宁夏引黄灌区不同类型农田氮素累积与淋洗特征研究
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摘要
宁夏引黄灌区农田集约化程度高，过量施肥造成农业面源污染严重。该区域农田地表径流引起农业面源污染的研究已有很多，而氮素淋洗损失也是农业面源污染的重要途径，农田生态系统中氮素累积与淋洗特征的研究尚未引起关注。为了弄清宁夏引黄灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与淋洗规律及其对地下水环境的影响特征，2008-2011年分别选择设施菜田和水旱轮作两种典型利用类型农田，布置了三种试验。采用农田定位采样法，在8个点位上观测了设施菜田和水旱轮作农田0~150cm土壤氮素累积与淋洗动态及其对地下水的影响特征。在设施菜田上布置了5种肥料处理试验，利用田间原位淋溶水采集器法，对0~90cm土体氮素淋失量进行了测定。利用田间定位试验，在水旱轮作农田中，研究了5种肥料处理对土壤无机氮累积与氮素平衡的影响。取得的主要结论如下：
不同类型农田氮素累积与淋洗动态观测发现，设施菜田土壤剖面溶解性氮素含量都显著高于水旱轮作农田。设施菜田土壤剖面的溶解性总氮、溶解性有机氮和硝态氮平均含量分别是水旱轮作农田的1.5~5.6、1.6~9.8和1.5~3.4倍，设施菜田氮素淋洗风险较高。
不同类型农田土壤氮素累积量表明：同一类型农田0~100cm土体主要形态溶解性氮素累积量在不同时期均无显著差异，但同一类型农田不同田块间溶解性氮素累积存在显著差异。设施菜田不同田块溶解性总氮、硝态氮和溶解性有机氮累积分别是水旱轮作农田的1.6~4.5、1.4~4.1和1.9~6.1倍，设施菜田主要形态溶解性氮素累积都显著高于水旱轮作农田。
不同类型农田地下水埋深和氮素含量观测结果显示，设施菜田和水旱轮作农田地下水埋深变幅分别为130~230和86~240cm。设施菜田地下水中硝态氮和溶解性有机氮含量分别达11.85~46.12和0.64~5.89mg/L，水旱轮作农田分别为0.12~4.97和0.03~1.00mg/L。硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是地下水污染的主要来源，设施菜田氮素淋失易造成地下水硝态氮含量超过10mg/L。
设施番茄-黄瓜轮作体系氮素淋失定量研究表明，相对于不施肥和单施有机肥处理，常规施肥、减量优化化肥和优化化肥+调节土壤C/N比处理都能显著提高氮素淋失量。番茄、黄瓜和夏休闲期，增施肥处理下当季总氮、硝态氮和溶解性有机氮淋失量分别为56.1~128.8、41.7~104.6和6.7~46.1kg/hm~2，显著高于不施肥和单施有机肥处理的10.2~99.3、7.7~75.4和1.0~25.6kg/hm~2。减量优化化肥较常规施肥处理可使总氮、硝态氮和溶解性有机氮淋失量分别降低1.5%~32.6%、1.6%~35.9%和6.9%~41.4%，而通过调节土壤C/N比相对于减量优化化肥处理又可使总氮和溶解性有机氮淋失分别降低1.3%~11.0%和5.0%~27.0%。减量优化化肥或施用牛粪来调节土壤C/N比都可以有效地降低氮素淋失。
设施菜田氮素淋失规律与影响因素分析发现，氮素淋失动态与淋溶水产生动态规律基本一致，淋洗高峰主要出现在黄瓜移栽后畦灌和夏休闲期大水漫灌。氮素淋失量与施氮量及灌水量都呈正相关关系。氮素淋失形态以硝态氮为主（57.3%~92.0%），其次是溶解性有机氮（7.8%~42.5%），铵态氮仅为1%左右。
设施菜田土壤氮素累积与氮素表观平衡表明，施肥显著提高了土壤剖面硝态氮累积量，0~100cm土体硝态氮累积总量与累积施氮量呈显著正相关关系。设施番茄-黄瓜轮作下，氮素淋失量占表观损失氮的比例仅为13.4%~19.5%。减量优化化肥或调节土壤C/N比处理可有效地减少土壤氮素的盈余，降低氮素表观损失。
水旱轮作体系土壤无机氮累积与氮素表观平衡表明，水旱交替易造成旱作农田土壤残留氮素在水作季发生淋洗损失。水作季，0~100cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积从旱作残留的9.7~61.9kg/hm~2明显降低到2.7~26.2kg/hm~2，且施肥处理间差异不显著。水旱轮作体系下，优化化肥和有机无机配施较习惯施肥处理可分别降低46.9%和33.3%的氮素表观损失。
There are many high intensive farmlands in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Ningxia;therefore, over-use fertilizers result in even serious agricultural non-point pollution. Lots of studiesfocused on N losses by surface runoff from paddy rice fields; however, N leaching losses is one of theimportant ways resulting in agricultural non-point pollution. These investigations on the characteristicsof soil N accumulation and leaching in different agroecosystems in this region are not concerned verymuch. In order to make clear the characteristics of soil N accumulation and N leaching losses indifferent farmlands and its effect on groundwater in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Ningxia. Twodifferent typical farmlands of greenhouse vegetable fields and paddy-upland rotation