环境心理学的理论审视
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摘要
以时间和标志性事件为参照标准，环境心理学于上个世纪70年代初在以美国为中心的北美地区得以兴起。随着环境问题的升温，环境心理学也成为21世纪以来心理学领域较有突破的一个学科。研究以环境心理学发展的逻辑线索为主线，对环境心理学的历史、现状、基本概念、理论范式、核心主题及未来发展趋势进行了深入研究、梳理和综合，基本描绘了环境心理学的发展概况；依据新维度，整合与归纳出环境心理学的理论体系，力图形成一个统一的环境心理学理论框架。
研究共分为六个部分，第一部分主要回顾了环境心理学产生的时代背景与学科因素，并对环境心理学在国内、外的研究进展进行了概述与评价。从产生的背景来看，环境心理学兴起的基础是美国的本土哲学实用主义基调，对人与环境之间关系的日渐恶化所引发人类自身活动的反思，以及心理学本身的积极入世，通过心理学角度关注人们的环境意识、态度和行为，以及人与环境的相互影响，试图解决人类面临的环境问题，探索人与环境的交互作用。此外，环境心理学作为一门独立的学科出现，还受到社会学、人类学、地理学、精神病学等相关学科的影响。同时，作为一门年轻的学科，其发展现状无论是国外还是国内，都面临着一系列的问题，就国内研究而言，我国环境心理学发展现状总体仍旧薄弱，表现为专业论文数量少，应用性研究不足，专门的研究机构和研究队伍匮乏等；国外则表现相对成熟，环境心理学的研究主题不仅围绕社会的需要，而且其发展丰富了这门学科自身，还为整个心理学领域做出重大贡献。总体而言，目前的环境心理学理论建构、整合能力有待提升；缺乏统一的研究范式、研究术语和研究体系，缺乏对环境心理学领域内不同学科间的整合，研究的范畴也有待明晰。
第二部分是对环境心理学的内涵与外延予以从学理上的甄别，旨在澄清环境心理学与其易混淆学科的关系，为理顺环境心理学的发展脉络，提供一个为理解环境心理学概念明晰的视角。由于环境心理学在研究内容的广泛性、研究范式的多元性、以及环境心理学概念本身的诸多不清晰因素，导致学界对环境心理学与其他学科，如生态心理学、社会心理学、建筑环境心理学、环境保护心理学等的混淆，研究通过比较、分析环境心理学与其他易混淆学科在研究范式、研究内容、研究对象等的不同，旨在澄清环境心理学的内涵与外延，一方面有利于学界对环境心理学的理解，另一方面则更有助于环境心理学可以在脉络清晰的理论框架下发展。通过界定环境心理学与其他学科之间的关系，对环境心理学予以界定，环境心理学以人的信念、需求与价值为核心，坚持人—环境的交互作用观，采用多元的研究方法，提倡自然主义研究，主张多学科交流，以鉴别问题、解决问题为核心的应用科学。
第三部分介绍环境、环境心理学的基本元素，并简评了环境心理学占据主流地位的理论模型，同时也提出了作者对于环境心理学理论如何整合的观点。通过辨析环境心理学中的基本概念诸如环境、建筑环境、自然环境及心理环境等，对环境心理学的概念有更深入认识和把握。环境心理学的理论发展态势更多关注人与环境之间的相互作用关系。当下，环境心理学的占据主流地位的理论模型以概括化理论、具体化理论、人—环境交互作用模型等，这些主流理论范式始终关注人与环境之间的关系，其主题将一直是其关注的核心命题。从这个意义上讲，环境心理学作为一种心理学新兴的研究取向，它着眼于现实环境问题，倡导关注人与环境和谐共处，这将有助于使人从心理层面加深对环境的认识与理解；从学科发展的深层次上来说，环境心理学兴起也喻示着心理学研究视域的深刻转换，从研究理念、目标、价值观到研究方式，再到技术应用等，都将会对心理学本身产生重要的影响，尤其是在人与环境之间关系的问题上，引领人类从心理学层面在加强生态文明建设方面，走出一条合理的致思之路。就其未来发展趋势而言，从巴克的生态心理学研究甚至更早以来，定性分析与定量技术的融合一直是该领域的重要特色。因此，这种技术上的融合将继续延续，而且，在两种不同取向的逐步深化趋势下，融合的程度可能更加的紧密。
第四部分梳理环境心里学的研究范畴并对环境心理学不同研究领域内的研究内容进行论析，例如噪音、拥堵以及环境保护意识，这是对环境心理学的研究范畴作系统的厘清，以更好地将环境心理学作为一个独立学科来看待。在国外，环境心理学从上世纪60年代发展至今，其研究范畴随着时代发展、社会需求不断发生变化。从上个世纪90年代后至今，生态系统的保护以及环境的可持续性成为新的研究热点。不过，环境心理学的研究主题虽然随着社会特点而不断变化，但是一些传统的研究命题并不因此受到摒弃，而是不断赋予新的研究客体，比如噪音、拥堵以及个人空间的问题，一直贯穿环境心理学研究的发展。此外，个人空间、私密性和领域、环境公平、环境保护与可持续性、环境保护行为、位置、环境设计等内容也陆续成为环境心理学的研究范畴。从其研究范畴的变化来看，当下环境心理学开始关注生态系统的保护以及人与环境的可持续发展，这意味着环境心理学已经开始修正对于人与环境的关系的看法，认为人与自然的关系是相互影响的。环境心理学在这一思想的影响之下，其研究主题、研究范式与研究内容都有相应的改变，一些经典的研究主题也在个体—环境交互作用方法论的影响下进行更新与升级。
