可控震源金属矿地震勘探关键技术与试验
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摘要
本文针对目前金属矿地震勘探中采用炸药作为震源存在的危险性、破坏性以及液压震源频率范围窄，震源车较笨重在金属矿区难以开展工作等问题，开展便携式可控震源金属矿地震勘探关键技术及试验的研究。冲击夯搬运方便，操作简单，作为金属矿地震勘探的便携式可控震源具有巨大的发展潜力，但其单一振动频率所引起的相关干扰问题导致其地震勘探分辨率低。电磁驱动可控震源，激发信号的频带较宽，主频较高，从而地震勘探的分辨率得到提高，以其作为浅层高分辨率金属矿地震勘探中冲击夯震源的一个有力补充。
本文主要做了以下几个方面的研究工作：
1）采用伪随机编码的方法对冲击夯信号进行设计，有效地减小了由于冲击夯单一振动频率对地震子波的干扰，提高地震勘探的分辨率。
2）采用幅度锥化的方式压制电磁驱动可控震源扫描信号自相关函数的旁瓣，使得旁瓣振幅小，尾部振幅衰减快。
3）将定向照明方法引入到金属矿地震勘探，通过单震源延时叠加等效合成定向地震波信号，加强所需方向地震信号的能量，提高地震记录的信噪比，进而提升勘探深度。
4）针对金属矿地震勘探的特点，提出了可控震源金属矿勘探数据预处理方法，有效地提升了可控震源地震数据信噪比，从而提高地震剖面的分辨率。
5）利用电磁驱动可控震源和冲击夯震源在甘肃金昌铜镍矿和栾川钼矿开展了应用试验研究，取得了和炸药震源、液压震源相近的勘探效果。
The metal mine seismic exploration technology is a new developing and graduallyimproving metallic ore exploration method. Over the years, traditional methods suchas gravity, electric and magnetic methods are the main methods for metallic mineralexploration, but the ability and precision of exploration dramatically reduces sharplywith the increase of exploration depth. The vertical resolution of gravity and magneticexploration methods is low, and the field intensity is decaying with inverselyproportional to the square of distance. There is serious lack in detecting deep metalore body. The exploration depth of DC electric method is too shallow and theresolution of electromagnetic method in deep exploration is low. Currently, the metalmining depth has reached one kilometer around, and because of the characteristics ofhigh precision, large detecting depth, high resolution and reliable detection result ofseismic method, it has become the most promising technology in deep exploration ofmineral resources, and especially made up for the lack of heavy magneto-electricmethod in search for deep concealed deposits.
Currently, we mostly adopt explosive as the seismic source in metal mineralseismic exploration, but explosive is dangerous and destructive. Compared withexplosive, the security of vibroseis is greatly improved, and the excitation waveformis controlled, so it can improve the resolution of seismic signal, and control thegeneration of random disturbance with the help of related technologies. Earlydeveloped vibroseis is mainly used for oil-gas exploration, and adopts hydraulic drivemode. Its frequency range is narrow, and the output force is large and it’s in the formof vibrator vehicle. And metal mine is mostly located in mountainous areas, thesurface and topography of which is complex. Hydraulic source is relatively heavy sothat it is difficult to develop work, and its frequency is restricted.
Therefore, this paper presented portable vibroseis instead of explosive andhydraulic source excites seismic waves in seismic exploration. Impact rammer sourcepowered by gasoline adopts the internal combustion engine. With the characteristicsof portable carry, simple operation, safe and reliable, portable vibroseis has greatdevelopment potential in seismic exploration. To solve the related interferenceproblems caused by single vibration frequency of impact rammer source, pseudorandom coding method is adopted to make optimization design on the impact rammersource signals in this paper. The output energy of electromagnetic drive vibroseis issmall, but because of the wide frequency band and high dominant frequency ofexcitation signals, the resolution of seismic exploration is improved, and the scanningsignal parameters can be identified according to the practical geological situation offield and it is preferably applied in shallow seismic exploration. The interference withseismic wavelet caused by the single vibration frequency of impact rammer sourceseriously restricts the resolution of exploration, so we will do further study on theelectromagnetic drive vibroseis as effictive supplement for impact rammer source inshallow high resolution seismic exploration.