fields were chose,and three different field experiments were conducted from2008to2011, respectively. Fields fixedlocation soil sampling experiment with eight points was used to study the characteristics of Naccumulation and leaching in0~150cm soil depth, and its effect on groundwater under greenhousevegetable fields and paddy-upland rotation condition, respectively. An in-situ plot field experiment withfive fertilizers treatments was conducted in a greenhouse vegetable field, and the soil leachate samplingwith PVC plates was used to investigate N leaching losses from0~90cm intact soil. The fieldexperimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. A short-term plotexperiment was carried out in a paddy-upland rotation field to study the effects of five differentfertilizers treatments on soil Nminaccumulation and apparent N balance. The field experimental designwas also a randomized complete block with three replications. The main results are as following:
Observation of N leaching from two different farmlands showed that the average soluble Ncontents in different soil profiles in greenhouse vegetable fields were significantly higher than that inpaddy-upland rotation fields. Generally, the contents of total soluble N (TSN), soluble organic N (SON),and NO_3~--N in greenhouse vegetable fields were1.5~5.6,1.6~9.8, and1.5~3.4times greater than inpaddy-upland rotation fields, therefore, there was rather higher risk of soil N leaching in greenhousevegetable fields.
Soil N accumulation in different farmlands indicated that the main forms of soluble Naccumulation in0~100cm had no significant differences found in different investigated periods underthe same field condition. However, soluble N accumulation had significant differences betweendifferent fields in the same farmland. Accumulation of TSN, NO_3~--N, and SON in different greenhousevegetable fields were1.6~4.5,1.4~4.1, and1.9~6.1times greater than in the paddy-upland fields, andthe main forms of soluble N accumulation in greenhouse vegetable fields were significantly higher thanin paddy-upland fields.
Investigation of groundwater depth and N concentrations from two different farmlands showed thatgroundwater depth was ranged from130~230and86~240cm in greenhouse vegetable fields andpaddy-upland fields, respectively. Concentrations of SON and NO_3~--N in groundwater from greenhousevegetable fields were11.85~46.12and0.64~5.89mg/L, and corresponding in paddy-upland fields were0.12~4.97and0.03~1.00mg/L, respectively. Therefore, both NO_3~--N and SON are the main N pollution forms in groundwater, and N leaching into groundwater in greenhouse vegetable fields easily result inNO_3~--N concentrations>10mg/L.