第五部分介绍环境心理学的衍生学科，构建其学科体系资源。例如环境教育学、环境社会学等学科，并简要论述了这些衍生学科与环境心理学的关系。在20世纪90年代以后，人们开始扭转人类中心论，注重个体与自然的交互作用关系，个体对环境的认识也在逐渐改变，在这些环境心理学的衍生学科中，有的关注对公众的环境教育，以实现人与自然的和谐发展，比如环境教育学；有的从社会学角度关注环境问题产生的根源，以从根源上解决环境问题，比如社会生态学；有的从自然与环境之间的关系入手探索环境问题，比如环境社会学；有的从人类与地理环境的空间关系方面研究，探讨自然地理环境与社会地理环境中人类对地理环境的认识过程与行为规律，比如行为地理学。一方面，环境心理学的这些衍生学科一方面不断丰富了环境心理学的研究的内涵，也拓展了环境心理学的外延，另一方面，这些衍生学科的不断发展的理论、技术与方法，更加充实和完善环境心理学理论框架、应用技术与研究方式，使环境心理学作为一门新兴的独立学科有了更为全面、立体和全面的理论支撑。
第六部分是对环境心理学的评价与展望。自从环境心理学在20世纪60至70年代兴起，环境心理学发展一门独立的学科后，经过几十年发展，在很多方面都取得了突破性的进展，同时也存在诸多不足。就环境心理学对心理本身的影响而言，环境心理学的研究思想与研究方法对于传统心理学的突破与推动是有深远意义的。环境心理学新的研究主张与研究方法论颠覆了传统的心理学实验室研究对于人的预设，对于心理学本身的长远发展有很大的影响，对于心理学研究者而言，环境心理学则为他们提供了学术参考以及对心理学发展的反思，如环境心理学为理解和研究心理学的对象提供了新的视角；环境心理学为心理学研究提供了新的方法论。另外，环境心理学也产生了其他一些影响，诸如打通心理学分支学科间的壁垒；加剧学科的扩张与分散程度；促进研究方法的多样性；重申问题导向的研究取向；定位研究者角色困难；作为在学科之间的桥梁等。就环境心理学的未来发展而言，环境心理学的从其诞生到现在的一个重要特征就在于其研究主题具有很强的时代性与社会性。如何实现人与环境之间的最优化一直是环境心理学秉承的一个理想目标，但是对于最优化的理想形式却没有明确的认识。因此，试图从已有的研究中预测未来的发展趋势，相对而言，准确性就不是很高，或者说推测的时限不能间隔太久。从环境心理学的研究来看，缺乏理论构建能力可能会制约环境心理学的长期发展，因此如何提升环境心理学的理论构建能力，建立综合、统一的理论框架将是环境心理学的长期发展目标。
In the early70s of the last century environmental psychologyemerged in the United States as the center of North America, regardingtime and iconic event as reference standards. With the warming-up of theenvironmental issues, environmental psychology has also become abreakthrough field in psychology in the21st century. This article mainlystudies the logical line of the development of environmental psychology,combing and comprehending the history, current status, basic concepts,theories, paradigms, core topics and future trends of environmentalpsychology deeply, basically depicting the development of environmentalpsychology, integrating and summarizing the theoretical system ofenvironmental psychology on the basis of a new dimension, and trying toform a unified theoretical framework of environmental psychology.
This paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter reviews the historical background and discipline of environmental psychology, givingan overview and evaluation on its domestic and foreign research progress.Considering its the generated background, the basis of the rise ofenvironmental psychology is the native philosophical pragmatism ofAmerica, the reflection of human activities caused by the deterioration ofthe relationship between people and the environment, its positiveinvolvement in the world, and its focus on environmental awareness,attitudes and behavior through a psychological point of view, as well asthe interaction of people and the environment, and trying to solve theenvironmental problems facing humanity, and explore the interactionbetween people and the environment. In addition, as an independentdiscipline, environmental psychology is also gotten impact coming fromthe related fields of sociology, anthropology, geography, psychiatry, andso on. Meanwhile, as a young discipline, its development status, whetherforeign or domestic, are facing a series of problems. Now the research ofenvironmental psychology in China is still weak, lack of professionalpapers, application research, and specialized research institutions and research teams; while the research of environmental psychology abroadshowed relatively mature, not only topics closely linking to the needs ofthe community and its own development, but also making a significantcontribution for the entire field of psychology. But the capabilities toconstruct and integrate current environmental psychology theory shouldbe improved; a unified research paradigm, terminology and researchsystem, the integration between different disciplines within the field ofenvironmental psychology should also be clear.
The second chapter clarifies the connotation and denotation ofenvironmental psychology from an academic angle, making therelationship between environmental psychology and other disciplinesclear, rationalizing the development sequence of environmentalpsychology in order to have a more clear understanding of environmentalpsychology. Unclarity of the breadth of the research, diversity of theparadigm and the concept of environmental psychology itself led scholarsconfuse environmental psychology and other disciplines, such asecological psychology, social psychology, the construction environment psychology, environmental protection psychology. This article comparesand analyzes the differences between environmental psychology andother disciplines from aspects of research paradigm, research content,research objects, trying to clarify the connotation and denotation ofenvironmental psychology, which benefits the academic understandingand is helpful to the development under a clear theoretical framework ofenvironmental psychology. This chapter defines the relationship betweenenvironmental psychology and other disciplines. Environmentalpsychology can be seen as an Applied Science considering the beliefs,needs and value of people as the core, adhering to the people-environment interaction concept, applying diverse research methods,advocating naturalism and multidisciplinary exchanges for the purpose ofidentifying and solving related problems.
The third chapter describes the concepts of environment andenvironmental psychology, commenting on mainstream theoreticalmodels of environmental psychology nowadays, and putting forward thepoint of view of how to integrate environmental psychology theory. Through the analysis of basic concepts, such as the environment, theconstruction environment, the natural environment and psychologicalenvironment, this chapter studies more about the concept ofenvironmental psychology. Because of the more attention to theinteraction between people and the environment in the development trendof environmental psychology theory, the mainstream theoretical model ofenvironmental psychology, generalization theory, specific theory, people-environment interaction model etc., these mainstream theoreticalparadigm has always concerned about the relationship between peopleand the environment, which has been the core proposition of its concern.In this sense, environmental psychology is emerging as a new orientationin psychology, focusing on the reality of environmental problems,advocating harmonious existence of human and environment, which willhelp people deepen psychological understanding of the environment. Therise of environmental psychology indicates the profound conversion ofpsychological research, from research concepts, goals, values to researchmethods and technical applications, will have a major impact on the psychology, especially on the contemporary relationship between peopleand the environment, leading mankind strengthen the construction ofecological civilization from a psychological view on the way of areasonable thought. Considering its future development trend, since evenearlier from Barker’s ecological psychology research, the fusion ofqualitative analysis and quantitative techniques has been importantfeatures of the field. Therefore, this technical integration will continueand the degree of integration may be more closely towards the gradualdeepening trend in two different orientations.
