煤基多联产系统的全生命周期评价及关键问题研究
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摘要
近年来,我国经济快速发展对能源的需求急速增加,煤炭生产与利用的快速增长为社会经济持续发展做出了巨大贡献,同时也导致了严重的环境问题,并引发了一系列的社会经济问题。开发对煤炭资源清洁高效转化的新一代煤利用技术对我国社会经济的进一步发展具有极其重要的意义。
煤基分级转化多联产是新一代煤炭转化利用技术的代表,将煤利用的多个工艺作为一个整体考虑,将整体效率最优化,从而实现煤炭高效低污染利用。多联产系统理论缺乏全面和深层次研究,还没有形成完整的理论体系,相关理论研究滞后于工程应用发展。除了电力之外,多联产系统的一次产品还主要包括裂解气化生成的半焦和低热值煤气及合成气。为了提高系统的总体效益,半焦的综合利用,和低热值煤气及合成气的燃烧就成为煤分级利用多联产技术发展的两个关键问题。
本文系统地对煤基分级转化多联产系统及各项先进的煤利用技术从资源、环境和经济效益等方面进行全面的评估。对象包括：超超临界煤粉炉(PC)发电技术、整体煤气化联合循环发电技术(IGCC)、循环流化床(CFB)发电技术、循环流化床(CFB)分级转化发电技术、超超临界煤粉炉(PC)分级转化发电技术。结果表明,IGCC技术具有十分清洁高效的特点,但是投资成本高。直接燃煤技术投资少,但对环境的影响较大。煤的分级转化技术则实现了在充分提高能量效率的基础上,对污染物的排放也得到了非常有效的控制,并且投资成本仅有小幅度的提高,有利于推广和商业化运作,具有很好的应用前景。
对于半焦的综合利用,本文以我国典型褐煤为原料,利用裂解提质得到的半焦制备了高品质水煤浆,浆体浓度均超过65%,且具有“剪切变稀”的流变特性及良好的稳定性。傅里叶红外光谱对样品的测量结果显示,随着裂解温度的提高,样品亲水性含氧基团减少褐煤的成浆性能得到了显著的改善。
低热值煤气及合成气的燃烧方面,本文采用试验测量与数值模拟结合的方法研究了低温等离子体中的O3活性分子对合成气燃烧的强化作用和机理。实验建立了以热流量法为核心的燃烧测试平台,准确测量火焰传播速度的变化,最小误差0.478cm/s,平均误差<1cm/s。此外,我们搭建了GRI-Mech3.0+Ozone、USC Mech H+Ozone和Davis H2/CO-O3三种臭氧强化燃烧的机理,对合成气的一维绝热层流火焰进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,O3对合成气火焰有显著的强化作用,强化效果随臭氧浓度的升高呈接近线性的提高,而且03在贫燃与富燃区域对火焰的强化效果比速度峰值附近更为显著。O3能够加速支链反应,提高自由基的浓度,从而提高火焰传播速度,对合成气燃烧进行强化。
In recent years, the rapid growth of China's economy greatly increase the energy consumption of the country. The production and utilization of coal plays an critical role in meeting the energy demand of the economy growth. However, the huge amount of coal consumption brings serious enviromental problems, which result in negative impact on the people's daily life. There is an urgent demand for the development of the next generation coal utilization technology, which makes the coal use more efficient and enviromental-friendly at the same time.
As a representative of the next generation coal utilization technology, coal staged-utilization system incorporates multiple coal conversion technologies. The optimized system can achieve high efficiecy while minimizes emissions to the environment. However, the lack of theoretical system study greatly slows down the development of the coal staged-utilization system. Besides electricity output, the main products of the system include the pyrolysis semi-char and syngas. Therefore, the utilization of semi-char and the steady combustion of syngas become two key challenges to improve the overall efficiency of the system.
For the first time, a systematic life cycle assessment (LCA) of the coal staged-utilization system and three other advanced coal utilization systems is conducted, which are Ultra-super-critical pulverized coal power system (PC), Integrated gasification combine cycle system (IGCC), and Circulating fluidized bed system (CFB). The resources consumption, emissions to environment, and investment of the systems are evaluated and compared. Results show that, IGCC are highly efficient and clean, but the cost is high; PC has a low investment, but also has emission problems; the coal staged-utilization system reaches a high efficiency, and it has a good control on the emissions. Besides, the extra cost of the coal staged-utilization system is very reasonable, which make it very promising to future development.
Regard the utilization of semi-char, this study adopts a typical Chinese lignite, and uses the semi-char of the lignite pyrolysis to produce high-quality coal-water-slurry (CWS). The coal concentration of CWS product are all above65%, and it has a good fluidity and steadiness. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurement results show that, the amount of hydrophilic oxygen group of the sample decreases when the pyrolysis temperature increases, which is the reason that the quality of the CWS is improved.
