吉林省西部灌区土地整理对地下水环境影响及风险评价
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摘要
吉林西部灌区属于半干旱大陆性季风气候，降水量少、蒸发量大，是吉林省生态环境脆弱带。在环境变化和人为因素双重作用下，吉林西部生态环境日益恶化，土壤次生盐碱化问题加重，其导致的后果往往是潜在的、广泛性的和持久性的。
吉林省是我国重要的商品粮生产基地。为了建立生态农业灌区，解决土地退化等问题，需要对吉林西部灌区进行土地整理，以实现生态环境改善和粮食增产目的。土地整理对地下水环境影响既有有利的影响，也有不利的影响。本文在收集研究区水文地质资料的基础上，对吉林省西部低平原区具有代表性的3个灌区五家子灌区、大安灌区和松原灌区，分析了土地整理对其地下水环境的影响，这对于实现灌区的可持续发展提供了依据，有着重要的意义。论文取得的研究成果如下：
1、收集了研究区内现有的大量相关资料，对研究区的区域地质和水文地质情况进行了分析，研究区水质类型主要为重碳酸钙型和重碳酸钙钠型。选取了37个地下水水质取样点，采用综合评价分值法对地下水水质状况进行了分析，分析结果表明，3个灌区的潜水均以Ⅳ、V类水为主，不适合饮用；在嫩江白沙滩断面、大安灌区嫩江取水口处、松花江断面取样，采用单因子评价方法对灌溉水水质进行分析，分析结果表明，灌溉水质整体上基本满足灌溉用水要求。
2、采用水量均衡原理和地下水流数值模拟，分析了土地整理对灌区地下水水量和水位的影响。分析结果表明，土地整理后，多年平均条件下，五家子灌区、大安灌区和松原灌区的地下水补给量分别增加21.82%、52.57%、33.29%，10年内地下水位分别上升了0.8m、0.6m和0.4m。一开始地下水位上升，但当地下水位上升到排水渠底板后，地下水位基本保持动态的平衡状态。
3、分析土地整理对灌区地下水水质影响。采用质量守恒定律，分析了地下水矿化度有减少趋势；采用室内试验，分析了硝态氮在土壤中的吸附解吸特性，硝态氮在土壤中的解吸作用明显；采用美国EPA提出的健康风险评价模型(HRA)定量分析氮肥施用对人体健康的风险，指数值均小于1，说明灌区化肥使用对人体健康风险影响很小；农药由于其半衰期短，对地下水环境影响不大。
4、以大安市月亮泡东灌区退水水质和前郭灌区退水水质进行分析对比，分析五家子灌区、大安灌区和松原灌区退水区受灌区农药化肥的影响程度；还有退水区水分蒸发量和盐分累积量。结果表明：农药对退水区的影响不大；化肥使用对退水区有一定的影响；退水区水分基本消耗于蒸发；10年内退水区重碳酸盐累积量分别为5.66×104t、10.23×104t和26.73×104t。
5、干旱是水分收支不平衡的一种自然现象。本文对灌区干旱特点和趋势进行了分析。根据灌区已有的基本资料，采用P-III频率曲线、降水量距平百分率对灌区进行干旱特征分析，灌区降水量年际变化较不稳定，3个灌区出现干旱年数都在20%以上。采用灰色系统理论进行灌区干旱预测，得出了3个灌区的干旱响应模型。
6、采用可开采系数法对灌区地下水可开采量进行了限值分析，在满足五家子灌区的地下水最大开采量2624.85×104m~3/a、大安灌区7000.69×104m~3/a、松原灌区27163.90×104m~3/a，开采地下水一般不会造成下游干旱。
7、灌区是个复杂的农业系统，本文构建了农业种植结构多目标优化模型。该模型综合考虑灌区的节水效益、经济效益和生态效益，以用水量最小、粮食作物产量最大、生态效益最大化为3个最优目标，以面积、灌溉水量为约束条件，采用功效系数法求解计算，并将该模型用于五家子灌区。结果表明，在作物种植面积不减少的情况下，五家子灌区种植水稻和玉米，作物种植结构为最优化。
8、按照代表性、综合性、系统性等指标选取原则，从自然状态、水环境、土壤环境和灌区环境4个相关指标，选取了17个评价因子，包括地下水天然防护能力、干旱指数、地下水补给模数、地下水可采模数、水位埋深、潜水矿化度、地下水开发利用程度、灌溉水盐度、灌溉水碱度、灌溉水矿化度、土壤含盐量、土壤碱化度、土壤有机质含量、渠系布置、化肥施用强度、农药施用强度和环境保护意识，按照目标层、准则层Ⅰ、准则层Ⅱ和基础指标层四个层次构建了灌区地下水环境风险评价指标体系。其次，按照国家标准、行业及地方规定颁布的有关标准和参考其他地区类似的有关标准，分析每个评价因子，对其进行风险等级的划分，并采用5个风险等级进行描述，风险等级为{无险，轻险，中险，重险，特险}。该指标体系内容全面、易于量化，可为其他灌区的地下水环境风险评价提供参考。
9、采用模糊综合评价法、突变理论、对数型幂函数指数模型对3个灌区分别进行了地下水环境风险综合评价，并采用灵敏度分析法分析了灌区地下水环境风险指标体系建立的合理性。分析得出，各指标的灵敏度值均不超过5，说明评价结果对误差不敏感，灌区地下水环境风险指标体系的建立是合理可行的；土地整理前，3个灌区地下水环境是存在风险，处于轻险状态，风险评价结果与实际情况较为符合；土地整理后灌区地下水环境处于无险状态。在吉林西部进行土地整理使灌区地下水环境向良性发展。
Irrigation districts in western Jilin Province are typical areas of the ecotone withfrangible eco-environment. They belong to arid and semi-arid continental monsoonclimate with less precipitation, high evaporation. Because impacts of environmentalchange and human factors, eco-environment is deteriorating, and soil salinization problemis aggravating in western Jilin Province. Their consequences are often potential, pervasiveand persistent.