The fourth chapter aims to introduce and comb the research contentin different areas of environmental psychology, such as noise, congestionand environmental protection awareness, which clarified the scope of thestudy of environmental psychology in order to view environmentalpsychology as an independent discipline. Since1960s environmentalpsychology in foreign countries constantly changed with the developmentof the times and the needs of society. Since the1990s of the last century,the protection of ecosystems and environmental sustainability has become a hot issue. The theme of environmental psychology research changeswith the social characteristics, however, some traditional propositionshave not been abandoned, continuing to give the new object of study,such as noise, congestion, as well as issues of personal space, and havebeen throughout the development of environmental psychology research.In addition, personal space, privacy, the field of environmental equity,environmental protection and sustainability, environmental protectionbehavior, location, environmental design and so on are starting to becomethe research areas of environmental psychology. From the changes in thescope of the study, the current environmental psychology began to payattention to the protection of ecosystems and the sustainable developmentof the people and the environment, which means that environmentalpsychology has begun to correct the view for the relationship betweenpeople and the environment, and believed that the relationship betweenman and nature is mutual. Under the influence of this idea, researchtopics, research paradigm and research content of environmentalpsychology have corresponding changes and some of the classic themes have also updated and upgraded under the influence of the individual-environment interaction methodology.
The fifth chapter describes the derivative disciplines ofenvironmental psychology, such as environmental education,environmental sociology, and briefly discusses the relationship betweenthese derivative disciplines and environmental psychology. In the1990s,people began to reverse anthropocentrism, focusing on the interactionbetween individual and nature and the individual understanding of theenvironment has gradually changed. Some derivative disciplines inenvironmental psychology concerned about the public education in orderto achieve the harmonious development of man and nature, such asenvironmental pedagogy; some concerned about the root cause ofenvironmental problems from a sociological point of view to address theroot causes environmental problems, such as social ecology; some studiedrelationship between nature and the environment to exploreenvironmental issues, such as environmental sociology; some exploredthe natural geographical environment and social geography environment in human understanding of the geographical environment, process andbehaviour rules through exploring the spatial relationship of the humanand geographical environment, such as behavioural geography. Thesederivative disciplines in environmental psychology on the one handconstantly enrich the connotation of environmental psychology andexpand the extension of environmental psychology, on the other hand, thecontinuous developing theories, techniques and methods of thesederivatives of the discipline enrich and improve the theoretical framework,the application of technology and research methods of environmentalpsychology, making environmental psychology as an emergingindependent discipline with a more comprehensive and three-dimensionaltheoretical support.
The sixth chapter introduces the evaluation and prospects ofenvironmental psychology. Since the rise of environmental psychology inthe1960s and1970s, the development of environmental psychology asindependent discipline have made a breakthrough in many respects afterdecades of development, but there are also many deficiencies. The research ideas and methods of environmental psychology have far-reaching impacts on the breakthrough and promotion of traditionalpsychology. New research claims and research methodology ofenvironmental psychology subvert people default made by the traditionalpsychology laboratory research and have a big impact on for long-termdevelopment of psychology. For psychology researchers, environmentalpsychology provided them with the academic reference and reflection onthe development of psychology, offering a new perspective to the objectsof the understanding and study of psychology and providing a newmethodology for the study of psychology. In addition, environmentalpsychology has also produced some other effects, such as erosion barriersin interdisciplinary branch of psychology; exacerbation of the degree ofexpansion and dispersion of the disciplines; promotion of the diversity ofresearch methods; restatement of problem-oriented research orientation;difficulties of positioning researcher roles; a bridge between disciplinesand so on. On the future development of environmental psychology, frombirth to now an important feature of it is the strong era and social characteristics of research topics. How to achieve optimization betweenthe people and the environment has always been adhering to an ideal goalof environmental psychology, but we do not have a clear understanding ofthe ideal form of optimization, therefore, attempts to predict future trendsfrom existing studies, the accuracy is not high relatively, or the interval ofspeculation cannot be too long. From environmental psychology researchpoint of view, the lack of theoretical construction capacity may limit thelong-term development of environmental psychology; therefore, how toenhance theoretical capacity and establish an integrated, unifiedtheoretical framework will be the long-term development goals ofenvironmental psychology.
