长期施肥对农牧交错带旱耕地土壤特性及生产力影响的研究
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摘要
本研究在阴山北麓风蚀沙化农牧交错区，利用肥料长期定位试验（始于2004年），通过田间原位测定、室内化学分析和统计分析等方法，以不施肥（CK）为对照，系统研究了马铃薯-油菜-莜麦轮作制度下单施有机肥（M）、化肥平衡施用（NPK）和有机无机配施（NPKM）对土壤特性及养分平衡、作物生产力及养分利用率，以及农田系统净生产力（NEP）的影响，以期为该区域实现农业高效生产及可持续发展提供理论依据。研究的主要结果如下：
（1）连续9年施肥（NPKM、M、NPK），同一处理的耕层（0～20cm）土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量随施肥时间的延长呈逐年增加趋势，其中，NPKM处理中的磷钾和有机质，M中的钾和有机质的增加达到了显著水平，CK除使钾维持在相对稳定的水平上外，其他养分均缓慢下降。与CK相比（9年平均），NPKM和M处理显著增加了耕层氮、磷、钾和有机质含量，NPK仅显著增加了氮和磷的含量。从土壤养分的剖面分布看，与CK相比，3种施肥措施分别增加了0～100cm土层的氮、钾，0～40cm的磷和0～20cm的有机质和微生物量碳的含量。作物轮作对土壤养分的平衡有互补作用，9年平均，NPKM处理的氮磷钾均有盈余，NPK处理中氮和钾亏缺，磷盈余；M中的氮磷亏缺，钾盈余。
（2）马铃薯种植季（2010年），土壤CO_2排放速率均有明显的日变化和季节变化，24h内，6:00-8:00速率最低，12:00-14:00最高；一年中，在雨热同期、作物生长旺盛期的7月末速率最大。CO_2在作物生育期内的排放速率平均值为94.5～126.5mg C·m~(-2)·h~(-1)，作物收获后迅速下降到40.7～51.2mg C·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。CO_2排放速率的日变化主要受10cm地温影响，温度敏感系数（Q10值）为1.47～1.68。季节变化受10cm地温、0～20cm土壤含水量及作物生长的影响，其中在作物生育前期与马铃薯全株及块茎的干物质积累速率正相关，在生育后期及收获后与10cm地温极显著正相关。与CK相比，施肥增加了土壤CO_2排放速率，增幅顺序为M>NPKM> NPK。
（3）在阴山北麓旱耕地上，全年的土壤CO_2排放量为2.81～4.28t C·hm~(-2)，作物生育期内的排放量为2.17～3.29t C·hm~(-2)，与CK相比，M处理的增量最大，其次是NPKM和NPK。如果仅考虑作物生育期内的土壤CO_2排放量，不同施肥处理下的农田系统每年从大气吸收CO_20.11～0.81t C·hm~(-2)，如果考虑土壤全年的排放量，NPKM和NPK处理下农田系统每年从大气吸收CO_20.087和0.21t C·hm~(-2)，而土壤中的碳在NPKM和M处理中均有较大盈余。
（4）9年平均，与CK相比，不同施肥措施对马铃薯经济产量增幅为26.1～44.2%，油菜增幅为27.9～97.5%，莜麦增幅为22.7～38.7%，其中NPKM的增幅最大，其次是NPK，M增幅最小。8年平均，N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分的农学效率分别为8.6、8.3和7.9kg﹒kg~(-1)，当季利用率分别为45.3%、20.7%和54.5%。NPKM、NPK和M对产量的贡献率分别为35.2%、30.6%和19.2%。氮的当季利用率与随生育期降水量的增加呈线性增加，同一处理对产量的贡献率与生育期降水量呈正相关。
This study was carried out in a long-term fertilization experiments (established in2004) in theNorthern ecotone of Yinshan Mountain, using field test, chemical analysis and statistical analysis toevaluate the soil properties&carbon balance, crop productivity&nutrient use efficiency and the netprimary productivity (NEP) in farmland under potato-canola–oat rotation system by4treatments: a)chemical fertilizer NPK plus organic manure (NPKM), b) organic manure fertilizer (M), c) chemicalfertilizer (NPK), and d) no fertilizer (CK). The main results showed as following:
(1). For9consecutive years fertilization (NPKM, M, NPK), the same processing of soil availableN, P, K and organic matter content showed an increasing trend year by year, under long-termfertilization system, except that potassium was maintained at a relatively stable level, other nutrientswere slowly declining. Compared with the CK (average9years), NPKM and M treatment significantlyincreased soil available N, P, K and organic matter content, NPK treatment alone significantly increasedthe available N and K content, wherein, the largest incremental NPKM. The profile distribution ofnutrients from the soil, compared with CK,3fertilization measures were increased soil available N, Kin0～100cm, available P in0～40cm and organic and microbial biomass carbon content in0～20cm.