Jilin Province is an important commercial grain production base in China. To solvethe problems of land degradation, and establish the ecological agriculture irrigationdistricts in western Jilin Province, we need to carry on land consolidation for the purposesof eco-environment improvement and grain production growth. The impacts of landconsolidation on groundwater environment are both beneficial and adverse. In this paper,on the basis of hydrogeological data collected in the study areas, we analyze effects ofland consolidation on groundwater environment of the low plain areas, including Wujiaziirrigation district, Daan irrigation district and Songyuan irrigation district in western JilinProvince. It is an important significance to achieve the sustainable development ofirrigation districts. The researches obtained in this paper are as follows:
1. We collect the existing informations in order to analyze the regional geology andhydrogeology of the study areas. The water quality types in the study areas most are thecalcium bicarbonate type water and heavy calcium carbonate, sodium-type water. Thewater quality conditions of selected37groundwater samplings are analyzed by usingcomprehensive evaluation score method. The analysis show that the phreatic water qualitytypes in the three irrigation districts are all class IV or V. They are not suitable for drinking.The irrigation water quality conditions are analyzed in section of the NenRiver white sandbeach, the NenRiver water port of Daan irrigation district and the Songhua River. Theresults show that the irrigation water quality can basically meet the requirements ofirrigation water.
2. The impacts of land consolidation on groundwater quantity and groundwater levelfor irrigation districts are analyzed by using the principle of water balance and thenumerical simulation of groundwater flow, respectively. The results show that after theland consolidation, the groundwater recharge of Wujiazi irrigation district, Daan irrigationdistrict and Songyuan irrigation will be respectively increasing by28%,36%and29%ataverage annual conditions, and the groundwater level will be respectively rising by0.8m,0.6m and0.4m in10years. The groundwater level will remain dynamic equilibrium whenthe groundwater level is rising to drains backplane.