Determination of N leaching losses from the greenhouse tomato-cucumber rotation systemindicated that in contrast to treatments no fertilizers (CK) and manure (M), there were significant higherTN, NO_3~--N, and SON leached found in treatments CON, OPT and OPT+C/N during differentinvestigated periods. TN, NO_3~--N, and SON leaching losses in treatments CON, OPT, and OPT+C/Nwere56.1~128.8,41.7~104.6, and6.7~46.1kg/hm~2in tomato, cucumber seasons, and fallow periods,respectively; which were significantly higher than TN10.2~99.3, NO_3~--N7.7~75.4and SON1.0~25.6kg/hm~2in treatments CK and M. Compared with treatment CON, amounts of TN, NO_3~--N, and SONleached in treatment OPT were decreased by1.5%~32.6%,1.6%~35.9%, and6.9%~41.4%, respectively.Based on treatment OPT, amounts of TN and SON leached in treatment OPT+C/N were decreased by1.3%~11.0%and5.0%~27.0%, respectively. Hence reducing fertilizer N rate while adding dairy manureregulated soil C/N ratio could be appropriate fertilization practices for reducing soil N leaching.
Investigation of the influencing factors on N leaching and dynamic of N leaching in the greenhousevegetable field showed that dynamics of N leached were very similar to leachate producing, and theleaching peaks were always occurred at flood irrigation in summer fallow and furrow irrigation aftercucumber transplanting. There were positive correlations found between N leached and applied fertilizerN rates and irrigation rates. The dominant N leaching form was NO_3~--N (accounted for57.3%~92.0%ofTN), and the secondary was SON (7.8%~42.5%), only about1%of NH+4-N leached.
Soil Nminaccumulation and apparent N balance in the greenhouse vegetable field indicated thatfertilization significantly increased NO_3~--N accumulation in soil profiles in contrast to treatment CK,and there was significant positive linear relationship between soil NO_3~--N accumulation amounts in0~100cm soil and accumulative applied N rates. In the greenhouse tomato-cucumber rotation system, Nleached accounted for13.4%~19.5%of total apparent N losses. Therefore, reduced fertilizers N rate orregulating soil C/N ratio could also decrease soil N surplus and apparent N losses in contrast toconventional fertilization.
Soil Nminaccumulation and apparent N balance in the paddy-upland rotation system showed thatsoil N accumulation in upland was liable to leaching losses in paddy rice season between paddy andupland converting. In the paddy rice season, the residual NO_3~--N in0~100cm soil depth was declinedfrom9.7~61.9kg/hm~2to2.7~26.2kg/hm~2, and there was no significant difference among differentfertilization treatments. In the paddy-upland rotation system, apparent N losses were decreased by46.9%and33.3%in treatments optimal NPK and combination of NPK and manure in contrast totreatment conventional fertilization, respectively.
不同类型农田氮素累积与淋洗动态观测发现，设施菜田土壤剖面溶解性氮素含量都显著高于水旱轮作农田。设施菜田土壤剖面的溶解性总氮、溶解性有机氮和硝态氮平均含量分别是水旱轮作农田的1.5~5.6、1.6~9.8和1.5~3.4倍，设施菜田氮素淋洗风险较高。
不同类型农田土壤氮素累积量表明：同一类型农田0~100cm土体主要形态溶解性氮素累积量在不同时期均无显著差异，但同一类型农田不同田块间溶解性氮素累积存在显著差异。设施菜田不同田块溶解性总氮、硝态氮和溶解性有机氮累积分别是水旱轮作农田的1.6~4.5、1.4~4.1和1.9~6.1倍，设施菜田主要形态溶解性氮素累积都显著高于水旱轮作农田。
不同类型农田地下水埋深和氮素含量观测结果显示，设施菜田和水旱轮作农田地下水埋深变幅分别为130~230和86~240cm。设施菜田地下水中硝态氮和溶解性有机氮含量分别达11.85~46.12和0.64~5.89mg/L，水旱轮作农田分别为0.12~4.97和0.03~1.00mg/L。硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是地下水污染的主要来源，设施菜田氮素淋失易造成地下水硝态氮含量超过10mg/L。
