基于经济学视角的协同创新网络研究
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摘要
在网络经济时代，网络成为第一生产要素，科技进步关系也日益演化为一个复杂的创新网络。简单的线性分析方法无法透彻地、全面地理解创新，需要从系统、协同的角度来理解、把握和深刻认识，根据创新的系统方法和协同方法对创新行为做出新的解释，即协同创新网络是最为有效、最为现实的创新组织。
创新网络与协同创新网络的两者的关系，是一般与个别、整体与局部的关系，协同创新网络是创新网络之中，最具有活力和创新力的一个部分。这是由协同效应决定的。
目前关于创新网络理论的研究角度主要有管理学、经济学及社会学等。而本文主要是从经济学角度，即人与人利益关系的角度去研究。
集群不等于集群创新，集群只是促进创新的重要条件，能否促进创新取决于集群内部的组织和机构间的知识交互过程，取决于集群内部创新主体的实力和创新欲望，取决于创新的外部条件完善程度，尤其是取决于协同创新网络的建立、健全水平。
创新网络理论的发展，经历了“熊彼特创新思想——创新系统——国家创新系统——产业创新网络——协同创新网络”的阶段。创新网络的层次，可分为宏观、中观和微观三个层次。宏观有国家创新网络和全球创新网络；中观层次不仅有区域创新网络，而且还存在更为重要的协同创新网络；微观层次有企业创新网络。国家创新网络研究的对象是一国之内的各个创新行为主体，如科研院所和高等学校①，企业、政府、中介结构、金融机构等创新组织之间的互动关系，研究的重点是创新主体间互动、知识溢出和协同创新模式等。
目前，已进入协同创新时代，以应对科技的日益复杂化，不确定化，创新领域日渐多元化。没有哪一个创新主体能够超越某一特定的网络而独立完成创新的全过程，加入到一定的创新网络是规避风险、充分利用社会资源、提高创新效率、增强创新竞争力的捷径。这样才能更好、更快、更有效率地实现建设创新型国家的宏伟目标。
协同创新使人们发现创新的第四种来源，即创新主体通过交互式学习而产生的协同创新。以往认为，创新来源只有研究型非营利机构、营利性企业和个人三种。协同创新是一个基于竞争和合作机制的资源要素匹配过程，与一般的合作与竞争机制不同的是，协同创新是一个复杂的过程，各个创新要素或区域间的创新子系统不断地从不协同状态走向协同。它通过创新要素的激活，创新资源的共享，优化创新主体之间的资源配置，目的在于追求的资源要素的效用最大化，从而获取创新行为的最大效率。协同创新追求的是协同效应，其本质是益损与共的企业联盟或企业与院校间的互利合作新模式，以创新主体双方或多方的共同利益为基础，促进创新要素整合放大和功效倍增，是指以知识共享或优势互补为前提，其发生作用的机理就在于各资源要素特定属性之间的协同，即要素属性之间的匹配性协调，从而支配系统向有序方向发展，强化系统的整体功能，进而产生协同效应。这种资源要素属性之间的非线性的组合关系是协同效应的本质所在。正是这种强相互关系和强相互作用，使要素间形成特定的排列组合关系，进而形成了最佳组合的结构，这种结构最终实现了协同创新网络的整体协同效应。
协同创新网络是指创新价值链上的不同参与主体，通过形成以水平联系为主以及垂直联系为辅的关系构成的，以网络组织(以虚拟组织为典型)的形式运作的，为了应对创新的不确定性和自身资源的有限性，遵循益损与共、优势互补、共同发展的原则，所有创新主体的创新动力要素和运行要素关系的总和，维持和改善这些协同作用机理的经济关系、组织制度等所构成互动关系总和以及相互作用过程和规律的总和。其发挥合作伙伴各自的优势，促进各个协同创新主体间的知识等资源共享和技术扩散，通过系列契约联结而成的多维向量的空间体系，最终实现知识的价值增值和创新的可持续发展。其同时兼有官产学研中金合作组织和网络组织的优点，联合各方发挥各自优势，旨在组建一个完善的创新链。其本质特性是主体的“互动、互惠”和整合，这不但是指创新者在双向或多向的商务往来和信息交流过程中，任何一方都不是单纯的接受而只能是一种物质或信息的交换和互惠，即在双方互动中分享利益，而不是把自己的利益单方面建立在其他主体的单纯付出的基础上，只能是指在互动过程中，实现各自资源的统筹规划，提高资源的利用率和使用效益。
基于中国经济转型的背景，在“创新集群——创新网络——协同创新网络”的研究框架中剖析广义制度环境的作用机制。系统论表明，一方面，国家创新网络的子系统之一是协同创新网络；另一方面，协同创新网络不但强调国内创新要素的互动互利互惠，而且强调国内创新要素与国外创新要素的互利互惠、两者相互依赖、相互促进。其将区域创新网络理论与产业创新网络理论有机结合，强调创新因子的相互作用和相互整合以促进科技进步。而国家创新系统，从全球的角度看，只是区域创新系统的一种形式。协同创新网络的建设不仅仅是国家创新系统运行的前提，更主要是国家创新系统不可缺少的组成部分，没有创新系统之间、创新要素之间、创新行为之间的协同，国家创新系统就不可能形成，更谈不上高质量和高效率。但两者层次不同，其功能也就不同。国家创新系统主要是利用中央政府的资源和力量，从宏观高度，提升科技进步能力；而协同创新网络虽可以是宏观、但更多的场合是从中观层面及微观层面，利用各级政府的资源和力量，促进创新进步。因此，国家创新网络与协同创新网络，可以是一致的。但是，后者强调的是，通过创新者的合作、尤其是协同，整合创新资源与创新行为，实现协同效应。国家创新系统不等于创新系统的简单相加，各个产业创新系统各具特色，成为国家创新系统的有机组成部分，则构筑各个产业创新系统的基础和相互联系的纽带，并与产业创新系统互融互动。
协同创新网络由其内部运行网络、外部影响网络和中间网络组成。其中，前者的各个子网络相互作用、相互支撑，形成一个不可分割的整体，而内部创新网络中的子网络与外部创新网络各个子网络相互影响、相互牵制，支撑和影响网络创新活动：各个子系统相互协同，促使内部系统与外部系统要素的结合互动，使其向系统传输能量。科技的内部系统居于科技系统的核心地位，它对协同创新网络的创新能力起主导与支配作用，直接决定着主体协同创新的绩效。科技进步的外部环境系统（市场环境、法制环境等）居于辅助地位，它直接或间接地影响着协同创新主体能力的培育与发展。内部与外部协调系统之间，不断发生物质、信息、能力的交换，在内部系统与外部系统的耦合条件下，影响到系统间物质、信息和能量的输人与输出。协同创新网络的有效运行，要求按照经济规律和科技进步规律的要求，依据其内部运行系统与外部环境系统之间输入、输出关系，充分调动机构内、外各种要素与积极力量，强化内外协调系统在两者之间的正能量机制，优化系统结构，规避多样化风险，促使创新系统的结构、功能处于最优化状态，实现协同创新网络绩效提高的目的。从经济规律出发，对协同创新网络进行分析、梳理，进而揭示其运动规律，从而使人们更加自觉地建设协同创新网络，进而提高科技的生产力。