3. The impacts of land consolidation on groundwater quality of irrigation districts areanalyzed. Through the law of conservation of mass, the mineralization degree ofgroundwater will decrease. we adopt in-house experiment to analyze theadsorption-desorption properties of nitrate-nitrogen in soils. The result is thatnitrate-nitrogen in soils is mainly desorption. The impacts of nitrogen fertilizers on humanhealth are that the risk index values are less than1, through the health risk assessmentmodel (HRA) proposed by U.S. EPA. The result is that using fertilizer in irrigationdistricts has little impact on human health risk. Because of pesticide’s short half-life, it haslittle effect on groundwater environment.
4. The return water qualities of irrigation are analyzed in the moon bubble easternirrigation district of Daan city and Qianguo irrigation district, respectively. In return areas,the quality of return water, water evaporation and salt accumulation, which are affected bythe pesticides and fertilizers for Wujiazi irrigation district, Daan irrigation district andSongyuan irrigation, are analyzed by using the analogy method. The results show thatusing pesticides and fertilizer will have little and certain impacts on the return areasrespectively, return water will basically be evaporated and bicarbonate accumulations inreturn areas will be5.66×104t,10.23×104t and26.73×104t in10years.
5. The drought is a natural phenomenon of water imbalances. In this paper, thecharacteristics and trends of drought for the irrigation districts are analyzed. Based onexisting informations of irrigation districts, the drought characteristics of irrigationdistricts are analyzed by P-III frequency curve and precipitation anomaly percentage. Theresults show that the annual precipitation changes of irrigation districts are less stable, and drought years of three irrigation districts are all more than20%. Gray system theory isused to predict droughts of irrigation districts.
6. The groundwater withdrawals for irrigation districts can be calculated by usingmineable coefficient method. On condtion that the maximum groundwater withdrawals ofWujiazi irrigation district, Daan irrigation district and Songyuan irrigation district are2624.85×104m~3/a,7000.69×104m~3/a,27163.90×104m~3/a respectively, the exploitations ofgroundwater usually do not cause droughts of lower reaches.
7. The irrigation district is a complex agricultural system. A multi-objectiveoptimization model of agricultural planting structure is built. In this model, thewater-saving benefits, economic benefits and ecological benefits of irrigation district areconsidered. Minimun consumption of water, the maximum production of crop andmaximum of eco-efficiency, which are optimal targets. The area and irrigation water areconstraints. The model of the irrigation district for Wujiazi is calculated by usingefficiency coefficient method. The results show that crop planting structure is optimizedon condtion that rice and corn are only planted in Wujiazi irrigation district.
8. According to the representative, comprehensive and systemic principles ofindicators selected, four evaluating indicators and seventeen evaluating factors includingnatural condition, water environment, soil environment and irrigation districtsenvironment are selected. The seventeen evaluating factors include groundwater naturalprotection ability, drought index, recharge modulus of groundwater, exploitable modulusof groundwater, buried depth of groundwater table, total mineralization degree ofgroundwater, the degree of groundwater development and utilization, irrigation watersalinity, irrigation water alkalinity, irrigation water mineralized degree, soil salinity, soilalkalization, soil organic substances content, canal system layout, fertilizer applicationintensity, pesticide application intensity and environmental protection awareness. Inaccordance with four-level building layers, including the target layer, criteria layer I,criteria layer II and basic indicators layer, the index system of groundwater environmentrisk for irrigation districts is constituted. In addition, according to National Institute ofStandards, the relevant standards of Industry and local regulations, and other standards ofsimilar areas, each evaluation factor is analyzed and divided to five risk levels which areno-risk, slight risk, medium risk, significant risk and absolutely risk. The index system is comprehensive and easy to be quantified. It can provide a reference for groundwater riskassessment of other irrigation districts.
9. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, catastrophe theory and the powerfunction exponential model, the groundwater environment risks for three irrigationdistricts are comprehensive analyzed. The establishment of index system for groundwaterenvironment risk in the irrigation district is whether reasonable by using the sensitivityanalysis method. The analysis results show that each index sensitivity value is no morethan5, the evaluation results are not sensitive to the error. The establishment of indexsystem for groundwater environment risk in the irrigation district is reasonably practicable.Before land consolidation, the groundwater environments of three irrigations have somerisks and all belong to slight risk status. The obtained results are consistent with actualcondition. After land consolidation, groundwater environments of the three irrigationshave no risk. The results show that groundwater environment for irrigation districts inwestern Jilin will be better because of the land consolidation.