In this thesis, the enhancement effect of ozone addition for syngas/air premixed flames at ambient condition is investigated both experimentally and computationally. Adiabatic laminar velocities under different amount of O3addition were directly measured using the Heat Flux Method. The minimum uncertainty of the measurement is0.478cm/s, and the average uncertainty is less than1cm/s. Kinetic modeling works were conducted by integrating ozone sub-mechanism with three kinetic mechanisms:GRI-Mech3.0, Davis mechanism and USC Mech II. The research data shows significant enhancement of the burning velocities due to O3addition. The enhancement shows nearly linear increase when the O3concentration increases linearly. And the enhancement is more notable at off-peak equivalence ratios. The flame is enhanced due to the extra intermediate radicals promoted by O3
煤基分级转化多联产是新一代煤炭转化利用技术的代表,将煤利用的多个工艺作为一个整体考虑,将整体效率最优化,从而实现煤炭高效低污染利用。多联产系统理论缺乏全面和深层次研究,还没有形成完整的理论体系,相关理论研究滞后于工程应用发展。除了电力之外,多联产系统的一次产品还主要包括裂解气化生成的半焦和低热值煤气及合成气。为了提高系统的总体效益,半焦的综合利用,和低热值煤气及合成气的燃烧就成为煤分级利用多联产技术发展的两个关键问题。
本文系统地对煤基分级转化多联产系统及各项先进的煤利用技术从资源、环境和经济效益等方面进行全面的评估。对象包括：超超临界煤粉炉(PC)发电技术、整体煤气化联合循环发电技术(IGCC)、循环流化床(CFB)发电技术、循环流化床(CFB)分级转化发电技术、超超临界煤粉炉(PC)分级转化发电技术。结果表明,IGCC技术具有十分清洁高效的特点,但是投资成本高。直接燃煤技术投资少,但对环境的影响较大。煤的分级转化技术则实现了在充分提高能量效率的基础上,对污染物的排放也得到了非常有效的控制,并且投资成本仅有小幅度的提高,有利于推广和商业化运作,具有很好的应用前景。
对于半焦的综合利用,本文以我国典型褐煤为原料,利用裂解提质得到的半焦制备了高品质水煤浆,浆体浓度均超过65%,且具有“剪切变稀”的流变特性及良好的稳定性。傅里叶红外光谱对样品的测量结果显示,随着裂解温度的提高,样品亲水性含氧基团减少褐煤的成浆性能得到了显著的改善。
低热值煤气及合成气的燃烧方面,本文采用试验测量与数值模拟结合的方法研究了低温等离子体中的O3活性分子对合成气燃烧的强化作用和机理。实验建立了以热流量法为核心的燃烧测试平台,准确测量火焰传播速度的变化,最小误差0.478cm/s,平均误差<1cm/s。此外,我们搭建了GRI-Mech3.0+Ozone、USC Mech H+Ozone和Davis H2/CO-O3三种臭氧强化燃烧的机理,对合成气的一维绝热层流火焰进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,O3对合成气火焰有显著的强化作用,强化效果随臭氧浓度的升高呈接近线性的提高,而且03在贫燃与富燃区域对火焰的强化效果比速度峰值附近更为显著。O3能够加速支链反应,提高自由基的浓度,从而提高火焰传播速度,对合成气燃烧进行强化。
In recent years, the rapid growth of China's economy greatly increase the energy consumption of the country. The production and utilization of coal plays an critical role in meeting the energy demand of the economy growth. However, the huge amount of coal consumption brings serious enviromental problems, which result in negative impact on the people's daily life. There is an urgent demand for the development of the next generation coal utilization technology, which makes the coal use more efficient and enviromental-friendly at the same time.
As a representative of the next generation coal utilization technology, coal staged-utilization system incorporates multiple coal conversion technologies. The optimized system can achieve high efficiecy while minimizes emissions to the environment. However, the lack of theoretical system study greatly slows down the development of the coal staged-utilization system. Besides electricity output, the main products of the system include the pyrolysis semi-char and syngas. Therefore, the utilization of semi-char and the steady combustion of syngas become two key challenges to improve the overall efficiency of the system.
For the first time, a systematic life cycle assessment (LCA) of the coal staged-utilization system and three other advanced coal utilization systems is conducted, which are Ultra-super-critical pulverized coal power system (PC), Integrated gasification combine cycle system (IGCC), and Circulating fluidized bed system (CFB). The resources consumption, emissions to environment, and investment of the systems are evaluated and compared. Results show that, IGCC are highly efficient and clean, but the cost is high; PC has a low investment, but also has emission problems; the coal staged-utilization system reaches a high efficiency, and it has a good control on the emissions. Besides, the extra cost of the coal staged-utilization system is very reasonable, which make it very promising to future development.
Regard the utilization of semi-char, this study adopts a typical Chinese lignite, and uses the semi-char of the lignite pyrolysis to produce high-quality coal-water-slurry (CWS). The coal concentration of CWS product are all above65%, and it has a good fluidity and steadiness. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurement results show that, the amount of hydrophilic oxygen group of the sample decreases when the pyrolysis temperature increases, which is the reason that the quality of the CWS is improved.
In this thesis, the enhancement effect of ozone addition for syngas/air premixed flames at ambient condition is investigated both experimentally and computationally. Adiabatic laminar velocities under different amount of O3addition were directly measured using the Heat Flux Method. The minimum uncertainty of the measurement is0.478cm/s, and the average uncertainty is less than1cm/s. Kinetic modeling works were conducted by integrating ozone sub-mechanism with three kinetic mechanisms:GRI-Mech3.0, Davis mechanism and USC Mech II. The research data shows significant enhancement of the burning velocities due to O3addition. The enhancement shows nearly linear increase when the O3concentration increases linearly. And the enhancement is more notable at off-peak equivalence ratios. The flame is enhanced due to the extra intermediate radicals promoted by O3
引文
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