第一章，绪论。协同源于合作，但两者并非等同。合作划分为简单合作和复杂合作，复杂合作即协同，协同创新就是创新主体通过各种形式组成紧密型和松散型联盟，进而整合创新资源和创新行为，形成协同创新效应。
协同创新与产学研结合的关系，前者简单，后者复杂，后者不限于企业、大学和科研院所之间的合作，而是扩展到包括科技金融、科技中介等创新链上的所有创新主体的协同。创新主体之间结合，与创新资源和创新行为的整合，也绝非是一个层次的概念。协同创新是以合作为手段，以获得协同效应为目标，以整合创新资源和创新行为为内容的。合作是手段，协同效应才是目的。
院校与企业一样，都是创新的主力军。这是由科技创新的公共性、基础性和社会性决定的，也是由科学与技术日益融合为一的大趋势决定的。
协同创新网络发展的理论框架及对策建议。以分析协同创新网络内涵、特性为基础，本文提出包括对协同创新网络的产生与发展的历程、条件、机理及其目前状况进行深入的分析，分析其中各个关键要素的相互作用机理，对协同创新网络与技术引进、扩散和创新的互动分析。具体内容如下。
首先，在研究现有成果的基础上，从我国经济的现实情况和创新集群的自身发展需求出发，分析集群与创新的关系；创新集群与科技创新的关系；分析并界定创新网络、协同创新网络等相关概念；创新网络与协同创新网络的关系。其次，剖析协同创新网络理论的内涵、特性的持续成长因素和机制。再次，对网络资源能力与其绩效进行分析及评价。最后，对协同创新网络的实现环境和实现路径进行了深入的分析和论证，建立协同创新网络的理论框架。
第二章，知识共享是指创新主体的员工或多种组织的合作团队在组织内部或跨组织间，通过各种渠道进行知识交流和知识讨论，通过一系列知识的交流，扩大知识的利用，并产生知识扩大和知识创新的效应。
第三章，协同创新网络的理论与模式研究。从独立研究与开发（本文简称为研发）转向合作研发能够突破自身资源瓶颈，缓解研发主体在资源上和知识积累上的不足，产生“合作剩余”和社会福利的效应。从合作研发转向协同研发，不但能够实现优势互补，而且能够实现创新主体的要素和行为互动，通过这些互动行为，产生创新的网络协同效应。
协同创新，是指以优势互补或资源共享为前提，以合作各方的共同利益为基础，或某些环节共同投入和参与，益损与共的企业联盟或企业与院校等创新主体之间互利合作的创新模式。
协同创新网络的机制，增进自身利益是协同创新的基本动机，还有应对知识和研发投资不确定性的动机，应对技术溢出的动机和获得竞争优势的动机。
协同创新的理论基础，大致可归结为四类：交易成本降低的理论，知识共享的理论，企业创新能力提高的理论和创新资源内部化、创新成果内部化的产业组织理论。
第四章，协同创新的外部条件，包括制度条件，产权条件和法制条件。
In the era of network economy, network has become the first factor ofproduction, science, technology and production among the three mutual penetration,influence each other, resulting in an inseparable relationship pattern, the progress ofscience and technology is increasingly becoming a complex innovation network. Thelinear analysis method is simple and not thorough, comprehensive understanding ofinnovation, from the system, collaborative perspective to understand, grasp and deepunderstanding of the system, according to the method of innovation of innovationbehavior to make new interpretation, namely cooperative innovation network is themost effective, the most realistic innovation organization.
Relationship between innovation network and collaborative innovation networksof both, is the relationship between the whole and local, collaborative innovationnetworks is a part of the network, which is the most dynamic and creative force. Thisis decided by the synergistic effect.
The present research perspective on innovation network theory mainly inmanagement science, economics and sociology. This paper is mainly from the angleof economics, the relationship between people interest perspective to study.
