大规模电力系统暂态稳定并行计算研究
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摘要
当前是我国电力系统发展的重要时期,跨区域的大规模互联电网正在逐步形成。为满足互联电网分析、规划和安全稳定运行对高性能暂态稳定仿真工具的迫切需要,本文对大规模电力系统暂态稳定并行仿真技术进行了研究,内容涉及暂态稳定串行算法改进、并行算法的构造、并行任务的划分及算法在高性能并行计算平台上的实现等方面。论文的主要工作如下：
1)提出了一种基于Shamanskii算法和非诚实牛顿法(Very Dishonest Newton Method, VDHN)的可变步长暂态稳定仿真组合算法。在基本的微分代数方程组联立求解框架下,根据隐式梯形积分局部截断误差理论,对步长进行控制,在保证精度的条件下,减少了积分步数；考虑牛顿类算法的收敛性,使用Shamanskii算法控制雅可比矩阵的更新,减少了不必要的更新计算；应用VDHN原理简化了迭代过程中电压向量的计算。算法可适应不同规模算例,在不同故障下都能较好提升计算速度,后文工作以此算法为基础展开。
2)提出了一种基于多核处理器的并行变步长VDHN算法用于暂态稳定仿真。引入α动态调度策略,将算法中最耗时的部分——发电机组的计算配置到多核CPU并行处理,并在仿真中动态调整各核心的计算量,以获得更好的负载平衡性能。进一步,在并行环境中考虑Newton类算法迭代时间的改变,自适应地调整雅可比矩阵更新策略,减少了并行计算过程中的串行部分和并行开销。算法复合加速比达到6.01倍,并可方便灵活地部署在多种软硬件平台上,适用性广。
3)提出了基于CPU-GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)异构平台的一种非诚实牛顿-稳定双共轭梯度(BiConjugate Gradient Stabilized Method, BiCGSTAB)暂态稳定并行算法。算法依据联立矩阵的双层对角加边结构,将整体计算分解为3部分：1.动态元件相关计算；2.子分区系统计算；3.联络系统计算。在异构平台上,第1、2部分被分配到多核CPU上进行处理。第3部分则采用可完全并行化的稳定双共轭梯度法在GPU上计算,并且为了减少迭代次数使用了稀疏近似逆预处理技术。并行任务的划分使用了超图算法,可以对电网进行更精细的描述,并用数学语言表示地理区域信息,显著提高了划分效果。算法可对万级节点电网进行超实时仿真,仿真时间仅为实际暂态过程的63.4%。
4)提出了基于CPU-GPU异构平台的一种多速率并行算法,应用于交-直流互联电网仿真。算法采用双层并行结构：第一层为“交-直并行”,考虑直流系统动态的独立性,将交流系统与直流系统解耦,分别部署在CPU和GPU上采用不同速率计算,系统间通过一定的接口时序交换数据；第二层为“直流系统时间并行”,直流系统在小步长下采用详细模型仿真,使用GPU实现了基于时间并行算法的流水线计算,可灵活设置流水线条数,对多个直流系统多积分时步并行求解。在此基础上,基于模型-视图-控制器模式构建了适应于大规模交直流互联电网暂态仿真的云计算原型系统,可方便地调用前文所述多种并行算法,并根据网络请求,分配合适的计算资源供用户使用。
本文实现的方法可用于电力系统的规划、分析及安全稳定控制等方面,进一步推动了电力系统暂态稳定并行计算技术的发展,为大规模互联电网暂态稳定并行仿真和新型的电力系统仿真工具提供新的研究思路。
Nowadays the interconnection among areal power systems are being formed in China, which results in the exigent requirements of faster power system transient stability simulation. Thus, parallel computing for large scale power system transient stability analysis was studied in this dissertation. The main work focused on the improvement of serial algorithm, parallel algorithm, task scheduling and parallel software implemention on a high-performance platform and so on. The work of this dissertation can be listed as follows:
1) An novel mixed serial algorithm is introduced to power system transient stability simulation, in which Shamanskii method and very dishonest newton algorithm(VDHN) are combined with variable step size technique. In the framework of simultaneous solution method of differential-algebra equations, this proposed algorithm utilizes the step-size control strategy on the basis of the local truncation error theory firstly. In addition, according to a class of Newton methods'convergence index, Shamanskii method is employed, which can control the update of Jacobin matrix adaptively. Furthermore, VDHN method applies to simplify the computation of voltage vector. Several test cases testify the validity and practicability of the proposed algorithm, which is especially efficient to improve the simulation when the fault of the network is serious. Some comments on its limitations are also provided.
