超临界循环流化床锅炉数学模拟与设计方案优化
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摘要
超临界循环流化床锅炉技术有机地结合了循环流化床燃烧和超临界参数发电两种技术的优点,是我国洁净煤燃烧利用的发展方向之一。依托于国家十一五支撑项目“600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉本体设计及研制”子课题的资助,本文开展了超临界循环流化床锅炉数学模型和设计方案优化的研究工作。
论文首先从讨论发展超临界循环流化床锅炉的必要性和可行性入手,综述了国内外超临界循环流化床锅炉技术及其数学模型的研究与发展现状。
其次,依据大型超临界循环流化床锅炉的运行特性和最新研究进展,在现有适用于中小型循环流化床锅炉整体数学模型的基础上发展了适用于大型超临界循环流化床锅炉的整体数学模型。该模型由可以正确描述循环流化床锅炉炉内各物理化学过程的子模型及其他部件的子模型有机耦合而成,这些子模型包括炉内流体动力特性模型,煤燃烧模型,颗粒磨损模型,炉内传热模型,SO2生成和脱除模型,NO和N20的生成和脱除模型,分离机构、返料机构和外置式换热器等部件的子模型,及尾部受热面的换热模型等。同时,为了进一步正确描述煤颗粒在流化床燃烧过程中的破碎特性,本文在所建小型流化床反应器上开展了煤颗粒的灰分和粒径对灰渣形成特性的实验研究,并在所获实验结果的基础上,结合国内外的相关研究建立了流化床煤燃烧过程中的颗粒破碎模型。
然后,采用一台300MW循环流化床锅炉的运行测试结果对所建立的大型循环流化床锅炉的整体数学模型进行了验证对比。结果表明,所建立的数学模型可以有效地预测大型循环流化床锅炉的运行与性能参数。
在此基础上,应用所建立的总体数学模型对600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉六个不同的设计方案进行了模拟计算,并从主循环回路结构布置、主循环回路热负荷分配、炉内燃烧以及热力特性参数等方面,分析比较了密相区结构、分离器数量及布置、炉内受热面、外置式换热器、受热面系统等不同布置方案对锅炉性能参数的影响,从而得到了优化后的600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计方案。该推荐方案为H型布置,单炉膛裤衩腿双布风板结构,锅炉左右两侧各布置3台高温旋风分离器,每台分离器下面连接一台外置式换热器,高温过热器布置在尾部烟道。
最后,对所推荐的600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计方案进行了满负荷及变负荷工况下的性能模拟预测,为600MW循环流化床锅炉下一步的研制和工业应用提供了指导。
Supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler technology combines the advantages of the circulating fluidized bed combustion technology and the power generation technology with supercritical parameters. So it is one of the clean-coal utilization technologies in China. Supported by the "Eleventh Five-Year" Science and Technology Support Projects of China, the research on the overall mathematical model of large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler and the design optimization of a600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler is carried out in this paper.
Firstly, the necessity and the feasibility of the development of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler are discussed. Then the worldwide development and studies of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler and its mathematical model are reviewed.
The overall mathematical model of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler developed in this paper is built on the basis of the mathematical model which was previously developed for the small-and moderate-scale circulating fluidized bed boiler. This overall mathematical model considers all the physical and chemical processes in the circulating fluidized bed boiler comprehensively and is made up of the submodels of hydrodynamics, combustion, attrition, heat transfer, the formation and reduction of pollutants, cyclone, external heat exchanger and the tail flue gas duct of the boiler. Due to its modular structure, it is convenient to develop new submodels or renew the parameters which are suitable for the characteristics of large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boilers.
In order to describe the fragmentation submodel of coal particles in the fluidized bed combustion correctly, the experimental research on the influences of coal particle properties on the ash formation behaviors during fluidized bed combustion was conducted on a bench-scale fluidized bed combustor. Coal samples were divided into6ranks with different ash content. For every rank of coal sample,3size ranges were used in the experiments. Effects of coal particle ash content and particle size on the ash formation behaviors were studied, such as bottom ash mass fraction, ash size distribution and carbon content in the bottom residue and the fly ash. On the basis of the experimental results and the relevant studies in the references, an empirical model for the fragmentation of coal particles in the fluidized bed combustion is developed.
For the numerical solution of the overall mathematical model of the large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler, the boiler system is divided into a series of "cells" along the flow direction from the furnace to the tail flue gas duct. The performance of a300MW CFB boiler is used to validate the mathematical model. The result shows that the developed mathematical model is correct and can be used to predict the performance of large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boilers.
Then the overall mathematical model of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler is applied to calculate the characteristics and the performances of six different design concepts of a600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler. Furthermore the structure of the furnace, separator, the external heat exchanger (EHE) and the layout of heat surfaces are discussed from different aspects. The design of a600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler with pant-leg furnace and6cyclones and6EHEs symmetrically arranged on the both sides of the furnace is recommended.