The cluster is not innovation cluster.An important condition to promote theinnovation of knowledge cluster is the interactive process, organizations andinstitutions can promote innovation depends on the cluster's, depending on the subjectwithin the cluster innovative strength and desire for innovation, innovation dependson external conditions improve, especially depends on collaborative innovationnetworks are built, the sound level.
Analysis of the connotation of collaborative innovation networks; the mechanismof interaction of various factors, the purpose of this paper is to. The core ofcollaborative innovation networks is the main "interaction, mutual benefit",andintegrating are the bidirectional or multidirectional business contacts and exchangeof information, exchange of any of the parties are not simply accept but rather amatter or information; mutual share interest in the interaction between the two sides, not the interests of their own unilateral based on other subjects. Collaborativeinnovation network is a multi-dimensional vector space system innovation in thevalue chain of different participants in order to optimize the collaborativeconfiguration innovation network and through a series of contracts which areconnected. The advantages of both faction in organization and network organization,the joint parties to play their respective advantages, to form a complete chain ofinnovation.
The development of innovation network theory, has experienced "stage--thenational innovation system of industrial innovation network----collaborativeinnovation networks" bear Pete's innovation thought--Innovation system. Innovationnetwork levels, can be divided into macro, meso and micro levels of the three. Themacro national innovation network and the global innovation network;The middlelevel is not only the region innovation network, and there are more collaborativeinnovation networks important. middle level innovation network, micro enterpriseinnovation network. Object to study the national innovation network is the mainbehaviors of innovation of science and technology, such as colleges and universities(including colleges and scientific research institutes, this paper referred to asinstitutions, enterprises, government, intermediary) structure, financial institutionsand other interactive relationship between organization innovation, research isfocused on the interaction between collaborative innovation, knowledge spillover andcooperative innovation mode etc..
Now it has entered the era of collaborative innovation. In order to deal with thetechnology becomes more and more complicated, long term, increasing of innovation.
Now no one innovation can transcend a particular network and independentinnovation process, added to the certain innovation network is a shortcut to avoidrisks, to make full use of social resources, improve innovation efficiency, enhanceinnovation competitiveness. In order to better, faster, more efficient realization of themagnificent goal of building an innovative state.
This paper is based on the system theory and collaborative theory and basicsupport, at the same time, using the basic theory and the theory of new institutionaleconomics, innovation economics, political economics, analysis framework of collaborative innovation networks, in-depth analysis of the mechanism andconnotation of the form and development of collaborative innovation networks,realization the law of scientific theory and practice of science and technology topromote each other, complement each other.
In the past， the sources of innovation were research-based non-profitinstitutions，for-profit businesses and personals. Collaborative innovation that theSubject of innovation brings out through Interactive learning leads to the discovery ofthe fourth source of innovation.
Collaborative innovation is a process of matching process resource competitionand cooperation mechanism based on different mechanisms of cooperation andcompetition, and the general is, collaborative innovation is a complex process, eachinnovation factor or regional innovation system never cooperative state to cooperativestate. It is through the continuous activation of the elements of innovation, sharingresources, optimize the allocation of resources between innovation subjects, aims tomaximize the resource elements in pursuit of utility, in order to obtain the maximumutilization of innovation behavior. Collaborative innovation is the pursuit of synergy,the essential requirement is the main body of innovation of common interests betweentwo or more parties as the basis, doubling innovation factor combinationamplification and efficacy, refers to the knowledge sharing and complementaryadvantages as the premise, the mechanism is that the resources of specific propertiesbetween the association, namely matching coordination between key elements, whichdominate the system development to an orderly, strengthening the whole function ofthe system, a new mutually beneficial cooperation mode of enterprise alliance orenterprises and institutions and the benefit and loss, and the synergistic effect.Combined nonlinear relationships between the resource attribute is the essence of thesynergistic effect of the. It is this strong interrelation and interaction, the permutationgroup specific form factor, and the formation of the optimal combination of structure,this structure realizes collaborative innovation network integrity synergistic effect.
Collaborative innovation network is a heterogeneous participants, including,users, suppliers, research institutions and intermediary organizations through the formation of associated nodes of vertical or horizontal structure, network organization(virtual organization is a typical form of operation system), the sum of R&D,industrialization and other activities. It has a cooperative organization and networkorganization's strengths, play to their respective advantages, make the innovationchain perfect. In order to realize the collaborative KRS and diffusion of technologyinnovation main body, and eventually realize the value of knowledge increment andsustainable innovation network.
This paper takes the system theory and collaborative theory and basic support, atthe same time, using the basic theory and the theory of new institutional economics,innovation economics, political economics, analysis framework of collaborativeinnovation networks, forming and development，reality and future，connotation anddenotation, and in-depth analysis of the connotation of the form and development ofcollaborative innovation networks, analysis, interpretation of the connotation,formation of collaborative innovation networks and development mechanism.
Based on the economic background of transition in Chinese economic system,considering the mechanism of generalized system environment in the researchframework of "innovation of cluster innovation network----national innovationsystem,——collaborative innovation networks" in China.