研究共分为六个部分，第一部分主要回顾了环境心理学产生的时代背景与学科因素，并对环境心理学在国内、外的研究进展进行了概述与评价。从产生的背景来看，环境心理学兴起的基础是美国的本土哲学实用主义基调，对人与环境之间关系的日渐恶化所引发人类自身活动的反思，以及心理学本身的积极入世，通过心理学角度关注人们的环境意识、态度和行为，以及人与环境的相互影响，试图解决人类面临的环境问题，探索人与环境的交互作用。此外，环境心理学作为一门独立的学科出现，还受到社会学、人类学、地理学、精神病学等相关学科的影响。同时，作为一门年轻的学科，其发展现状无论是国外还是国内，都面临着一系列的问题，就国内研究而言，我国环境心理学发展现状总体仍旧薄弱，表现为专业论文数量少，应用性研究不足，专门的研究机构和研究队伍匮乏等；国外则表现相对成熟，环境心理学的研究主题不仅围绕社会的需要，而且其发展丰富了这门学科自身，还为整个心理学领域做出重大贡献。总体而言，目前的环境心理学理论建构、整合能力有待提升；缺乏统一的研究范式、研究术语和研究体系，缺乏对环境心理学领域内不同学科间的整合，研究的范畴也有待明晰。
第二部分是对环境心理学的内涵与外延予以从学理上的甄别，旨在澄清环境心理学与其易混淆学科的关系，为理顺环境心理学的发展脉络，提供一个为理解环境心理学概念明晰的视角。由于环境心理学在研究内容的广泛性、研究范式的多元性、以及环境心理学概念本身的诸多不清晰因素，导致学界对环境心理学与其他学科，如生态心理学、社会心理学、建筑环境心理学、环境保护心理学等的混淆，研究通过比较、分析环境心理学与其他易混淆学科在研究范式、研究内容、研究对象等的不同，旨在澄清环境心理学的内涵与外延，一方面有利于学界对环境心理学的理解，另一方面则更有助于环境心理学可以在脉络清晰的理论框架下发展。通过界定环境心理学与其他学科之间的关系，对环境心理学予以界定，环境心理学以人的信念、需求与价值为核心，坚持人—环境的交互作用观，采用多元的研究方法，提倡自然主义研究，主张多学科交流，以鉴别问题、解决问题为核心的应用科学。
第三部分介绍环境、环境心理学的基本元素，并简评了环境心理学占据主流地位的理论模型，同时也提出了作者对于环境心理学理论如何整合的观点。通过辨析环境心理学中的基本概念诸如环境、建筑环境、自然环境及心理环境等，对环境心理学的概念有更深入认识和把握。环境心理学的理论发展态势更多关注人与环境之间的相互作用关系。当下，环境心理学的占据主流地位的理论模型以概括化理论、具体化理论、人—环境交互作用模型等，这些主流理论范式始终关注人与环境之间的关系，其主题将一直是其关注的核心命题。从这个意义上讲，环境心理学作为一种心理学新兴的研究取向，它着眼于现实环境问题，倡导关注人与环境和谐共处，这将有助于使人从心理层面加深对环境的认识与理解；从学科发展的深层次上来说，环境心理学兴起也喻示着心理学研究视域的深刻转换，从研究理念、目标、价值观到研究方式，再到技术应用等，都将会对心理学本身产生重要的影响，尤其是在人与环境之间关系的问题上，引领人类从心理学层面在加强生态文明建设方面，走出一条合理的致思之路。就其未来发展趋势而言，从巴克的生态心理学研究甚至更早以来，定性分析与定量技术的融合一直是该领域的重要特色。因此，这种技术上的融合将继续延续，而且，在两种不同取向的逐步深化趋势下，融合的程度可能更加的紧密。
第四部分梳理环境心里学的研究范畴并对环境心理学不同研究领域内的研究内容进行论析，例如噪音、拥堵以及环境保护意识，这是对环境心理学的研究范畴作系统的厘清，以更好地将环境心理学作为一个独立学科来看待。在国外，环境心理学从上世纪60年代发展至今，其研究范畴随着时代发展、社会需求不断发生变化。从上个世纪90年代后至今，生态系统的保护以及环境的可持续性成为新的研究热点。不过，环境心理学的研究主题虽然随着社会特点而不断变化，但是一些传统的研究命题并不因此受到摒弃，而是不断赋予新的研究客体，比如噪音、拥堵以及个人空间的问题，一直贯穿环境心理学研究的发展。此外，个人空间、私密性和领域、环境公平、环境保护与可持续性、环境保护行为、位置、环境设计等内容也陆续成为环境心理学的研究范畴。从其研究范畴的变化来看，当下环境心理学开始关注生态系统的保护以及人与环境的可持续发展，这意味着环境心理学已经开始修正对于人与环境的关系的看法，认为人与自然的关系是相互影响的。环境心理学在这一思想的影响之下，其研究主题、研究范式与研究内容都有相应的改变，一些经典的研究主题也在个体—环境交互作用方法论的影响下进行更新与升级。