Combining with National “863” Plan Project “Key Technology and Equipment ofMetal Mine Seismic Exploration”(project number:2007AA060801) and PublicWelfare Scientific Research Special of Ministry of Land and Resources “Cable-freeSelf-location Seismic Prospecting System Development"(project number:201011081), the research on seismic exploration technology based on portablevibroseis is presented in this paper, which is carried on in several aspects such asseismic wave excitation, receiving and acquisition, data processing and the field testapplication, and aimed at achieving high resolution seismic exploration. Our mainwork includes several aspects as follows:
1）According to the problem that the interference with correlation wavelet caused bythe periodicity of continuous impact signal of impact rammer source in relatedprocessing reduces the resolution in seismic exploration, we adopted pseudo randomcoding method to design impact rammer source signals, this method makes the ratioof mainlobe to sidelobe of seismic wavelet increased, and at the same time, the ratioof mainlobe to related interference is correspondingly increased, the interference withseismic wavelet produced by single vibration frequency of impact rammer source canbe effectively decreased, and the resolution of seismic exploration is improved.
2）According to the problem that the autocorrelation function sidelobe of sweep signalusing linear scan by electromagnetic drive vibroseis makes the weak signals difficultto be found in seismic section and high resolution seismic exploration unable torealize, we used the amplitude taper mode to suppress the autocorrelation functionsidelobe of sweep signal, which makes the side-lobe amplitude decrease and the tailamplitude decay quickly.
3）According to the problem that the large noise intensity in metal mines leads to thedecrease of signal-to-noise ratio and seriously affects the resolution of seismicexploration, the scanning parameters of electromagnetic drive vibroseis have beenstudied in detail. To meet the needs of high resolution seismic exploration, vibroseis isrequired to work in the mode of broadband, long time, multiple stacking,and manysets of source array.
4）According to the problem of electromagnetic drive vibroseis exploration depth, themethod of directional lighting is applied in the metal mine seismic exploration,directional seismic signals are equivalently compounded by delaying and overlayingthe single source, strengthen the energy of seismic signal in the needed direction,improve the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic records and raise the exploration depth.
5）According to the characteristics of metal mine seismic prospecting data based onvibroseis, we analyzed the data acquisition parameters one by one such as the recordlength, sampling rate, group interval, offset and stacking fold and so on, and achievedthe result that the fieldwork method with small group interval, short offset andmultiple coverage is suitable for vibroseis seismic prospecting.
6）The characteristics of seismic prospecting based on vibroseis determine the dataprocessing flow is different from that of conventional pulse source, based on thecharacteristics of metal mine seismic exploration, we designed the data preprocessingmethod of metal mine seismic exploration based on vibroseis, and designed the wholeprocessing flow of vibroseis in metal mine seismic exploration according to thefeatures of noise.
7）Using electromagnetic drive vibroseis, we did research on seismic explorationexperiment of Jinchang nickel-copper mining area in Gansu, and verified thefeasibility and effectiveness of electromagnetic drive vibroseis in seismic explorationcompared with the hydraulic source of America and the impact rammer source ofCanada. Using the electromagnetic drive vibroseis and impact rammer source, we did applied research on metal mining goaf detection of Luanchuan molybdenum mine, thereflection seismic and seismic image methods prove that using electromagnetic drivevibroseis and impact rammer source can obtain the prospecting effect similar toexplosive source.
The innovation points existing in this paper are as follows:
1）According to the interference with seismic wavelet caused by the single vibrationfrequency of impact rammer source, based on the impact rammer controlled source,we put forward a pseudo random coding method, which can effectively improve theresolution of seismic exploration.
2）According to the problem of electromagnetic drive vibroseis exploration depth, themethod of directional lighting is applied in the metal mine seismic exploration,directional seismic signals are equivalently compounded by delaying and overlayingthe single source, it effectively improved the exploration depth of electromagneticdrive vibroseis.