System theory shows that, on the one hand, a sub-system of national innovationnetwork is a collaborative innovation networks; on the other hand, collaborativeinteraction innovation network not only emphasizes the innovation elements domesticmutual benefit, but also emphasizes the innovation elements and elements of foreigninnovation of mutual benefit and reciprocity, mutual dependence, mutual promotionof both. The regional innovation network theory and innovation network theoryorganic union, emphasize the interaction innovation factor and mutual integration topromote the progress of science and technology. But the national innovation system,from a global perspective, is a form of regional innovation system. Construction ofcooperative innovation network is not only the premise of national innovation system,more important is an indispensable part of the national innovation system, noinnovation system, innovation elements, between between innovation synergybetween national innovation system, it is impossible to form, not to mention the high quality and high efficiency. But the two different levels, its function is different.National innovation system mainly from the macro level, promote the progress ofscience and technology; collaborative innovation networks are mainly from themacroscopic level and microscopic level, promote innovation and progress. Nationalinnovation system is not equal to the simple summation of innovation system ofindustrial innovation system, each with their own characteristics, to become theorganic composition part of the national innovation system, then build ties theindustrial innovation system and interrelated, and industrial innovation systeminteraction.
Cooperative innovation network by its internal operation of the network,network and network composed of external influences. Among them, the former subnetwork interaction, mutual support, to form an indivisible whole, and sub networkand external innovation network the network within the innovation network of mutualinfluence, mutual restraint, support and influence of network innovation activities:coordinate with each subsystem, according to the internal system and interactiveelements the external system, make its energy to the system transmission. Theinternal system of science and technology is the core technology system, it ofcollaborative innovation network's innovation ability plays a leading and dominantrole, directly determines the performance of collaborative innovation. The externalenvironment of the progress of science and Technology (market, law) is in anassistant position, which directly or indirectly affects the cultivation and developmentof collaborative innovation ability. Between internal and external coordination system,continue to occur, information, material exchange ability, the internal system andexternal system, affecting people with input output system material, information andenergy. The effective operation of collaborative innovation, in accordance with therequirements of law of economy and the progress of science and technology lawrequirements, according to input, between its internal operation system and theexternal environment system output relations, and fully mobilize the mechanism,various factors and positive energy, positive energy mechanism and strengtheninternal and external coordination system between the two, optimize the systemstructure, the diversification of risk aversion, the structure, function is in the optimization state innovation system, improve the performance of collaborativeinnovation networks to. This paper is of course on the basis of the economic law ofcooperative innovation network analysis, to reveal the laws of motion, so that peoplecan consciously according to objective economic laws, improve the ability to supporthigh-tech transformation of the mode of economic development.
The first chapter,collaborative stems from cooperation, but the two are notequivalent. The relationship between the two need to clarify, cooperation is dividedinto simple and complex complex cooperation cooperation cooperation, cooperation,cooperative innovation is the innovation main body through various forms of closeand loose alliance, the formation of cooperative innovation effect.Relationship, andcollaborative innovation combining the former is simple, the latter is complex, thelatter not only between the enterprise, university and research institutes cooperationbut also cooperation including all the main technology and finance, science andtechnology intermediary of science and technology innovation chain.
In the main body of collaborative innovation networks, institutions andenterprises, are the main force. This is the innovation of science and technology of thesocialness, publicness,and basic decision，and science and technology permeating.
On the basis of analyzing the connotation of cooperative innovation network,characteristics, theoretical framework and Countermeasures of collaborativeinnovation network development this paper. On the in-depth analysis of collaborativeinnovation networks to produce with the development process, condition, mechanismand current situation, analysis of the mechanism of interaction of various factors,analysis of interaction of collaborative innovation networks and technology import,diffusion and innovation. The specific contents are as follows.
Firstly, based on previous research, starting from the reality of China's economyand the innovation of cluster's development needs, analysis and definition ofinnovation network, innovation network and other related concepts; analysis of therelationship between cluster and innovation; innovation cluster and technologyinnovation; innovation network and collaborative innovation networks. Secondly,factors and mechanism of the sustainable growth of the cooperative innovationnetwork theory connotation, characteristic; again, carries on the appraisal to the cyber source capacity and performance; finally, the implementation environment,implementation mode and realization paths were analyzed and the in-depthcollaborative innovation networks, building theory of collaborative innovationnetwork frame optimization.
The second chapter of collaborative innovation networks.
From the analysis of innovation network theory, classification, to the innovationnetwork formation, from the network learning content, effect to the knowledgespillover of knowledge sharing, connotation, classification and effect. Knowledgesharing is the innovation main body employees or more organization team within anorganization or across organizational boundaries, to exchange knowledge andknowledge are discussed through various channels, through a series of knowledgeexchange, expand the use of knowledge, and knowledge to expand and the knowledgeinnovation effect.
The theory and model of the collaborative innovation networks in chapter third
Shift from independent research and development of cooperative R&D tobreak their own resource bottleneck, relieve the shortage of research subject in theinvestment and accumulation of knowledge, effect of "cooperative surplus and socialwelfare.". The cooperative R&D to coordinated development, can not only realizethe complementary advantages, the elements and interaction and can realize theinnovation main body, through these interactions, innovation network synergisticeffect. Collaborative innovation, refers to the complementary advantages and resourcesharing as the premise, with the common interests of all parties as the foundation,including the design, test, production and sales of the R&D process, cooperation ofall parties from the creative proposed scheme selection, to test, test, until the wholeprocess of production, or some part of the common input and participation mutuallybeneficial cooperation mode, new alliances or enterprises and institutions and soon,and between the benefit and loss.
Mechanism of synergistic innovation network, promote their own interests is thebasic motivation of collaborative innovation, deal with the knowledge and R&Dinvestment uncertainty motivation, coping technology spillover motive, to obtain thecompetitive advantage of motivation.