设施番茄-黄瓜轮作体系氮素淋失定量研究表明，相对于不施肥和单施有机肥处理，常规施肥、减量优化化肥和优化化肥+调节土壤C/N比处理都能显著提高氮素淋失量。番茄、黄瓜和夏休闲期，增施肥处理下当季总氮、硝态氮和溶解性有机氮淋失量分别为56.1~128.8、41.7~104.6和6.7~46.1kg/hm~2，显著高于不施肥和单施有机肥处理的10.2~99.3、7.7~75.4和1.0~25.6kg/hm~2。减量优化化肥较常规施肥处理可使总氮、硝态氮和溶解性有机氮淋失量分别降低1.5%~32.6%、1.6%~35.9%和6.9%~41.4%，而通过调节土壤C/N比相对于减量优化化肥处理又可使总氮和溶解性有机氮淋失分别降低1.3%~11.0%和5.0%~27.0%。减量优化化肥或施用牛粪来调节土壤C/N比都可以有效地降低氮素淋失。
设施菜田氮素淋失规律与影响因素分析发现，氮素淋失动态与淋溶水产生动态规律基本一致，淋洗高峰主要出现在黄瓜移栽后畦灌和夏休闲期大水漫灌。氮素淋失量与施氮量及灌水量都呈正相关关系。氮素淋失形态以硝态氮为主（57.3%~92.0%），其次是溶解性有机氮（7.8%~42.5%），铵态氮仅为1%左右。
设施菜田土壤氮素累积与氮素表观平衡表明，施肥显著提高了土壤剖面硝态氮累积量，0~100cm土体硝态氮累积总量与累积施氮量呈显著正相关关系。设施番茄-黄瓜轮作下，氮素淋失量占表观损失氮的比例仅为13.4%~19.5%。减量优化化肥或调节土壤C/N比处理可有效地减少土壤氮素的盈余，降低氮素表观损失。
水旱轮作体系土壤无机氮累积与氮素表观平衡表明，水旱交替易造成旱作农田土壤残留氮素在水作季发生淋洗损失。水作季，0~100cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积从旱作残留的9.7~61.9kg/hm~2明显降低到2.7~26.2kg/hm~2，且施肥处理间差异不显著。水旱轮作体系下，优化化肥和有机无机配施较习惯施肥处理可分别降低46.9%和33.3%的氮素表观损失。
There are many high intensive farmlands in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Ningxia;therefore, over-use fertilizers result in even serious agricultural non-point pollution. Lots of studiesfocused on N losses by surface runoff from paddy rice fields; however, N leaching losses is one of theimportant ways resulting in agricultural non-point pollution. These investigations on the characteristicsof soil N accumulation and leaching in different agroecosystems in this region are not concerned verymuch. In order to make clear the characteristics of soil N accumulation and N leaching losses indifferent farmlands and its effect on groundwater in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Ningxia. Twodifferent typical farmlands of greenhouse vegetable fields and paddy-upland rotation fields were chose,and three different field experiments were conducted from2008to2011, respectively. Fields fixedlocation soil sampling experiment with eight points was used to study the characteristics of Naccumulation and leaching in0~150cm soil depth, and its effect on groundwater under greenhousevegetable fields and paddy-upland rotation condition, respectively. An in-situ plot field experiment withfive fertilizers treatments was conducted in a greenhouse vegetable field, and the soil leachate samplingwith PVC plates was used to investigate N leaching losses from0~90cm intact soil. The fieldexperimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. A short-term plotexperiment was carried out in a paddy-upland rotation field to study the effects of five differentfertilizers treatments on soil Nminaccumulation and apparent N balance. The field experimental designwas also a randomized complete block with three replications. The main results are as following:
Observation of N leaching from two different farmlands showed that the average soluble Ncontents in different soil profiles in greenhouse vegetable fields were significantly higher than that inpaddy-upland rotation fields. Generally, the contents of total soluble N (TSN), soluble organic N (SON),and NO_3~--N in greenhouse vegetable fields were1.5~5.6,1.6~9.8, and1.5~3.4times greater than inpaddy-upland rotation fields, therefore, there was rather higher risk of soil N leaching in greenhousevegetable fields.