2) An OpenMP-based parallel Very Dishonest Newton (PVDHN) algorithm with variable step size is provided, running transient stability simulations on multi-core computers. Under the framework of simultaneous solution method of TSA, the step-size control strategy is used according to the local truncation error theory firstly. Then, computation of the generation units, which is the most time-consuming part of the simulation, is dynamically dispatched to several cores using an a dynamic scheduling scheme to obtain workload balancing based on OpenMP. Due to the convergence of Newton-type iterations, an adaptive Jacobian update control strategy is applied to reduce the sequential part of the simulation and the overhead generated by OpenMP. Several large scale test cases verify the validity and practicability of the proposed parallel algorithm, showing that the proposed approach achieves6.01comprehensived speed-up and a considerable reduction in parallel overheads.
3) In order to satisfy the desire for faster than real-time transient stability simulation of large-scale power system, a parallel algorithm based on CPU-GPU (Graphics Processor Unit) platform is introduced. According to two-level block bordered diagonal form (BBDF) of the matrix, the algorithm decomposed the whole computation into three parts:1. the computation of dynamic units and injection currents;2. sub-network computation;3. boundary network computation. Part land2were computed on multi-core CPUs. Part3was solved by preconditioning Biconjugated gradient stabilized method on GPU. The precodnditoner was produced by sparse approximate inverse technique. The simulation results show that for a large network with12685nodes, the proposed algorithm runs6.63times faster than on a single CPU core, and the simulation time is less than the actual transient process time. It provides a new solution strategy for large-scale power system simulation.
4) A multi-rated parallel algorithm based on CPU-GPU platform for the transient stability simulation of AC/DC power system is presented. A detailed model is applied to HVDC in which detailed HVDC controls and L/R Line dynamic is included. As a result, AC system uses large step size and HVDC uses small step size in the simulation. At the first parallel level, AC/DC power system is decomposed into two parts:the computation of AC power system is deployed on CPU, and HVDC is deployed on GPU. The second parallel level focuses on HVDC. Based on the principle of parallel-in-time method, the pipeline technique is implemented on GPU, which makes multi-integration steps of HVDC solved simultaneously. In order to increase the utilization level of the high-performce platform, a cloud computing proterotype system is developed based on Model-View-Controller (MVC) model. Case studies show that the proposed algorithm obtains a better efficiency, and the high-performance computing resources can be more eaily accessed by the
The realization methods in this dissertation provide a new approach to high performance computing technologies in the field of transient stability simultion in power industry.
1)提出了一种基于Shamanskii算法和非诚实牛顿法(Very Dishonest Newton Method, VDHN)的可变步长暂态稳定仿真组合算法。在基本的微分代数方程组联立求解框架下,根据隐式梯形积分局部截断误差理论,对步长进行控制,在保证精度的条件下,减少了积分步数；考虑牛顿类算法的收敛性,使用Shamanskii算法控制雅可比矩阵的更新,减少了不必要的更新计算；应用VDHN原理简化了迭代过程中电压向量的计算。算法可适应不同规模算例,在不同故障下都能较好提升计算速度,后文工作以此算法为基础展开。
2)提出了一种基于多核处理器的并行变步长VDHN算法用于暂态稳定仿真。引入α动态调度策略,将算法中最耗时的部分——发电机组的计算配置到多核CPU并行处理,并在仿真中动态调整各核心的计算量,以获得更好的负载平衡性能。进一步,在并行环境中考虑Newton类算法迭代时间的改变,自适应地调整雅可比矩阵更新策略,减少了并行计算过程中的串行部分和并行开销。算法复合加速比达到6.01倍,并可方便灵活地部署在多种软硬件平台上,适用性广。
3)提出了基于CPU-GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)异构平台的一种非诚实牛顿-稳定双共轭梯度(BiConjugate Gradient Stabilized Method, BiCGSTAB)暂态稳定并行算法。算法依据联立矩阵的双层对角加边结构,将整体计算分解为3部分：1.动态元件相关计算；2.子分区系统计算；3.联络系统计算。在异构平台上,第1、2部分被分配到多核CPU上进行处理。第3部分则采用可完全并行化的稳定双共轭梯度法在GPU上计算,并且为了减少迭代次数使用了稀疏近似逆预处理技术。并行任务的划分使用了超图算法,可以对电网进行更精细的描述,并用数学语言表示地理区域信息,显著提高了划分效果。算法可对万级节点电网进行超实时仿真,仿真时间仅为实际暂态过程的63.4%。
4)提出了基于CPU-GPU异构平台的一种多速率并行算法,应用于交-直流互联电网仿真。算法采用双层并行结构：第一层为“交-直并行”,考虑直流系统动态的独立性,将交流系统与直流系统解耦,分别部署在CPU和GPU上采用不同速率计算,系统间通过一定的接口时序交换数据；第二层为“直流系统时间并行”,直流系统在小步长下采用详细模型仿真,使用GPU实现了基于时间并行算法的流水线计算,可灵活设置流水线条数,对多个直流系统多积分时步并行求解。在此基础上,基于模型-视图-控制器模式构建了适应于大规模交直流互联电网暂态仿真的云计算原型系统,可方便地调用前文所述多种并行算法,并根据网络请求,分配合适的计算资源供用户使用。
本文实现的方法可用于电力系统的规划、分析及安全稳定控制等方面,进一步推动了电力系统暂态稳定并行计算技术的发展,为大规模互联电网暂态稳定并行仿真和新型的电力系统仿真工具提供新的研究思路。