吉林省是我国重要的商品粮生产基地。为了建立生态农业灌区，解决土地退化等问题，需要对吉林西部灌区进行土地整理，以实现生态环境改善和粮食增产目的。土地整理对地下水环境影响既有有利的影响，也有不利的影响。本文在收集研究区水文地质资料的基础上，对吉林省西部低平原区具有代表性的3个灌区五家子灌区、大安灌区和松原灌区，分析了土地整理对其地下水环境的影响，这对于实现灌区的可持续发展提供了依据，有着重要的意义。论文取得的研究成果如下：
1、收集了研究区内现有的大量相关资料，对研究区的区域地质和水文地质情况进行了分析，研究区水质类型主要为重碳酸钙型和重碳酸钙钠型。选取了37个地下水水质取样点，采用综合评价分值法对地下水水质状况进行了分析，分析结果表明，3个灌区的潜水均以Ⅳ、V类水为主，不适合饮用；在嫩江白沙滩断面、大安灌区嫩江取水口处、松花江断面取样，采用单因子评价方法对灌溉水水质进行分析，分析结果表明，灌溉水质整体上基本满足灌溉用水要求。
2、采用水量均衡原理和地下水流数值模拟，分析了土地整理对灌区地下水水量和水位的影响。分析结果表明，土地整理后，多年平均条件下，五家子灌区、大安灌区和松原灌区的地下水补给量分别增加21.82%、52.57%、33.29%，10年内地下水位分别上升了0.8m、0.6m和0.4m。一开始地下水位上升，但当地下水位上升到排水渠底板后，地下水位基本保持动态的平衡状态。
3、分析土地整理对灌区地下水水质影响。采用质量守恒定律，分析了地下水矿化度有减少趋势；采用室内试验，分析了硝态氮在土壤中的吸附解吸特性，硝态氮在土壤中的解吸作用明显；采用美国EPA提出的健康风险评价模型(HRA)定量分析氮肥施用对人体健康的风险，指数值均小于1，说明灌区化肥使用对人体健康风险影响很小；农药由于其半衰期短，对地下水环境影响不大。
4、以大安市月亮泡东灌区退水水质和前郭灌区退水水质进行分析对比，分析五家子灌区、大安灌区和松原灌区退水区受灌区农药化肥的影响程度；还有退水区水分蒸发量和盐分累积量。结果表明：农药对退水区的影响不大；化肥使用对退水区有一定的影响；退水区水分基本消耗于蒸发；10年内退水区重碳酸盐累积量分别为5.66×104t、10.23×104t和26.73×104t。
5、干旱是水分收支不平衡的一种自然现象。本文对灌区干旱特点和趋势进行了分析。根据灌区已有的基本资料，采用P-III频率曲线、降水量距平百分率对灌区进行干旱特征分析，灌区降水量年际变化较不稳定，3个灌区出现干旱年数都在20%以上。采用灰色系统理论进行灌区干旱预测，得出了3个灌区的干旱响应模型。
6、采用可开采系数法对灌区地下水可开采量进行了限值分析，在满足五家子灌区的地下水最大开采量2624.85×104m~3/a、大安灌区7000.69×104m~3/a、松原灌区27163.90×104m~3/a，开采地下水一般不会造成下游干旱。
7、灌区是个复杂的农业系统，本文构建了农业种植结构多目标优化模型。该模型综合考虑灌区的节水效益、经济效益和生态效益，以用水量最小、粮食作物产量最大、生态效益最大化为3个最优目标，以面积、灌溉水量为约束条件，采用功效系数法求解计算，并将该模型用于五家子灌区。结果表明，在作物种植面积不减少的情况下，五家子灌区种植水稻和玉米，作物种植结构为最优化。
8、按照代表性、综合性、系统性等指标选取原则，从自然状态、水环境、土壤环境和灌区环境4个相关指标，选取了17个评价因子，包括地下水天然防护能力、干旱指数、地下水补给模数、地下水可采模数、水位埋深、潜水矿化度、地下水开发利用程度、灌溉水盐度、灌溉水碱度、灌溉水矿化度、土壤含盐量、土壤碱化度、土壤有机质含量、渠系布置、化肥施用强度、农药施用强度和环境保护意识，按照目标层、准则层Ⅰ、准则层Ⅱ和基础指标层四个层次构建了灌区地下水环境风险评价指标体系。其次，按照国家标准、行业及地方规定颁布的有关标准和参考其他地区类似的有关标准，分析每个评价因子，对其进行风险等级的划分，并采用5个风险等级进行描述，风险等级为{无险，轻险，中险，重险，特险}。该指标体系内容全面、易于量化，可为其他灌区的地下水环境风险评价提供参考。
9、采用模糊综合评价法、突变理论、对数型幂函数指数模型对3个灌区分别进行了地下水环境风险综合评价，并采用灵敏度分析法分析了灌区地下水环境风险指标体系建立的合理性。分析得出，各指标的灵敏度值均不超过5，说明评价结果对误差不敏感，灌区地下水环境风险指标体系的建立是合理可行的；土地整理前，3个灌区地下水环境是存在风险，处于轻险状态，风险评价结果与实际情况较为符合；土地整理后灌区地下水环境处于无险状态。在吉林西部进行土地整理使灌区地下水环境向良性发展。
Irrigation districts in western Jilin Province are typical areas of the ecotone withfrangible eco-environment. They belong to arid and semi-arid continental monsoonclimate with less precipitation, high evaporation. Because impacts of environmentalchange and human factors, eco-environment is deteriorating, and soil salinization problemis aggravating in western Jilin Province. Their consequences are often potential, pervasiveand persistent.