3）Based on the characteristics of metal mine seismic exploration, we designed thedata preprocessing method of metal mine seismic exploration based on vibroseis,which effectively improved the signal-to-noise ratio of vibroseis seismic data and theresolution of seismic section.
本文主要做了以下几个方面的研究工作：
1）采用伪随机编码的方法对冲击夯信号进行设计，有效地减小了由于冲击夯单一振动频率对地震子波的干扰，提高地震勘探的分辨率。
2）采用幅度锥化的方式压制电磁驱动可控震源扫描信号自相关函数的旁瓣，使得旁瓣振幅小，尾部振幅衰减快。
3）将定向照明方法引入到金属矿地震勘探，通过单震源延时叠加等效合成定向地震波信号，加强所需方向地震信号的能量，提高地震记录的信噪比，进而提升勘探深度。
4）针对金属矿地震勘探的特点，提出了可控震源金属矿勘探数据预处理方法，有效地提升了可控震源地震数据信噪比，从而提高地震剖面的分辨率。
5）利用电磁驱动可控震源和冲击夯震源在甘肃金昌铜镍矿和栾川钼矿开展了应用试验研究，取得了和炸药震源、液压震源相近的勘探效果。
The metal mine seismic exploration technology is a new developing and graduallyimproving metallic ore exploration method. Over the years, traditional methods suchas gravity, electric and magnetic methods are the main methods for metallic mineralexploration, but the ability and precision of exploration dramatically reduces sharplywith the increase of exploration depth. The vertical resolution of gravity and magneticexploration methods is low, and the field intensity is decaying with inverselyproportional to the square of distance. There is serious lack in detecting deep metalore body. The exploration depth of DC electric method is too shallow and theresolution of electromagnetic method in deep exploration is low. Currently, the metalmining depth has reached one kilometer around, and because of the characteristics ofhigh precision, large detecting depth, high resolution and reliable detection result ofseismic method, it has become the most promising technology in deep exploration ofmineral resources, and especially made up for the lack of heavy magneto-electricmethod in search for deep concealed deposits.
Currently, we mostly adopt explosive as the seismic source in metal mineralseismic exploration, but explosive is dangerous and destructive. Compared withexplosive, the security of vibroseis is greatly improved, and the excitation waveformis controlled, so it can improve the resolution of seismic signal, and control thegeneration of random disturbance with the help of related technologies. Earlydeveloped vibroseis is mainly used for oil-gas exploration, and adopts hydraulic drivemode. Its frequency range is narrow, and the output force is large and it’s in the formof vibrator vehicle. And metal mine is mostly located in mountainous areas, thesurface and topography of which is complex. Hydraulic source is relatively heavy sothat it is difficult to develop work, and its frequency is restricted.
Therefore, this paper presented portable vibroseis instead of explosive andhydraulic source excites seismic waves in seismic exploration. Impact rammer sourcepowered by gasoline adopts the internal combustion engine. With the characteristicsof portable carry, simple operation, safe and reliable, portable vibroseis has greatdevelopment potential in seismic exploration. To solve the related interferenceproblems caused by single vibration frequency of impact rammer source, pseudorandom coding method is adopted to make optimization design on the impact rammersource signals in this paper. The output energy of electromagnetic drive vibroseis issmall, but because of the wide frequency band and high dominant frequency ofexcitation signals, the resolution of seismic exploration is improved, and the scanningsignal parameters can be identified according to the practical geological situation offield and it is preferably applied in shallow seismic exploration. The interference withseismic wavelet caused by the single vibration frequency of impact rammer sourceseriously restricts the resolution of exploration, so we will do further study on theelectromagnetic drive vibroseis as effictive supplement for impact rammer source inshallow high resolution seismic exploration.