Finally, the mathematical model of supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler is used to predict the performances of the recommended600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler under full and part loads. The results are helpful for the study of the characteristics of supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler.
论文首先从讨论发展超临界循环流化床锅炉的必要性和可行性入手,综述了国内外超临界循环流化床锅炉技术及其数学模型的研究与发展现状。
其次,依据大型超临界循环流化床锅炉的运行特性和最新研究进展,在现有适用于中小型循环流化床锅炉整体数学模型的基础上发展了适用于大型超临界循环流化床锅炉的整体数学模型。该模型由可以正确描述循环流化床锅炉炉内各物理化学过程的子模型及其他部件的子模型有机耦合而成,这些子模型包括炉内流体动力特性模型,煤燃烧模型,颗粒磨损模型,炉内传热模型,SO2生成和脱除模型,NO和N20的生成和脱除模型,分离机构、返料机构和外置式换热器等部件的子模型,及尾部受热面的换热模型等。同时,为了进一步正确描述煤颗粒在流化床燃烧过程中的破碎特性,本文在所建小型流化床反应器上开展了煤颗粒的灰分和粒径对灰渣形成特性的实验研究,并在所获实验结果的基础上,结合国内外的相关研究建立了流化床煤燃烧过程中的颗粒破碎模型。
然后,采用一台300MW循环流化床锅炉的运行测试结果对所建立的大型循环流化床锅炉的整体数学模型进行了验证对比。结果表明,所建立的数学模型可以有效地预测大型循环流化床锅炉的运行与性能参数。
在此基础上,应用所建立的总体数学模型对600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉六个不同的设计方案进行了模拟计算,并从主循环回路结构布置、主循环回路热负荷分配、炉内燃烧以及热力特性参数等方面,分析比较了密相区结构、分离器数量及布置、炉内受热面、外置式换热器、受热面系统等不同布置方案对锅炉性能参数的影响,从而得到了优化后的600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计方案。该推荐方案为H型布置,单炉膛裤衩腿双布风板结构,锅炉左右两侧各布置3台高温旋风分离器,每台分离器下面连接一台外置式换热器,高温过热器布置在尾部烟道。
最后,对所推荐的600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计方案进行了满负荷及变负荷工况下的性能模拟预测,为600MW循环流化床锅炉下一步的研制和工业应用提供了指导。
Supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler technology combines the advantages of the circulating fluidized bed combustion technology and the power generation technology with supercritical parameters. So it is one of the clean-coal utilization technologies in China. Supported by the "Eleventh Five-Year" Science and Technology Support Projects of China, the research on the overall mathematical model of large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler and the design optimization of a600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler is carried out in this paper.
Firstly, the necessity and the feasibility of the development of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler are discussed. Then the worldwide development and studies of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler and its mathematical model are reviewed.
The overall mathematical model of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler developed in this paper is built on the basis of the mathematical model which was previously developed for the small-and moderate-scale circulating fluidized bed boiler. This overall mathematical model considers all the physical and chemical processes in the circulating fluidized bed boiler comprehensively and is made up of the submodels of hydrodynamics, combustion, attrition, heat transfer, the formation and reduction of pollutants, cyclone, external heat exchanger and the tail flue gas duct of the boiler. Due to its modular structure, it is convenient to develop new submodels or renew the parameters which are suitable for the characteristics of large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boilers.
In order to describe the fragmentation submodel of coal particles in the fluidized bed combustion correctly, the experimental research on the influences of coal particle properties on the ash formation behaviors during fluidized bed combustion was conducted on a bench-scale fluidized bed combustor. Coal samples were divided into6ranks with different ash content. For every rank of coal sample,3size ranges were used in the experiments. Effects of coal particle ash content and particle size on the ash formation behaviors were studied, such as bottom ash mass fraction, ash size distribution and carbon content in the bottom residue and the fly ash. On the basis of the experimental results and the relevant studies in the references, an empirical model for the fragmentation of coal particles in the fluidized bed combustion is developed.
For the numerical solution of the overall mathematical model of the large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler, the boiler system is divided into a series of "cells" along the flow direction from the furnace to the tail flue gas duct. The performance of a300MW CFB boiler is used to validate the mathematical model. The result shows that the developed mathematical model is correct and can be used to predict the performance of large-scale supercritical circulating fluidized bed boilers.
Then the overall mathematical model of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler is applied to calculate the characteristics and the performances of six different design concepts of a600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler. Furthermore the structure of the furnace, separator, the external heat exchanger (EHE) and the layout of heat surfaces are discussed from different aspects. The design of a600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler with pant-leg furnace and6cyclones and6EHEs symmetrically arranged on the both sides of the furnace is recommended.
Finally, the mathematical model of supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler is used to predict the performances of the recommended600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler under full and part loads. The results are helpful for the study of the characteristics of supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler.
引文
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