黄土边坡冲刷破坏特征及数值模拟
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摘要
黄土在我国分布广泛，黄土边坡的降雨冲刷问题一直是工程界和学术界关心的问题之一。本文在总结并进一步深入研究了辽西地区黄土的工程地质特性的基础上，进行了室内人工模拟降雨边坡模型冲刷试验，并使用ABAQUS有限元软件、PFC3D颗粒流软件以及元胞自动机理论、数学方法建模，对室内模型试验进行了多角度的数值模拟，从不同侧面和室内模拟数据进行了对比分析。研究了坡面降雨冲刷侵蚀的演变过程和侵蚀机理，尤其对细沟侵蚀的起因、发展以及对坡面侵蚀过程的水、沙运移做了进一步研究，对侵蚀过程进行了细致的描述，为建立辽西地区黄土边坡侵蚀预报物理模型提供了一定的理论依据。主要研究工作及成果如下：
1.总结并进一步研究了辽西黄土的工程地质特性，阐明了黄土的成因特征、物质组成、物理力学性质及其微观结构的特征。研究了黄土湿陷前后微观结构特征的变化规律，从孔隙数量及其分形特征等方面进一步揭示了黄土的湿陷机理。辽西地区黄土粒径主要分布在0.005~0.05mm区间内，重碳酸盐为易溶盐主要成分；随着土层深度的增加孔隙结构逐渐变化，经历支架大孔隙微胶结结构→支架微孔-镶嵌微孔半胶结→絮凝状胶结→凝块状胶结的变化过程；通过SEM图像计算出辽西黄土二维分维值在1.31左右，发现湿陷前后试样SEM图像灰度分布直方图具有双峰、单峰的显著特点，利用MATLAB对SEM图像的数字信息进行提取，并重建了试样三维微观形态。
2.研制了室内模拟边坡降雨冲刷试验的物理模型及监控系统，根据最优含水率，制作边坡模型，试验得到了降雨过程中不同时刻边坡坡面形态变化的数字图像、坡体内部含水率变化及TSS值曲线等试验数据。根据试验结果，分析了侵蚀性降雨对边坡坡面稳定性的影响因素。研究表明边坡降雨冲刷过程可分为：溅蚀（片蚀）——细沟侵蚀——切沟侵蚀——坍塌破坏四个阶段。得出不同降雨强度-坡面产流、降雨强度-产沙关系曲线，冲刷破坏时间与坡度近似成线性关系，通过理论计算和试验结果对比总结出，辽西地区黄土边坡临界坡脚在36°~44°范围内。
3.在边坡降雨冲刷模拟试验基础上建立了考虑非饱和土土—水特征曲线的流—固耦合有限元数值模型。计算分析表明：①试验过程分为自重应力下的沉降变形及降雨条件下的非饱和流—固耦合。在降雨入渗的情况下，由于重力场的作用，降雨入渗过程中坡体位移基本沿重力方向，水平位移均较小，竖向位移沿坡面水平向坡体内部逐渐减小。坡面及浅层坡体易发生位移和破坏，并分别从坡趾和坡顶开始经过坡面向相反方向延伸。②边坡整体含水率增大，饱和度增大，孔隙水压力上升，对应基质吸力的降低渐渐趋近于零。表现为边坡的抗剪强度降低，坡面稳定性下降，尤其坡脚处土体强度下降较大，位移明显。同时含水率的增加使得坡面土体的自重增大，更加便于产生滑动和位移。③通过不同降雨强度的试验得知，降雨强度和水平、垂直方向的位移基本成良好的线性关系，即降雨强度对坡体位移的影响存在一个比例因子。
4.采用PFC3D颗粒流程序对坡脚为40°、70°的边坡冲刷破坏特征及其机理进行了研究。降雨过程中颗粒的受力与粒径、孔隙率、水流与颗粒之间的相对流速、流体密度等因素有关。流固耦合模型在考虑水土相互作用的同时也考虑了流体单元中颗粒运动、孔隙率、流速等参数的变化对整个系统的影响。三维颗粒流程序在模拟边坡大变形的同时获得了宏观试验中难以测得的如颗粒坐标、孔隙率、流速等重要参数，这些参数反映了坡体被侵蚀程度和水流侵蚀能力在边坡内的分布：坡顶处侵蚀最为强烈、水流侵蚀能力最强，且两者随高度降低呈减小趋势，与室内物理模拟试验结果一致。
5.根据元胞自动机的数学理论和方法，建立了坡面细沟侵蚀破坏的CA模拟模型。对不同降雨强度坡面冲刷破坏过程进行数值模拟，得到不同时刻细沟发展情况的数字数据。统计不同降雨强度细沟条数、细沟密度和细沟总长度等信息，对比得出不同降雨强度，坡面粗糙度条件下细沟发育速率的结果，发现进行到500时步侵蚀基本停止，细沟形态及密度趋于稳定。CA数值模拟结论与野外调查结果十分相近，为建立辽西地区黄土冲刷破坏预报模型奠定了基础。
Loess is widely distributed in China, the problem of rainfall damage of loess slope hasbeen concerned by engineering and academia. Current researches are mainly on the issue forthe overall destruction of slope, and more concentrated in the northwestern region. Theresearches are relatively few in northeast of China,especially in the region of loess of westernLiao Ning province. Based on the summarising and further studing on the engineeringgeologic characteristics of loess region of western Liao Ning province, doing the simulatedrainfall model slope erosion experiment, using the ABAQUS finite element software, using thePFC3Dparticle flow software, and Cellular Automaton modeling theory establishedmathematical models. Doing three perspectives numerical simulation of indoor simulation test,doing comparative analysis to data of indoor simulation test. Studied the evolution process ofslope erosion by rainfall and erosion mechanism. Especially on the cause and development ofrill erosion, making the fruther studies on flow and sediment transport of soil erosionprocesses, doing detailed description of erosion process. Provides a theoretical basis forestablishing loess erosion prediction model of western Liao Ning province. Main content asfollows:
