of subsidiarynetwork embeddedness, which can be used to analyze variables involved in network and theimpact of their development on subsidiaries’ development. There types of embedded growth,namely horizontal, vertical and mixed embedded growth, as well as embeddedness regression,are defined and applied to the analysis.
b) A series of criteria to measure the extent to which a subsidiary embedded in the network,and a description of relationship between the extent of embeddedness and evolution. Theresearch explains the motivation, models and paths that subsidiaries might have or take to getembedded in the network through analyzing the boundary and rent of embeddedness.
引文
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①该文是以合资公司资本投入、扩张和撤资等资本性来阐述子公司的演化的，参见薛求知，罗来军.合资子公司的演化路径.开放导报.2006（4）:59-63。
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①参见吴光飙：《企业发展的演化理论》，上海财经大学出版社，2004年第1版。
③参见杰克.J.弗罗门：《经济演化——探究新制度经济学得理论基础》，经济科学出版社，2003年第1版，p25.。此外，《演化经济学》（库尔特.多普菲著，高等教育出版社，2004年第1版）、《演化经济学前沿——竞争、自组织于创新政策》（约翰.福斯特著，高等教育出版社，2005年第1版）也对企业演化概念、纲领和范围进行了梳理和概括。
①参见郭毅、罗家德《社会资本与管理学》，华南理工大学出版社，2007年第1版，p9
②参见周小虎：《企业社会资本与企业战略》，人民出版社，2006年1月第1版，P125。
②转引自齐安甜、张维：“实物期权理论及在企业并购价值评估中的应用”，中国软科学，2003年第7期，p130.
①参见欧阳莹之著，《复杂系统理论基础》，上海科技出版社，2002年10月第1版，p208。
①参见徐金发著《企业集团成因论》，同济大学出版社，1992年12月第1版，p123-139.
②参见席酉民、梁磊、王洪涛等著《企业集团发展模式与运行机制比较》，机械工业出版社，2003年3月第1版，p151-163.
③参见毛蕴诗著《全球公司重构》，东北财经大学出版社，2004年8月第1版。P1-18.该书还通过日本松下电器、韩国三星电子、IBB公司、GM公司、首钢集团、联想集团、熊猫集团等案例的评述和分析，阐述了企业重构也是企业成长方式和内容。
②参见：任胜钢、吴娟、王龙伟：网络嵌入结构对企业创新行为影响的实证研究，管理工程学报,2011（4）：26-31.
①参见：李顺才、李伟、聂鸣：联盟企业网络嵌入性收益的差异性来源研究，管理工程学报,2011（4）：91-100.
①参见薛求知，罗来军.跨国公司控制合资子公司的机制探析.财贸研究,2006,（4）:96-101；此外，他们还提出跨国公司母公司对子公司的横向控制和纵向控制的方式，参见薛求知，罗来军.跨国公司对合资子公司的外部控制.经济管理,2006,（13）:11-14.
①参见马庆国著《管理统计：数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具与应用》，科学出版社，p316-319.。郭志刚《社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用》，中国人民出版社，p87
①参见朱顺林.中国区际分割的产业效率损失实证分析[J],经济地理，2006（1）:45－49.
②参见约翰.福斯特等主编，贾根良、刘刚译《演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策》之第八章“异质性和演化变迁：实证概念、研究成果及未解决的问题”，高等教育出版社，2004年5月第1版，p234-260
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