(2). Potato planting season (2010), soil carbon emission rate had obvious diurnal and seasonalvariation, the lowest during6:00-8:00and the highest during12:00-14:00; in a year, the maximum inJuly, the period of rain and heat and crop quickly growing. Average CO_2emission rate was94.5～126.5mg C m~(-2) H-1in crop growing period and,40.7～51.2mg m~(-2) h-1after crop harvest. The diurnalvariation of carbon emission rate was influence by10cm soil temperature, Q10=1.47～1.68; Seasonalvariation of carbon emission rate was influence by soil temperature in10cm, soil moisture in0～20cmand crop growth, where carbon emission rate was positive with crop growing and accumulation ofpotato tuber dry matter, and significantly positive correlation with10cm soil temperature after harvest.Compared with the control, fertilization increased soil CO_2emission rate, the order of M>NPKM>NPK.
(3). In the north of Yinshan Mountain rain-fed farmland, CO_2emissions was2.17～3.29t C·hm~(-2)during crop growing period, and yearly total CO_2emissions was2.81～4.28t·hm~(-2). Compared with thecontrol, the largest incremental from M, followed by NPKM and NPK. If carbon emissions was onlyconsidered during crop growing period, the absorption of CO_2from the atmospheric was0.11～0.81tC·hm~(-2), and the farm system absorbed0.087and0.21t C·hm~(-2)from the atmosphere each year if carbonemissions was considered in the whole year. Soil carbon balance showed deficit in NPKM and Mtreatments.
(4). An average of9years, different fertilization measures increased potato yield26.1～44.2%，and canola yield27.9～97.5%and oat yield22.7～38.7%than the CK, NPKM was the highest,followed by NPK and M. The average N. P2O5, K2O nutrient agronomic efficiency were8.6,8.3and7.9 kg·kg-1. The same nutrient variation in a year was mainly affected by crops, and potato was the highestone. Average N, P2O5, K2O nutrient utilization rate in one growing period were45.3%,20.7%and54.5%. In8-year trails, N seasonal utilization increased linearly with rainfall in growing period.
（1）连续9年施肥（NPKM、M、NPK），同一处理的耕层（0～20cm）土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量随施肥时间的延长呈逐年增加趋势，其中，NPKM处理中的磷钾和有机质，M中的钾和有机质的增加达到了显著水平，CK除使钾维持在相对稳定的水平上外，其他养分均缓慢下降。与CK相比（9年平均），NPKM和M处理显著增加了耕层氮、磷、钾和有机质含量，NPK仅显著增加了氮和磷的含量。从土壤养分的剖面分布看，与CK相比，3种施肥措施分别增加了0～100cm土层的氮、钾，0～40cm的磷和0～20cm的有机质和微生物量碳的含量。作物轮作对土壤养分的平衡有互补作用，9年平均，NPKM处理的氮磷钾均有盈余，NPK处理中氮和钾亏缺，磷盈余；M中的氮磷亏缺，钾盈余。
（2）马铃薯种植季（2010年），土壤CO_2排放速率均有明显的日变化和季节变化，24h内，6:00-8:00速率最低，12:00-14:00最高；一年中，在雨热同期、作物生长旺盛期的7月末速率最大。CO_2在作物生育期内的排放速率平均值为94.5～126.5mg C·m~(-2)·h~(-1)，作物收获后迅速下降到40.7～51.2mg C·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。CO_2排放速率的日变化主要受10cm地温影响，温度敏感系数（Q10值）为1.47～1.68。季节变化受10cm地温、0～20cm土壤含水量及作物生长的影响，其中在作物生育前期与马铃薯全株及块茎的干物质积累速率正相关，在生育后期及收获后与10cm地温极显著正相关。与CK相比，施肥增加了土壤CO_2排放速率，增幅顺序为M>NPKM> NPK。
（3）在阴山北麓旱耕地上，全年的土壤CO_2排放量为2.81～4.28t C·hm~(-2)，作物生育期内的排放量为2.17～3.29t C·hm~(-2)，与CK相比，M处理的增量最大，其次是NPKM和NPK。如果仅考虑作物生育期内的土壤CO_2排放量，不同施肥处理下的农田系统每年从大气吸收CO_20.11～0.81t C·hm~(-2)，如果考虑土壤全年的排放量，NPKM和NPK处理下农田系统每年从大气吸收CO_20.087和0.21t C·hm~(-2)，而土壤中的碳在NPKM和M处理中均有较大盈余。
（4）9年平均，与CK相比，不同施肥措施对马铃薯经济产量增幅为26.1～44.2%，油菜增幅为27.9～97.5%，莜麦增幅为22.7～38.7%，其中NPKM的增幅最大，其次是NPK，M增幅最小。8年平均，N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分的农学效率分别为8.6、8.3和7.9kg﹒kg~(-1)，当季利用率分别为45.3%、20.7%和54.5%。NPKM、NPK和M对产量的贡献率分别为35.2%、30.6%和19.2%。氮的当季利用率与随生育期降水量的增加呈线性增加，同一处理对产量的贡献率与生育期降水量呈正相关。