1. Summarising and studing further on the engineering geologic characteristics of loessregion of western Liao Ning province. Clarifies the cause characteristics of loess, materialcomposition, physical and mechanical properties and its microstructure characteritics.Obtained the stress-strain relationship of different loads and different moisture content.Studied microstructure the changing law before and post collapse of loess. Revealed themechanism of loess collapsibility from pore number and fractal characteristics: silt is the asthe main content, and different granulometric composition with loess of northwest China.Learn the range of variation of the natural density, dry density, natural moisture content, voidratio, c, values.
2. Design the indoor rainfall simulation model system for slope erosion, and finished therainfall model slope erosion experiment in three different rainfall intensities and five differentslope gradients. Draw the conclusion that the critical slope of rainfall erosion is in the range of36.5°~44°in Liaoxi area. Do real-time monitoring on slope surface water infiltration, particle movement on slope and the change of slope shape. Get the result that changing law ofmoisture close to slope surface. Summarize that the slope surface erosion process consists ofsheet erosion-rill erosion-gully erosion, characteristics and evolution of each stage.
3. Doing numerical simulation of simulated rainfall model slope erosion experiment withABAQUS finite element program. Analysis the evolution law of rainfall intiltration and slopedeformation in different rainfall intenstity and slope gradient conditions using water-soilmechanics coupling mechanism. In one slope condition, the duration of rainfall on slopesurface has more affected on the degree saturation of soil. The flow speed direction near theslope surface has the opposite direction to the slope normal, except the top slope and footslope that the reason is boundary conditions restrictions and different direction of rainfall.Different rainfall intensity has much influence on energy of slope runoff. Increasing of rainfallintensity is made of Rainfall and raindrop speed. The result is that the energy and velocityincreasing of runoff has influence on the degree of erosion damage. On same slope and rainfallintensity, pore pressure velocity has increased as the rainfall continued. As the matric suctiondecreased, shear strength of soil has reduced. So the stability decreased.
4. A series of experiments of slope rainfall erosion were done in laboratory for steep loessslope with70°under a rainfall intensity of2.7mm/min. According to the experiments it wasfound that as the rainfall lasting the energy and erosion intensity of water flow increased. Theerosion pattern was then changed from splash and sheet erosion to rill erosion and finallyevolved into gully erosion and collapse on top of the slope. Based on the experiment,simulated the slope erosion process with PFC3Dwith fluid-soil coupling method, observed thelarge deformation of particles, simultaneously obtained microcosmic parameters such asparticle motion trace, porosity, water flow rate in fluid cells, from their quantitative changeprocess got the distribution of degree of erosion and erosion intensity of water flow in slope, itindicated that the degree of erosion and the erosion intensity of water flow on top of the slopewere strongest and both reduced as the height decrease, which was consistent to the indoormodel experiment.