Theoretical basis of synergetic innovation, can be broadly classified into fourtypes: collaborative innovation, reduce the transaction cost theory, knowledge sharingtheory, to enhance the ability of innovation enterprise internal theory and innovationresource, innovation of industrial organization theory.
The fourth chapter collaborative environment and external conditions.
创新网络与协同创新网络的两者的关系，是一般与个别、整体与局部的关系，协同创新网络是创新网络之中，最具有活力和创新力的一个部分。这是由协同效应决定的。
目前关于创新网络理论的研究角度主要有管理学、经济学及社会学等。而本文主要是从经济学角度，即人与人利益关系的角度去研究。
集群不等于集群创新，集群只是促进创新的重要条件，能否促进创新取决于集群内部的组织和机构间的知识交互过程，取决于集群内部创新主体的实力和创新欲望，取决于创新的外部条件完善程度，尤其是取决于协同创新网络的建立、健全水平。
创新网络理论的发展，经历了“熊彼特创新思想——创新系统——国家创新系统——产业创新网络——协同创新网络”的阶段。创新网络的层次，可分为宏观、中观和微观三个层次。宏观有国家创新网络和全球创新网络；中观层次不仅有区域创新网络，而且还存在更为重要的协同创新网络；微观层次有企业创新网络。国家创新网络研究的对象是一国之内的各个创新行为主体，如科研院所和高等学校①，企业、政府、中介结构、金融机构等创新组织之间的互动关系，研究的重点是创新主体间互动、知识溢出和协同创新模式等。
目前，已进入协同创新时代，以应对科技的日益复杂化，不确定化，创新领域日渐多元化。没有哪一个创新主体能够超越某一特定的网络而独立完成创新的全过程，加入到一定的创新网络是规避风险、充分利用社会资源、提高创新效率、增强创新竞争力的捷径。这样才能更好、更快、更有效率地实现建设创新型国家的宏伟目标。
协同创新使人们发现创新的第四种来源，即创新主体通过交互式学习而产生的协同创新。以往认为，创新来源只有研究型非营利机构、营利性企业和个人三种。协同创新是一个基于竞争和合作机制的资源要素匹配过程，与一般的合作与竞争机制不同的是，协同创新是一个复杂的过程，各个创新要素或区域间的创新子系统不断地从不协同状态走向协同。它通过创新要素的激活，创新资源的共享，优化创新主体之间的资源配置，目的在于追求的资源要素的效用最大化，从而获取创新行为的最大效率。协同创新追求的是协同效应，其本质是益损与共的企业联盟或企业与院校间的互利合作新模式，以创新主体双方或多方的共同利益为基础，促进创新要素整合放大和功效倍增，是指以知识共享或优势互补为前提，其发生作用的机理就在于各资源要素特定属性之间的协同，即要素属性之间的匹配性协调，从而支配系统向有序方向发展，强化系统的整体功能，进而产生协同效应。这种资源要素属性之间的非线性的组合关系是协同效应的本质所在。正是这种强相互关系和强相互作用，使要素间形成特定的排列组合关系，进而形成了最佳组合的结构，这种结构最终实现了协同创新网络的整体协同效应。
协同创新网络是指创新价值链上的不同参与主体，通过形成以水平联系为主以及垂直联系为辅的关系构成的，以网络组织(以虚拟组织为典型)的形式运作的，为了应对创新的不确定性和自身资源的有限性，遵循益损与共、优势互补、共同发展的原则，所有创新主体的创新动力要素和运行要素关系的总和，维持和改善这些协同作用机理的经济关系、组织制度等所构成互动关系总和以及相互作用过程和规律的总和。其发挥合作伙伴各自的优势，促进各个协同创新主体间的知识等资源共享和技术扩散，通过系列契约联结而成的多维向量的空间体系，最终实现知识的价值增值和创新的可持续发展。其同时兼有官产学研中金合作组织和网络组织的优点，联合各方发挥各自优势，旨在组建一个完善的创新链。其本质特性是主体的“互动、互惠”和整合，这不但是指创新者在双向或多向的商务往来和信息交流过程中，任何一方都不是单纯的接受而只能是一种物质或信息的交换和互惠，即在双方互动中分享利益，而不是把自己的利益单方面建立在其他主体的单纯付出的基础上，只能是指在互动过程中，实现各自资源的统筹规划，提高资源的利用率和使用效益。
基于中国经济转型的背景，在“创新集群——创新网络——协同创新网络”的研究框架中剖析广义制度环境的作用机制。系统论表明，一方面，国家创新网络的子系统之一是协同创新网络；另一方面，协同创新网络不但强调国内创新要素的互动互利互惠，而且强调国内创新要素与国外创新要素的互利互惠、两者相互依赖、相互促进。其将区域创新网络理论与产业创新网络理论有机结合，强调创新因子的相互作用和相互整合以促进科技进步。而国家创新系统，从全球的角度看，只是区域创新系统的一种形式。协同创新网络的建设不仅仅是国家创新系统运行的前提，更主要是国家创新系统不可缺少的组成部分，没有创新系统之间、创新要素之间、创新行为之间的协同，国家创新系统就不可能形成，更谈不上高质量和高效率。但两者层次不同，其功能也就不同。国家创新系统主要是利用中央政府的资源和力量，从宏观高度，提升科技进步能力；而协同创新网络虽可以是宏观、但更多的场合是从中观层面及微观层面，利用各级政府的资源和力量，促进创新进步。因此，国家创新网络与协同创新网络，可以是一致的。但是，后者强调的是，通过创新者的合作、尤其是协同，整合创新资源与创新行为，实现协同效应。国家创新系统不等于创新系统的简单相加，各个产业创新系统各具特色，成为国家创新系统的有机组成部分，则构筑各个产业创新系统的基础和相互联系的纽带，并与产业创新系统互融互动。