Nowadays the interconnection among areal power systems are being formed in China, which results in the exigent requirements of faster power system transient stability simulation. Thus, parallel computing for large scale power system transient stability analysis was studied in this dissertation. The main work focused on the improvement of serial algorithm, parallel algorithm, task scheduling and parallel software implemention on a high-performance platform and so on. The work of this dissertation can be listed as follows:
1) An novel mixed serial algorithm is introduced to power system transient stability simulation, in which Shamanskii method and very dishonest newton algorithm(VDHN) are combined with variable step size technique. In the framework of simultaneous solution method of differential-algebra equations, this proposed algorithm utilizes the step-size control strategy on the basis of the local truncation error theory firstly. In addition, according to a class of Newton methods'convergence index, Shamanskii method is employed, which can control the update of Jacobin matrix adaptively. Furthermore, VDHN method applies to simplify the computation of voltage vector. Several test cases testify the validity and practicability of the proposed algorithm, which is especially efficient to improve the simulation when the fault of the network is serious. Some comments on its limitations are also provided.
2) An OpenMP-based parallel Very Dishonest Newton (PVDHN) algorithm with variable step size is provided, running transient stability simulations on multi-core computers. Under the framework of simultaneous solution method of TSA, the step-size control strategy is used according to the local truncation error theory firstly. Then, computation of the generation units, which is the most time-consuming part of the simulation, is dynamically dispatched to several cores using an a dynamic scheduling scheme to obtain workload balancing based on OpenMP. Due to the convergence of Newton-type iterations, an adaptive Jacobian update control strategy is applied to reduce the sequential part of the simulation and the overhead generated by OpenMP. Several large scale test cases verify the validity and practicability of the proposed parallel algorithm, showing that the proposed approach achieves6.01comprehensived speed-up and a considerable reduction in parallel overheads.
3) In order to satisfy the desire for faster than real-time transient stability simulation of large-scale power system, a parallel algorithm based on CPU-GPU (Graphics Processor Unit) platform is introduced. According to two-level block bordered diagonal form (BBDF) of the matrix, the algorithm decomposed the whole computation into three parts:1. the computation of dynamic units and injection currents;2. sub-network computation;3. boundary network computation. Part land2were computed on multi-core CPUs. Part3was solved by preconditioning Biconjugated gradient stabilized method on GPU. The precodnditoner was produced by sparse approximate inverse technique. The simulation results show that for a large network with12685nodes, the proposed algorithm runs6.63times faster than on a single CPU core, and the simulation time is less than the actual transient process time. It provides a new solution strategy for large-scale power system simulation.
4) A multi-rated parallel algorithm based on CPU-GPU platform for the transient stability simulation of AC/DC power system is presented. A detailed model is applied to HVDC in which detailed HVDC controls and L/R Line dynamic is included. As a result, AC system uses large step size and HVDC uses small step size in the simulation. At the first parallel level, AC/DC power system is decomposed into two parts:the computation of AC power system is deployed on CPU, and HVDC is deployed on GPU. The second parallel level focuses on HVDC. Based on the principle of parallel-in-time method, the pipeline technique is implemented on GPU, which makes multi-integration steps of HVDC solved simultaneously. In order to increase the utilization level of the high-performce platform, a cloud computing proterotype system is developed based on Model-View-Controller (MVC) model. Case studies show that the proposed algorithm obtains a better efficiency, and the high-performance computing resources can be more eaily accessed by the
The realization methods in this dissertation provide a new approach to high performance computing technologies in the field of transient stability simultion in power industry.
引文
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