5. According to the mathematical theory of cellular automata, establishing CA slopeerosion damage simulation model. Simulated the erosion damage process of different rainfallintensity. Obtained the digital data of rill erosion in different time. Statistic the rill number,rillintensity and rill total length of different rainfall intensity. Obtained rill evolution rates ofdifferent rainfall intensity and surface roughness. Found that erosion stoped at step500. Rill morphology and density tends to be stable.
1.总结并进一步研究了辽西黄土的工程地质特性，阐明了黄土的成因特征、物质组成、物理力学性质及其微观结构的特征。研究了黄土湿陷前后微观结构特征的变化规律，从孔隙数量及其分形特征等方面进一步揭示了黄土的湿陷机理。辽西地区黄土粒径主要分布在0.005~0.05mm区间内，重碳酸盐为易溶盐主要成分；随着土层深度的增加孔隙结构逐渐变化，经历支架大孔隙微胶结结构→支架微孔-镶嵌微孔半胶结→絮凝状胶结→凝块状胶结的变化过程；通过SEM图像计算出辽西黄土二维分维值在1.31左右，发现湿陷前后试样SEM图像灰度分布直方图具有双峰、单峰的显著特点，利用MATLAB对SEM图像的数字信息进行提取，并重建了试样三维微观形态。
2.研制了室内模拟边坡降雨冲刷试验的物理模型及监控系统，根据最优含水率，制作边坡模型，试验得到了降雨过程中不同时刻边坡坡面形态变化的数字图像、坡体内部含水率变化及TSS值曲线等试验数据。根据试验结果，分析了侵蚀性降雨对边坡坡面稳定性的影响因素。研究表明边坡降雨冲刷过程可分为：溅蚀（片蚀）——细沟侵蚀——切沟侵蚀——坍塌破坏四个阶段。得出不同降雨强度-坡面产流、降雨强度-产沙关系曲线，冲刷破坏时间与坡度近似成线性关系，通过理论计算和试验结果对比总结出，辽西地区黄土边坡临界坡脚在36°~44°范围内。
3.在边坡降雨冲刷模拟试验基础上建立了考虑非饱和土土—水特征曲线的流—固耦合有限元数值模型。计算分析表明：①试验过程分为自重应力下的沉降变形及降雨条件下的非饱和流—固耦合。在降雨入渗的情况下，由于重力场的作用，降雨入渗过程中坡体位移基本沿重力方向，水平位移均较小，竖向位移沿坡面水平向坡体内部逐渐减小。坡面及浅层坡体易发生位移和破坏，并分别从坡趾和坡顶开始经过坡面向相反方向延伸。②边坡整体含水率增大，饱和度增大，孔隙水压力上升，对应基质吸力的降低渐渐趋近于零。表现为边坡的抗剪强度降低，坡面稳定性下降，尤其坡脚处土体强度下降较大，位移明显。同时含水率的增加使得坡面土体的自重增大，更加便于产生滑动和位移。③通过不同降雨强度的试验得知，降雨强度和水平、垂直方向的位移基本成良好的线性关系，即降雨强度对坡体位移的影响存在一个比例因子。
4.采用PFC3D颗粒流程序对坡脚为40°、70°的边坡冲刷破坏特征及其机理进行了研究。降雨过程中颗粒的受力与粒径、孔隙率、水流与颗粒之间的相对流速、流体密度等因素有关。流固耦合模型在考虑水土相互作用的同时也考虑了流体单元中颗粒运动、孔隙率、流速等参数的变化对整个系统的影响。三维颗粒流程序在模拟边坡大变形的同时获得了宏观试验中难以测得的如颗粒坐标、孔隙率、流速等重要参数，这些参数反映了坡体被侵蚀程度和水流侵蚀能力在边坡内的分布：坡顶处侵蚀最为强烈、水流侵蚀能力最强，且两者随高度降低呈减小趋势，与室内物理模拟试验结果一致。
5.根据元胞自动机的数学理论和方法，建立了坡面细沟侵蚀破坏的CA模拟模型。对不同降雨强度坡面冲刷破坏过程进行数值模拟，得到不同时刻细沟发展情况的数字数据。统计不同降雨强度细沟条数、细沟密度和细沟总长度等信息，对比得出不同降雨强度，坡面粗糙度条件下细沟发育速率的结果，发现进行到500时步侵蚀基本停止，细沟形态及密度趋于稳定。CA数值模拟结论与野外调查结果十分相近，为建立辽西地区黄土冲刷破坏预报模型奠定了基础。
Loess is widely distributed in China, the problem of rainfall damage of loess slope hasbeen concerned by engineering and academia. Current researches are mainly on the issue forthe overall destruction of slope, and more concentrated in the northwestern region. Theresearches are relatively few in northeast of China,especially in the region of loess of westernLiao Ning province. Based on the summarising and further studing on the engineeringgeologic characteristics of loess region of western Liao Ning province, doing the simulatedrainfall model slope erosion experiment, using the ABAQUS finite element software, using thePFC3Dparticle flow software, and Cellular Automaton modeling theory establishedmathematical models. Doing three perspectives numerical simulation of indoor simulation test,doing comparative analysis to data of indoor simulation test. Studied the evolution process ofslope erosion by rainfall and erosion mechanism. Especially on the cause and development ofrill erosion, making the fruther studies on flow and sediment transport of soil erosionprocesses, doing detailed description of erosion process. Provides a theoretical basis forestablishing loess erosion prediction model of western Liao Ning province. Main content asfollows:
1. Summarising and studing further on the engineering geologic characteristics of loessregion of western Liao Ning province. Clarifies the cause characteristics of loess, materialcomposition, physical and mechanical properties and its microstructure characteritics.Obtained the stress-strain relationship of different loads and different moisture content.Studied microstructure the changing law before and post collapse of loess. Revealed themechanism of loess collapsibility from pore number and fractal characteristics: silt is the asthe main content, and different granulometric composition with loess of northwest China.Learn the range of variation of the natural density, dry density, natural moisture content, voidratio, c, values.