协同创新网络由其内部运行网络、外部影响网络和中间网络组成。其中，前者的各个子网络相互作用、相互支撑，形成一个不可分割的整体，而内部创新网络中的子网络与外部创新网络各个子网络相互影响、相互牵制，支撑和影响网络创新活动：各个子系统相互协同，促使内部系统与外部系统要素的结合互动，使其向系统传输能量。科技的内部系统居于科技系统的核心地位，它对协同创新网络的创新能力起主导与支配作用，直接决定着主体协同创新的绩效。科技进步的外部环境系统（市场环境、法制环境等）居于辅助地位，它直接或间接地影响着协同创新主体能力的培育与发展。内部与外部协调系统之间，不断发生物质、信息、能力的交换，在内部系统与外部系统的耦合条件下，影响到系统间物质、信息和能量的输人与输出。协同创新网络的有效运行，要求按照经济规律和科技进步规律的要求，依据其内部运行系统与外部环境系统之间输入、输出关系，充分调动机构内、外各种要素与积极力量，强化内外协调系统在两者之间的正能量机制，优化系统结构，规避多样化风险，促使创新系统的结构、功能处于最优化状态，实现协同创新网络绩效提高的目的。从经济规律出发，对协同创新网络进行分析、梳理，进而揭示其运动规律，从而使人们更加自觉地建设协同创新网络，进而提高科技的生产力。
第一章，绪论。协同源于合作，但两者并非等同。合作划分为简单合作和复杂合作，复杂合作即协同，协同创新就是创新主体通过各种形式组成紧密型和松散型联盟，进而整合创新资源和创新行为，形成协同创新效应。
协同创新与产学研结合的关系，前者简单，后者复杂，后者不限于企业、大学和科研院所之间的合作，而是扩展到包括科技金融、科技中介等创新链上的所有创新主体的协同。创新主体之间结合，与创新资源和创新行为的整合，也绝非是一个层次的概念。协同创新是以合作为手段，以获得协同效应为目标，以整合创新资源和创新行为为内容的。合作是手段，协同效应才是目的。
院校与企业一样，都是创新的主力军。这是由科技创新的公共性、基础性和社会性决定的，也是由科学与技术日益融合为一的大趋势决定的。
协同创新网络发展的理论框架及对策建议。以分析协同创新网络内涵、特性为基础，本文提出包括对协同创新网络的产生与发展的历程、条件、机理及其目前状况进行深入的分析，分析其中各个关键要素的相互作用机理，对协同创新网络与技术引进、扩散和创新的互动分析。具体内容如下。
首先，在研究现有成果的基础上，从我国经济的现实情况和创新集群的自身发展需求出发，分析集群与创新的关系；创新集群与科技创新的关系；分析并界定创新网络、协同创新网络等相关概念；创新网络与协同创新网络的关系。其次，剖析协同创新网络理论的内涵、特性的持续成长因素和机制。再次，对网络资源能力与其绩效进行分析及评价。最后，对协同创新网络的实现环境和实现路径进行了深入的分析和论证，建立协同创新网络的理论框架。
第二章，知识共享是指创新主体的员工或多种组织的合作团队在组织内部或跨组织间，通过各种渠道进行知识交流和知识讨论，通过一系列知识的交流，扩大知识的利用，并产生知识扩大和知识创新的效应。
第三章，协同创新网络的理论与模式研究。从独立研究与开发（本文简称为研发）转向合作研发能够突破自身资源瓶颈，缓解研发主体在资源上和知识积累上的不足，产生“合作剩余”和社会福利的效应。从合作研发转向协同研发，不但能够实现优势互补，而且能够实现创新主体的要素和行为互动，通过这些互动行为，产生创新的网络协同效应。
协同创新，是指以优势互补或资源共享为前提，以合作各方的共同利益为基础，或某些环节共同投入和参与，益损与共的企业联盟或企业与院校等创新主体之间互利合作的创新模式。
协同创新网络的机制，增进自身利益是协同创新的基本动机，还有应对知识和研发投资不确定性的动机，应对技术溢出的动机和获得竞争优势的动机。
协同创新的理论基础，大致可归结为四类：交易成本降低的理论，知识共享的理论，企业创新能力提高的理论和创新资源内部化、创新成果内部化的产业组织理论。
第四章，协同创新的外部条件，包括制度条件，产权条件和法制条件。
In the era of network economy, network has become the first factor ofproduction, science, technology and production among the three mutual penetration,influence each other, resulting in an inseparable relationship pattern, the progress ofscience and technology is increasingly becoming a complex innovation network. Thelinear analysis method is simple and not thorough, comprehensive understanding ofinnovation, from the system, collaborative perspective to understand, grasp and deepunderstanding of the system, according to the method of innovation of innovationbehavior to make new interpretation, namely cooperative innovation network is themost effective, the most realistic innovation organization.
Relationship between innovation network and collaborative innovation networksof both, is the relationship between the whole and local, collaborative innovationnetworks is a part of the network, which is the most dynamic and creative force. Thisis decided by the synergistic effect.
The present research perspective on innovation network theory mainly inmanagement science, economics and sociology. This paper is mainly from the angleof economics, the relationship between people interest perspective to study.