Combining with National “863” Plan Project “Key Technology and Equipment ofMetal Mine Seismic Exploration”(project number:2007AA060801) and PublicWelfare Scientific Research Special of Ministry of Land and Resources “Cable-freeSelf-location Seismic Prospecting System Development"(project number:201011081), the research on seismic exploration technology based on portablevibroseis is presented in this paper, which is carried on in several aspects such asseismic wave excitation, receiving and acquisition, data processing and the field testapplication, and aimed at achieving high resolution seismic exploration. Our mainwork includes several aspects as follows:
1）According to the problem that the interference with correlation wavelet caused bythe periodicity of continuous impact signal of impact rammer source in relatedprocessing reduces the resolution in seismic exploration, we adopted pseudo randomcoding method to design impact rammer source signals, this method makes the ratioof mainlobe to sidelobe of seismic wavelet increased, and at the same time, the ratioof mainlobe to related interference is correspondingly increased, the interference withseismic wavelet produced by single vibration frequency of impact rammer source canbe effectively decreased, and the resolution of seismic exploration is improved.
2）According to the problem that the autocorrelation function sidelobe of sweep signalusing linear scan by electromagnetic drive vibroseis makes the weak signals difficultto be found in seismic section and high resolution seismic exploration unable torealize, we used the amplitude taper mode to suppress the autocorrelation functionsidelobe of sweep signal, which makes the side-lobe amplitude decrease and the tailamplitude decay quickly.
3）According to the problem that the large noise intensity in metal mines leads to thedecrease of signal-to-noise ratio and seriously affects the resolution of seismicexploration, the scanning parameters of electromagnetic drive vibroseis have beenstudied in detail. To meet the needs of high resolution seismic exploration, vibroseis isrequired to work in the mode of broadband, long time, multiple stacking,and manysets of source array.
4）According to the problem of electromagnetic drive vibroseis exploration depth, themethod of directional lighting is applied in the metal mine seismic exploration,directional seismic signals are equivalently compounded by delaying and overlayingthe single source, strengthen the energy of seismic signal in the needed direction,improve the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic records and raise the exploration depth.
5）According to the characteristics of metal mine seismic prospecting data based onvibroseis, we analyzed the data acquisition parameters one by one such as the recordlength, sampling rate, group interval, offset and stacking fold and so on, and achievedthe result that the fieldwork method with small group interval, short offset andmultiple coverage is suitable for vibroseis seismic prospecting.
6）The characteristics of seismic prospecting based on vibroseis determine the dataprocessing flow is different from that of conventional pulse source, based on thecharacteristics of metal mine seismic exploration, we designed the data preprocessingmethod of metal mine seismic exploration based on vibroseis, and designed the wholeprocessing flow of vibroseis in metal mine seismic exploration according to thefeatures of noise.
7）Using electromagnetic drive vibroseis, we did research on seismic explorationexperiment of Jinchang nickel-copper mining area in Gansu, and verified thefeasibility and effectiveness of electromagnetic drive vibroseis in seismic explorationcompared with the hydraulic source of America and the impact rammer source ofCanada. Using the electromagnetic drive vibroseis and impact rammer source, we did applied research on metal mining goaf detection of Luanchuan molybdenum mine, thereflection seismic and seismic image methods prove that using electromagnetic drivevibroseis and impact rammer source can obtain the prospecting effect similar toexplosive source.
The innovation points existing in this paper are as follows:
1）According to the interference with seismic wavelet caused by the single vibrationfrequency of impact rammer source, based on the impact rammer controlled source,we put forward a pseudo random coding method, which can effectively improve theresolution of seismic exploration.
2）According to the problem of electromagnetic drive vibroseis exploration depth, themethod of directional lighting is applied in the metal mine seismic exploration,directional seismic signals are equivalently compounded by delaying and overlayingthe single source, it effectively improved the exploration depth of electromagneticdrive vibroseis.
3）Based on the characteristics of metal mine seismic exploration, we designed thedata preprocessing method of metal mine seismic exploration based on vibroseis,which effectively improved the signal-to-noise ratio of vibroseis seismic data and theresolution of seismic section.
引文
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