This study was carried out in a long-term fertilization experiments (established in2004) in theNorthern ecotone of Yinshan Mountain, using field test, chemical analysis and statistical analysis toevaluate the soil properties&carbon balance, crop productivity&nutrient use efficiency and the netprimary productivity (NEP) in farmland under potato-canola–oat rotation system by4treatments: a)chemical fertilizer NPK plus organic manure (NPKM), b) organic manure fertilizer (M), c) chemicalfertilizer (NPK), and d) no fertilizer (CK). The main results showed as following:
(1). For9consecutive years fertilization (NPKM, M, NPK), the same processing of soil availableN, P, K and organic matter content showed an increasing trend year by year, under long-termfertilization system, except that potassium was maintained at a relatively stable level, other nutrientswere slowly declining. Compared with the CK (average9years), NPKM and M treatment significantlyincreased soil available N, P, K and organic matter content, NPK treatment alone significantly increasedthe available N and K content, wherein, the largest incremental NPKM. The profile distribution ofnutrients from the soil, compared with CK,3fertilization measures were increased soil available N, Kin0～100cm, available P in0～40cm and organic and microbial biomass carbon content in0～20cm.
(2). Potato planting season (2010), soil carbon emission rate had obvious diurnal and seasonalvariation, the lowest during6:00-8:00and the highest during12:00-14:00; in a year, the maximum inJuly, the period of rain and heat and crop quickly growing. Average CO_2emission rate was94.5～126.5mg C m~(-2) H-1in crop growing period and,40.7～51.2mg m~(-2) h-1after crop harvest. The diurnalvariation of carbon emission rate was influence by10cm soil temperature, Q10=1.47～1.68; Seasonalvariation of carbon emission rate was influence by soil temperature in10cm, soil moisture in0～20cmand crop growth, where carbon emission rate was positive with crop growing and accumulation ofpotato tuber dry matter, and significantly positive correlation with10cm soil temperature after harvest.Compared with the control, fertilization increased soil CO_2emission rate, the order of M>NPKM>NPK.
(3). In the north of Yinshan Mountain rain-fed farmland, CO_2emissions was2.17～3.29t C·hm~(-2)during crop growing period, and yearly total CO_2emissions was2.81～4.28t·hm~(-2). Compared with thecontrol, the largest incremental from M, followed by NPKM and NPK. If carbon emissions was onlyconsidered during crop growing period, the absorption of CO_2from the atmospheric was0.11～0.81tC·hm~(-2), and the farm system absorbed0.087and0.21t C·hm~(-2)from the atmosphere each year if carbonemissions was considered in the whole year. Soil carbon balance showed deficit in NPKM and Mtreatments.
(4). An average of9years, different fertilization measures increased potato yield26.1～44.2%，and canola yield27.9～97.5%and oat yield22.7～38.7%than the CK, NPKM was the highest,followed by NPK and M. The average N. P2O5, K2O nutrient agronomic efficiency were8.6,8.3and7.9 kg·kg-1. The same nutrient variation in a year was mainly affected by crops, and potato was the highestone. Average N, P2O5, K2O nutrient utilization rate in one growing period were45.3%,20.7%and54.5%. In8-year trails, N seasonal utilization increased linearly with rainfall in growing period.
引文
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