The cluster is not innovation cluster.An important condition to promote theinnovation of knowledge cluster is the interactive process, organizations andinstitutions can promote innovation depends on the cluster's, depending on the subjectwithin the cluster innovative strength and desire for innovation, innovation dependson external conditions improve, especially depends on collaborative innovationnetworks are built, the sound level.
Analysis of the connotation of collaborative innovation networks; the mechanismof interaction of various factors, the purpose of this paper is to. The core ofcollaborative innovation networks is the main "interaction, mutual benefit",andintegrating are the bidirectional or multidirectional business contacts and exchangeof information, exchange of any of the parties are not simply accept but rather amatter or information; mutual share interest in the interaction between the two sides, not the interests of their own unilateral based on other subjects. Collaborativeinnovation network is a multi-dimensional vector space system innovation in thevalue chain of different participants in order to optimize the collaborativeconfiguration innovation network and through a series of contracts which areconnected. The advantages of both faction in organization and network organization,the joint parties to play their respective advantages, to form a complete chain ofinnovation.
The development of innovation network theory, has experienced "stage--thenational innovation system of industrial innovation network----collaborativeinnovation networks" bear Pete's innovation thought--Innovation system. Innovationnetwork levels, can be divided into macro, meso and micro levels of the three. Themacro national innovation network and the global innovation network;The middlelevel is not only the region innovation network, and there are more collaborativeinnovation networks important. middle level innovation network, micro enterpriseinnovation network. Object to study the national innovation network is the mainbehaviors of innovation of science and technology, such as colleges and universities(including colleges and scientific research institutes, this paper referred to asinstitutions, enterprises, government, intermediary) structure, financial institutionsand other interactive relationship between organization innovation, research isfocused on the interaction between collaborative innovation, knowledge spillover andcooperative innovation mode etc..
Now it has entered the era of collaborative innovation. In order to deal with thetechnology becomes more and more complicated, long term, increasing of innovation.
Now no one innovation can transcend a particular network and independentinnovation process, added to the certain innovation network is a shortcut to avoidrisks, to make full use of social resources, improve innovation efficiency, enhanceinnovation competitiveness. In order to better, faster, more efficient realization of themagnificent goal of building an innovative state.
This paper is based on the system theory and collaborative theory and basicsupport, at the same time, using the basic theory and the theory of new institutionaleconomics, innovation economics, political economics, analysis framework of collaborative innovation networks, in-depth analysis of the mechanism andconnotation of the form and development of collaborative innovation networks,realization the law of scientific theory and practice of science and technology topromote each other, complement each other.
In the past， the sources of innovation were research-based non-profitinstitutions，for-profit businesses and personals. Collaborative innovation that theSubject of innovation brings out through Interactive learning leads to the discovery ofthe fourth source of innovation.
Collaborative innovation is a process of matching process resource competitionand cooperation mechanism based on different mechanisms of cooperation andcompetition, and the general is, collaborative innovation is a complex process, eachinnovation factor or regional innovation system never cooperative state to cooperativestate. It is through the continuous activation of the elements of innovation, sharingresources, optimize the allocation of resources between innovation subjects, aims tomaximize the resource elements in pursuit of utility, in order to obtain the maximumutilization of innovation behavior. Collaborative innovation is the pursuit of synergy,the essential requirement is the main body of innovation of common interests betweentwo or more parties as the basis, doubling innovation factor combinationamplification and efficacy, refers to the knowledge sharing and complementaryadvantages as the premise, the mechanism is that the resources of specific propertiesbetween the association, namely matching coordination between key elements, whichdominate the system development to an orderly, strengthening the whole function ofthe system, a new mutually beneficial cooperation mode of enterprise alliance orenterprises and institutions and the benefit and loss, and the synergistic effect.Combined nonlinear relationships between the resource attribute is the essence of thesynergistic effect of the. It is this strong interrelation and interaction, the permutationgroup specific form factor, and the formation of the optimal combination of structure,this structure realizes collaborative innovation network integrity synergistic effect.
Collaborative innovation network is a heterogeneous participants, including,users, suppliers, research institutions and intermediary organizations through the formation of associated nodes of vertical or horizontal structure, network organization(virtual organization is a typical form of operation system), the sum of R&D,industrialization and other activities. It has a cooperative organization and networkorganization's strengths, play to their respective advantages, make the innovationchain perfect. In order to realize the collaborative KRS and diffusion of technologyinnovation main body, and eventually realize the value of knowledge increment andsustainable innovation network.
This paper takes the system theory and collaborative theory and basic support, atthe same time, using the basic theory and the theory of new institutional economics,innovation economics, political economics, analysis framework of collaborativeinnovation networks, forming and development，reality and future，connotation anddenotation, and in-depth analysis of the connotation of the form and development ofcollaborative innovation networks, analysis, interpretation of the connotation,formation of collaborative innovation networks and development mechanism.
Based on the economic background of transition in Chinese economic system,considering the mechanism of generalized system environment in the researchframework of "innovation of cluster innovation network----national innovationsystem,——collaborative innovation networks" in China.
System theory shows that, on the one hand, a sub-system of national innovationnetwork is a collaborative innovation networks; on the other hand, collaborativeinteraction innovation network not only emphasizes the innovation elements domesticmutual benefit, but also emphasizes the innovation elements and elements of foreigninnovation of mutual benefit and reciprocity, mutual dependence, mutual promotionof both. The regional innovation network theory and innovation network theoryorganic union, emphasize the interaction innovation factor and mutual integration topromote the progress of science and technology. But the national innovation system,from a global perspective, is a form of regional innovation system. Construction ofcooperative innovation network is not only the premise of national innovation system,more important is an indispensable part of the national innovation system, noinnovation system, innovation elements, between between innovation synergybetween national innovation system, it is impossible to form, not to mention the high quality and high efficiency. But the two different levels, its function is different.National innovation system mainly from the macro level, promote the progress ofscience and technology; collaborative innovation networks are mainly from themacroscopic level and microscopic level, promote innovation and progress. Nationalinnovation system is not equal to the simple summation of innovation system ofindustrial innovation system, each with their own characteristics, to become theorganic composition part of the national innovation system, then build ties theindustrial innovation system and interrelated, and industrial innovation systeminteraction.