第五部分介绍环境心理学的衍生学科，构建其学科体系资源。例如环境教育学、环境社会学等学科，并简要论述了这些衍生学科与环境心理学的关系。在20世纪90年代以后，人们开始扭转人类中心论，注重个体与自然的交互作用关系，个体对环境的认识也在逐渐改变，在这些环境心理学的衍生学科中，有的关注对公众的环境教育，以实现人与自然的和谐发展，比如环境教育学；有的从社会学角度关注环境问题产生的根源，以从根源上解决环境问题，比如社会生态学；有的从自然与环境之间的关系入手探索环境问题，比如环境社会学；有的从人类与地理环境的空间关系方面研究，探讨自然地理环境与社会地理环境中人类对地理环境的认识过程与行为规律，比如行为地理学。一方面，环境心理学的这些衍生学科一方面不断丰富了环境心理学的研究的内涵，也拓展了环境心理学的外延，另一方面，这些衍生学科的不断发展的理论、技术与方法，更加充实和完善环境心理学理论框架、应用技术与研究方式，使环境心理学作为一门新兴的独立学科有了更为全面、立体和全面的理论支撑。
第六部分是对环境心理学的评价与展望。自从环境心理学在20世纪60至70年代兴起，环境心理学发展一门独立的学科后，经过几十年发展，在很多方面都取得了突破性的进展，同时也存在诸多不足。就环境心理学对心理本身的影响而言，环境心理学的研究思想与研究方法对于传统心理学的突破与推动是有深远意义的。环境心理学新的研究主张与研究方法论颠覆了传统的心理学实验室研究对于人的预设，对于心理学本身的长远发展有很大的影响，对于心理学研究者而言，环境心理学则为他们提供了学术参考以及对心理学发展的反思，如环境心理学为理解和研究心理学的对象提供了新的视角；环境心理学为心理学研究提供了新的方法论。另外，环境心理学也产生了其他一些影响，诸如打通心理学分支学科间的壁垒；加剧学科的扩张与分散程度；促进研究方法的多样性；重申问题导向的研究取向；定位研究者角色困难；作为在学科之间的桥梁等。就环境心理学的未来发展而言，环境心理学的从其诞生到现在的一个重要特征就在于其研究主题具有很强的时代性与社会性。如何实现人与环境之间的最优化一直是环境心理学秉承的一个理想目标，但是对于最优化的理想形式却没有明确的认识。因此，试图从已有的研究中预测未来的发展趋势，相对而言，准确性就不是很高，或者说推测的时限不能间隔太久。从环境心理学的研究来看，缺乏理论构建能力可能会制约环境心理学的长期发展，因此如何提升环境心理学的理论构建能力，建立综合、统一的理论框架将是环境心理学的长期发展目标。
In the early70s of the last century environmental psychologyemerged in the United States as the center of North America, regardingtime and iconic event as reference standards. With the warming-up of theenvironmental issues, environmental psychology has also become abreakthrough field in psychology in the21st century. This article mainlystudies the logical line of the development of environmental psychology,combing and comprehending the history, current status, basic concepts,theories, paradigms, core topics and future trends of environmentalpsychology deeply, basically depicting the development of environmentalpsychology, integrating and summarizing the theoretical system ofenvironmental psychology on the basis of a new dimension, and trying toform a unified theoretical framework of environmental psychology.
This paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter reviews the historical background and discipline of environmental psychology, givingan overview and evaluation on its domestic and foreign research progress.Considering its the generated background, the basis of the rise ofenvironmental psychology is the native philosophical pragmatism ofAmerica, the reflection of human activities caused by the deterioration ofthe relationship between people and the environment, its positiveinvolvement in the world, and its focus on environmental awareness,attitudes and behavior through a psychological point of view, as well asthe interaction of people and the environment, and trying to solve theenvironmental problems facing humanity, and explore the interactionbetween people and the environment. In addition, as an independentdiscipline, environmental psychology is also gotten impact coming fromthe related fields of sociology, anthropology, geography, psychiatry, andso on. Meanwhile, as a young discipline, its development status, whetherforeign or domestic, are facing a series of problems. Now the research ofenvironmental psychology in China is still weak, lack of professionalpapers, application research, and specialized research institutions and research teams; while the research of environmental psychology abroadshowed relatively mature, not only topics closely linking to the needs ofthe community and its own development, but also making a significantcontribution for the entire field of psychology. But the capabilities toconstruct and integrate current environmental psychology theory shouldbe improved; a unified research paradigm, terminology and researchsystem, the integration between different disciplines within the field ofenvironmental psychology should also be clear.
The second chapter clarifies the connotation and denotation ofenvironmental psychology from an academic angle, making therelationship between environmental psychology and other disciplinesclear, rationalizing the development sequence of environmentalpsychology in order to have a more clear understanding of environmentalpsychology. Unclarity of the breadth of the research, diversity of theparadigm and the concept of environmental psychology itself led scholarsconfuse environmental psychology and other disciplines, such asecological psychology, social psychology, the construction environment psychology, environmental protection psychology. This article comparesand analyzes the differences between environmental psychology andother disciplines from aspects of research paradigm, research content,research objects, trying to clarify the connotation and denotation ofenvironmental psychology, which benefits the academic understandingand is helpful to the development under a clear theoretical framework ofenvironmental psychology. This chapter defines the relationship betweenenvironmental psychology and other disciplines. Environmentalpsychology can be seen as an Applied Science considering the beliefs,needs and value of people as the core, adhering to the people-environment interaction concept, applying diverse research methods,advocating naturalism and multidisciplinary exchanges for the purpose ofidentifying and solving related problems.
The third chapter describes the concepts of environment andenvironmental psychology, commenting on mainstream theoreticalmodels of environmental psychology nowadays, and putting forward thepoint of view of how to integrate environmental psychology theory. Through the analysis of basic concepts, such as the environment, theconstruction environment, the natural environment and psychologicalenvironment, this chapter studies more about the concept ofenvironmental psychology. Because of the more attention to theinteraction between people and the environment in the development trendof environmental psychology theory, the mainstream theoretical model ofenvironmental psychology, generalization theory, specific theory, people-environment interaction model etc., these mainstream theoreticalparadigm has always concerned about the relationship between peopleand the environment, which has been the core proposition of its concern.In this sense, environmental psychology is emerging as a new orientationin psychology, focusing on the reality of environmental problems,advocating harmonious existence of human and environment, which willhelp people deepen psychological understanding of the environment. Therise of environmental psychology indicates the profound conversion ofpsychological research, from research concepts, goals, values to researchmethods and technical applications, will have a major impact on the psychology, especially on the contemporary relationship between peopleand the environment, leading mankind strengthen the construction ofecological civilization from a psychological view on the way of areasonable thought. Considering its future development trend, since evenearlier from Barker’s ecological psychology research, the fusion ofqualitative analysis and quantitative techniques has been importantfeatures of the field. Therefore, this technical integration will continueand the degree of integration may be more closely towards the gradualdeepening trend in two different orientations.
