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基于驾驶员与道路环境因素的驾驶行为差错数学分析
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摘要
汽车驾驶员驾驶行为差错,是汽车行驶过程中普遍存在的一种客观现象。统计表明,汽车驾驶行为差错导致的交通事故占事故总数的85%~92%;相关统计资料也表明,驾驶员因素导致的交通事故占总事故的88.23%,交通事故伤亡人数占总伤亡人数90.6%;由于道路环境因素导致的交通事故占总事故的8%~11.2%。统计资料说明,驾驶员因素与道路环境因素是交通事故的主要原因。
     针对道路系统交通事故的驾驶员因素与道路环境因素两大致因,国内外许多学者分别从驾驶员的生理要素、心理要素、行为修养及道路环境等因素开展专题研究,但是对驾驶员生理、心理、习惯等主观因素包含各要素的相关性,以及道路环境因素包含各要素的相关性,尚无系统研究。
     本文以行为心理学为指导,以驾驶员的生理、心理、习惯等主观因素,以及道路环境客观因素为研究对象,从驾驶行为构成及驾驶行为特点入手,构建汽车驾驶行为模型,深入分析驾驶行为差错的形成机制及影响因素,研究并建立汽车驾驶行为差错形成机制模型,探究驾驶行为差错的含义及表现形式,以驾驶行为差错为因变量,以驾驶员主观因素及道路环境客观因素为自变量,统计分析驾驶行为差错影响要素的概率分布以及对驾驶行为差错的贡献度,详细分析驾驶行为差错的驾驶员因素与道路环境因素的相关性。
     综上所述,本文的研究工作归结为以下几个方面:
     第一章:绪论。介绍论文研究背景、研究目的及意义,针对国内外关于驾驶行为差错的影响因素及其影响方式、影响过程、影响程度等研究现状进行综述,阐述了本文研究内容,研究方法及研究路线图,并介绍研究工作采用的理论。
     第二章:驾驶行为过程研究。应用层次模型理论解释驾驶行为过程,应用有限信息能量处理模型理论,解释驾驶行为中信息处理过程,构建汽车驾驶过程模型,阐述驾驶行为发生特点,为后续研究提供基础。
     第三章:驾驶行为差错机制研究。研究驾驶员主观因素、道路环境客观因素对驾驶行为差错的影响方式,即直接影响与间接影响,驾驶行为差错的形成机制,驾驶行为差错的含义及其表现形式,为论文的后续研究提供框架。
     第四章:驾驶员主观因素对驾驶行为差错的影响研究。依据驾驶员行为特征,分别分类统计驾驶员的生理、心理及习惯对驾驶行为差错的影响数据,应用极大似然估计原理、加权平均值方法,多元线性回归分析法,分析驾驶员主观因素包含各要素对驾驶行为差错的影响,以及驾驶员主观因素包含各要素的关联性。
     第五章:道路环境因素对驾驶行为差错影响研究。根据道路因素的道路环境、车辆环境、自然环境及人文环境对驾驶行为差错影响的调查统计数据,应用极大似然估计原理、加权平均值方法,多元线性回归分析法,统计分析道路因素各要素对驾驶行为差错的贡献程度及关联性。
     第六章:驾驶员因素与道路因素的相关性研究。通过列联表进行驾驶员因素与道路因素的相关性检验,应用主成份分析方法,对驾驶员因素与道路因素各要素进行主成份分析,总结主要影响要素与次要影响要素。
Driving behavior errors, or DBE, are phenomenally noticeable and have ledto85-92%of road accidents according to statistics. The road condition isanother factor for road accidents which accounts for8-11.2%of road accidents.Related survey pointed out that driving behavior errors and bad road conditionsare main reason for traffic accidents.
     Researchers around the world have based their analysis on the two factorsand conducted their studies standing at different angles of psychological study,physical responses, driving habits, road influences and others. However, asystemic study has not yet been offered.
     This paper is designed to offer an integral study based on psychologystudies and examines driver’s body responses, psychological situation,driving habits and road conditions. Formation of driving behaviors and theirattributes were investigated. Driving behavior models were set up. In-depthanalysis of driving behavior errors were made to tackle these fatal mistakeson road. Driver behavior errors were translated into dependent variables. Anddriver’s factors and road conditions were considered independent variables.Probability distribution of driver behavior errors and their contributiondegree to driving behaviors were analyzed too. Detailed research were managedto study the causal effect relationship between driver behavior errors anddriver’s personal factors and road conditions.
     The research work was conducted in following aspects:
     Chapter1presents an introduction of literature review, the objective ofour research and a brief introduction of the essay’s content, tools and roadmap. The pragmatics of contemporary studies was examined also. Theoreticalmethods were offered in the chapter.
     Chapter2focuses on the study of the process of driving behavior.Hierarchical model theory was applied to illuminate the process of driving behavior. Limited information energy processing model theory was utilized toexpound the information processing during driving. Driving process models wereconstructed to explain the features of driving behaviors and offer a foundationfor latter research.
     Chapter Three studies the mechanism of driving behavior errors. Effectsof driver’s personal factors and road conditions which are led directly orindirectly upon driving behaviors were examined and were designated for thestudies in the ensued chapters.
     Chapter Four is an effect study of the personal factors which lead to thedriving behavior errors. The effects of driver’s psychological complex,physical situation, and driving habits upon driver behavior errors wereclassified. Tools such as Maximum Likelihood Estimation, or MLE, WeightedArithmetic Means, Multiple Linear Regression, or MLR, and others were employedfor analyzing driver related behaviors and their relevancy.
     The fifth chapter stresses a study of the road situation’s effect ondriving behavior errors. Data were collected concerning road environment,vehicle condition, natural milieu and cultural surroundings. The tools ofMaximum Likelihood Estimation, or MLE, Weighted Arithmetic Means, MultipleLinear Regression, or MLR, and others were reused here to assess the factorson the road and their contribution degree to driving behavior errors as wellas its relevancy.
     The last chapter is a relevancy appraisal of driver’s factors and roadfactors. Parallel comparisons were conveyed via diagrams. Principal componentanalysis method was applied into the study to evaluate the main components ofdriver and road elements so as to conclude for a variation of dominant and minoreffects.
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