Cooperative innovation network by its internal operation of the network,network and network composed of external influences. Among them, the former subnetwork interaction, mutual support, to form an indivisible whole, and sub networkand external innovation network the network within the innovation network of mutualinfluence, mutual restraint, support and influence of network innovation activities:coordinate with each subsystem, according to the internal system and interactiveelements the external system, make its energy to the system transmission. Theinternal system of science and technology is the core technology system, it ofcollaborative innovation network's innovation ability plays a leading and dominantrole, directly determines the performance of collaborative innovation. The externalenvironment of the progress of science and Technology (market, law) is in anassistant position, which directly or indirectly affects the cultivation and developmentof collaborative innovation ability. Between internal and external coordination system,continue to occur, information, material exchange ability, the internal system andexternal system, affecting people with input output system material, information andenergy. The effective operation of collaborative innovation, in accordance with therequirements of law of economy and the progress of science and technology lawrequirements, according to input, between its internal operation system and theexternal environment system output relations, and fully mobilize the mechanism,various factors and positive energy, positive energy mechanism and strengtheninternal and external coordination system between the two, optimize the systemstructure, the diversification of risk aversion, the structure, function is in the optimization state innovation system, improve the performance of collaborativeinnovation networks to. This paper is of course on the basis of the economic law ofcooperative innovation network analysis, to reveal the laws of motion, so that peoplecan consciously according to objective economic laws, improve the ability to supporthigh-tech transformation of the mode of economic development.
The first chapter,collaborative stems from cooperation, but the two are notequivalent. The relationship between the two need to clarify, cooperation is dividedinto simple and complex complex cooperation cooperation cooperation, cooperation,cooperative innovation is the innovation main body through various forms of closeand loose alliance, the formation of cooperative innovation effect.Relationship, andcollaborative innovation combining the former is simple, the latter is complex, thelatter not only between the enterprise, university and research institutes cooperationbut also cooperation including all the main technology and finance, science andtechnology intermediary of science and technology innovation chain.
In the main body of collaborative innovation networks, institutions andenterprises, are the main force. This is the innovation of science and technology of thesocialness, publicness,and basic decision，and science and technology permeating.
On the basis of analyzing the connotation of cooperative innovation network,characteristics, theoretical framework and Countermeasures of collaborativeinnovation network development this paper. On the in-depth analysis of collaborativeinnovation networks to produce with the development process, condition, mechanismand current situation, analysis of the mechanism of interaction of various factors,analysis of interaction of collaborative innovation networks and technology import,diffusion and innovation. The specific contents are as follows.
Firstly, based on previous research, starting from the reality of China's economyand the innovation of cluster's development needs, analysis and definition ofinnovation network, innovation network and other related concepts; analysis of therelationship between cluster and innovation; innovation cluster and technologyinnovation; innovation network and collaborative innovation networks. Secondly,factors and mechanism of the sustainable growth of the cooperative innovationnetwork theory connotation, characteristic; again, carries on the appraisal to the cyber source capacity and performance; finally, the implementation environment,implementation mode and realization paths were analyzed and the in-depthcollaborative innovation networks, building theory of collaborative innovationnetwork frame optimization.
The second chapter of collaborative innovation networks.
From the analysis of innovation network theory, classification, to the innovationnetwork formation, from the network learning content, effect to the knowledgespillover of knowledge sharing, connotation, classification and effect. Knowledgesharing is the innovation main body employees or more organization team within anorganization or across organizational boundaries, to exchange knowledge andknowledge are discussed through various channels, through a series of knowledgeexchange, expand the use of knowledge, and knowledge to expand and the knowledgeinnovation effect.
The theory and model of the collaborative innovation networks in chapter third
Shift from independent research and development of cooperative R&D tobreak their own resource bottleneck, relieve the shortage of research subject in theinvestment and accumulation of knowledge, effect of "cooperative surplus and socialwelfare.". The cooperative R&D to coordinated development, can not only realizethe complementary advantages, the elements and interaction and can realize theinnovation main body, through these interactions, innovation network synergisticeffect. Collaborative innovation, refers to the complementary advantages and resourcesharing as the premise, with the common interests of all parties as the foundation,including the design, test, production and sales of the R&D process, cooperation ofall parties from the creative proposed scheme selection, to test, test, until the wholeprocess of production, or some part of the common input and participation mutuallybeneficial cooperation mode, new alliances or enterprises and institutions and soon,and between the benefit and loss.
Mechanism of synergistic innovation network, promote their own interests is thebasic motivation of collaborative innovation, deal with the knowledge and R&Dinvestment uncertainty motivation, coping technology spillover motive, to obtain thecompetitive advantage of motivation.
Theoretical basis of synergetic innovation, can be broadly classified into fourtypes: collaborative innovation, reduce the transaction cost theory, knowledge sharingtheory, to enhance the ability of innovation enterprise internal theory and innovationresource, innovation of industrial organization theory.
The fourth chapter collaborative environment and external conditions.
引文
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