The fourth chapter aims to introduce and comb the research contentin different areas of environmental psychology, such as noise, congestionand environmental protection awareness, which clarified the scope of thestudy of environmental psychology in order to view environmentalpsychology as an independent discipline. Since1960s environmentalpsychology in foreign countries constantly changed with the developmentof the times and the needs of society. Since the1990s of the last century,the protection of ecosystems and environmental sustainability has become a hot issue. The theme of environmental psychology research changeswith the social characteristics, however, some traditional propositionshave not been abandoned, continuing to give the new object of study,such as noise, congestion, as well as issues of personal space, and havebeen throughout the development of environmental psychology research.In addition, personal space, privacy, the field of environmental equity,environmental protection and sustainability, environmental protectionbehavior, location, environmental design and so on are starting to becomethe research areas of environmental psychology. From the changes in thescope of the study, the current environmental psychology began to payattention to the protection of ecosystems and the sustainable developmentof the people and the environment, which means that environmentalpsychology has begun to correct the view for the relationship betweenpeople and the environment, and believed that the relationship betweenman and nature is mutual. Under the influence of this idea, researchtopics, research paradigm and research content of environmentalpsychology have corresponding changes and some of the classic themes have also updated and upgraded under the influence of the individual-environment interaction methodology.
The fifth chapter describes the derivative disciplines ofenvironmental psychology, such as environmental education,environmental sociology, and briefly discusses the relationship betweenthese derivative disciplines and environmental psychology. In the1990s,people began to reverse anthropocentrism, focusing on the interactionbetween individual and nature and the individual understanding of theenvironment has gradually changed. Some derivative disciplines inenvironmental psychology concerned about the public education in orderto achieve the harmonious development of man and nature, such asenvironmental pedagogy; some concerned about the root cause ofenvironmental problems from a sociological point of view to address theroot causes environmental problems, such as social ecology; some studiedrelationship between nature and the environment to exploreenvironmental issues, such as environmental sociology; some exploredthe natural geographical environment and social geography environment in human understanding of the geographical environment, process andbehaviour rules through exploring the spatial relationship of the humanand geographical environment, such as behavioural geography. Thesederivative disciplines in environmental psychology on the one handconstantly enrich the connotation of environmental psychology andexpand the extension of environmental psychology, on the other hand, thecontinuous developing theories, techniques and methods of thesederivatives of the discipline enrich and improve the theoretical framework,the application of technology and research methods of environmentalpsychology, making environmental psychology as an emergingindependent discipline with a more comprehensive and three-dimensionaltheoretical support.
The sixth chapter introduces the evaluation and prospects ofenvironmental psychology. Since the rise of environmental psychology inthe1960s and1970s, the development of environmental psychology asindependent discipline have made a breakthrough in many respects afterdecades of development, but there are also many deficiencies. The research ideas and methods of environmental psychology have far-reaching impacts on the breakthrough and promotion of traditionalpsychology. New research claims and research methodology ofenvironmental psychology subvert people default made by the traditionalpsychology laboratory research and have a big impact on for long-termdevelopment of psychology. For psychology researchers, environmentalpsychology provided them with the academic reference and reflection onthe development of psychology, offering a new perspective to the objectsof the understanding and study of psychology and providing a newmethodology for the study of psychology. In addition, environmentalpsychology has also produced some other effects, such as erosion barriersin interdisciplinary branch of psychology; exacerbation of the degree ofexpansion and dispersion of the disciplines; promotion of the diversity ofresearch methods; restatement of problem-oriented research orientation;difficulties of positioning researcher roles; a bridge between disciplinesand so on. On the future development of environmental psychology, frombirth to now an important feature of it is the strong era and social characteristics of research topics. How to achieve optimization betweenthe people and the environment has always been adhering to an ideal goalof environmental psychology, but we do not have a clear understanding ofthe ideal form of optimization, therefore, attempts to predict future trendsfrom existing studies, the accuracy is not high relatively, or the interval ofspeculation cannot be too long. From environmental psychology researchpoint of view, the lack of theoretical construction capacity may limit thelong-term development of environmental psychology; therefore, how toenhance theoretical capacity and establish an integrated, unifiedtheoretical framework will be the long-term development goals ofenvironmental psychology.
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