Soil N accumulation in different farmlands indicated that the main forms of soluble Naccumulation in0~100cm had no significant differences found in different investigated periods underthe same field condition. However, soluble N accumulation had significant differences betweendifferent fields in the same farmland. Accumulation of TSN, NO_3~--N, and SON in different greenhousevegetable fields were1.6~4.5,1.4~4.1, and1.9~6.1times greater than in the paddy-upland fields, andthe main forms of soluble N accumulation in greenhouse vegetable fields were significantly higher thanin paddy-upland fields.
Investigation of groundwater depth and N concentrations from two different farmlands showed thatgroundwater depth was ranged from130~230and86~240cm in greenhouse vegetable fields andpaddy-upland fields, respectively. Concentrations of SON and NO_3~--N in groundwater from greenhousevegetable fields were11.85~46.12and0.64~5.89mg/L, and corresponding in paddy-upland fields were0.12~4.97and0.03~1.00mg/L, respectively. Therefore, both NO_3~--N and SON are the main N pollution forms in groundwater, and N leaching into groundwater in greenhouse vegetable fields easily result inNO_3~--N concentrations>10mg/L.
Determination of N leaching losses from the greenhouse tomato-cucumber rotation systemindicated that in contrast to treatments no fertilizers (CK) and manure (M), there were significant higherTN, NO_3~--N, and SON leached found in treatments CON, OPT and OPT+C/N during differentinvestigated periods. TN, NO_3~--N, and SON leaching losses in treatments CON, OPT, and OPT+C/Nwere56.1~128.8,41.7~104.6, and6.7~46.1kg/hm~2in tomato, cucumber seasons, and fallow periods,respectively; which were significantly higher than TN10.2~99.3, NO_3~--N7.7~75.4and SON1.0~25.6kg/hm~2in treatments CK and M. Compared with treatment CON, amounts of TN, NO_3~--N, and SONleached in treatment OPT were decreased by1.5%~32.6%,1.6%~35.9%, and6.9%~41.4%, respectively.Based on treatment OPT, amounts of TN and SON leached in treatment OPT+C/N were decreased by1.3%~11.0%and5.0%~27.0%, respectively. Hence reducing fertilizer N rate while adding dairy manureregulated soil C/N ratio could be appropriate fertilization practices for reducing soil N leaching.
Investigation of the influencing factors on N leaching and dynamic of N leaching in the greenhousevegetable field showed that dynamics of N leached were very similar to leachate producing, and theleaching peaks were always occurred at flood irrigation in summer fallow and furrow irrigation aftercucumber transplanting. There were positive correlations found between N leached and applied fertilizerN rates and irrigation rates. The dominant N leaching form was NO_3~--N (accounted for57.3%~92.0%ofTN), and the secondary was SON (7.8%~42.5%), only about1%of NH+4-N leached.
Soil Nminaccumulation and apparent N balance in the greenhouse vegetable field indicated thatfertilization significantly increased NO_3~--N accumulation in soil profiles in contrast to treatment CK,and there was significant positive linear relationship between soil NO_3~--N accumulation amounts in0~100cm soil and accumulative applied N rates. In the greenhouse tomato-cucumber rotation system, Nleached accounted for13.4%~19.5%of total apparent N losses. Therefore, reduced fertilizers N rate orregulating soil C/N ratio could also decrease soil N surplus and apparent N losses in contrast toconventional fertilization.
Soil Nminaccumulation and apparent N balance in the paddy-upland rotation system showed thatsoil N accumulation in upland was liable to leaching losses in paddy rice season between paddy andupland converting. In the paddy rice season, the residual NO_3~--N in0~100cm soil depth was declinedfrom9.7~61.9kg/hm~2to2.7~26.2kg/hm~2, and there was no significant difference among differentfertilization treatments. In the paddy-upland rotation system, apparent N losses were decreased by46.9%and33.3%in treatments optimal NPK and combination of NPK and manure in contrast totreatment conventional fertilization, respectively.
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