2. Design the indoor rainfall simulation model system for slope erosion, and finished therainfall model slope erosion experiment in three different rainfall intensities and five differentslope gradients. Draw the conclusion that the critical slope of rainfall erosion is in the range of36.5°~44°in Liaoxi area. Do real-time monitoring on slope surface water infiltration, particle movement on slope and the change of slope shape. Get the result that changing law ofmoisture close to slope surface. Summarize that the slope surface erosion process consists ofsheet erosion-rill erosion-gully erosion, characteristics and evolution of each stage.
3. Doing numerical simulation of simulated rainfall model slope erosion experiment withABAQUS finite element program. Analysis the evolution law of rainfall intiltration and slopedeformation in different rainfall intenstity and slope gradient conditions using water-soilmechanics coupling mechanism. In one slope condition, the duration of rainfall on slopesurface has more affected on the degree saturation of soil. The flow speed direction near theslope surface has the opposite direction to the slope normal, except the top slope and footslope that the reason is boundary conditions restrictions and different direction of rainfall.Different rainfall intensity has much influence on energy of slope runoff. Increasing of rainfallintensity is made of Rainfall and raindrop speed. The result is that the energy and velocityincreasing of runoff has influence on the degree of erosion damage. On same slope and rainfallintensity, pore pressure velocity has increased as the rainfall continued. As the matric suctiondecreased, shear strength of soil has reduced. So the stability decreased.
4. A series of experiments of slope rainfall erosion were done in laboratory for steep loessslope with70°under a rainfall intensity of2.7mm/min. According to the experiments it wasfound that as the rainfall lasting the energy and erosion intensity of water flow increased. Theerosion pattern was then changed from splash and sheet erosion to rill erosion and finallyevolved into gully erosion and collapse on top of the slope. Based on the experiment,simulated the slope erosion process with PFC3Dwith fluid-soil coupling method, observed thelarge deformation of particles, simultaneously obtained microcosmic parameters such asparticle motion trace, porosity, water flow rate in fluid cells, from their quantitative changeprocess got the distribution of degree of erosion and erosion intensity of water flow in slope, itindicated that the degree of erosion and the erosion intensity of water flow on top of the slopewere strongest and both reduced as the height decrease, which was consistent to the indoormodel experiment.
5. According to the mathematical theory of cellular automata, establishing CA slopeerosion damage simulation model. Simulated the erosion damage process of different rainfallintensity. Obtained the digital data of rill erosion in different time. Statistic the rill number,rillintensity and rill total length of different rainfall intensity. Obtained rill evolution rates ofdifferent rainfall intensity and surface roughness. Found that erosion stoped at step500. Rill morphology and density tends to be stable.
引文
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