Jilin Province is an important commercial grain production base in China. To solvethe problems of land degradation, and establish the ecological agriculture irrigationdistricts in western Jilin Province, we need to carry on land consolidation for the purposesof eco-environment improvement and grain production growth. The impacts of landconsolidation on groundwater environment are both beneficial and adverse. In this paper,on the basis of hydrogeological data collected in the study areas, we analyze effects ofland consolidation on groundwater environment of the low plain areas, including Wujiaziirrigation district, Daan irrigation district and Songyuan irrigation district in western JilinProvince. It is an important significance to achieve the sustainable development ofirrigation districts. The researches obtained in this paper are as follows:
1. We collect the existing informations in order to analyze the regional geology andhydrogeology of the study areas. The water quality types in the study areas most are thecalcium bicarbonate type water and heavy calcium carbonate, sodium-type water. Thewater quality conditions of selected37groundwater samplings are analyzed by usingcomprehensive evaluation score method. The analysis show that the phreatic water qualitytypes in the three irrigation districts are all class IV or V. They are not suitable for drinking.The irrigation water quality conditions are analyzed in section of the NenRiver white sandbeach, the NenRiver water port of Daan irrigation district and the Songhua River. Theresults show that the irrigation water quality can basically meet the requirements ofirrigation water.
2. The impacts of land consolidation on groundwater quantity and groundwater levelfor irrigation districts are analyzed by using the principle of water balance and thenumerical simulation of groundwater flow, respectively. The results show that after theland consolidation, the groundwater recharge of Wujiazi irrigation district, Daan irrigationdistrict and Songyuan irrigation will be respectively increasing by28%,36%and29%ataverage annual conditions, and the groundwater level will be respectively rising by0.8m,0.6m and0.4m in10years. The groundwater level will remain dynamic equilibrium whenthe groundwater level is rising to drains backplane.
3. The impacts of land consolidation on groundwater quality of irrigation districts areanalyzed. Through the law of conservation of mass, the mineralization degree ofgroundwater will decrease. we adopt in-house experiment to analyze theadsorption-desorption properties of nitrate-nitrogen in soils. The result is thatnitrate-nitrogen in soils is mainly desorption. The impacts of nitrogen fertilizers on humanhealth are that the risk index values are less than1, through the health risk assessmentmodel (HRA) proposed by U.S. EPA. The result is that using fertilizer in irrigationdistricts has little impact on human health risk. Because of pesticide’s short half-life, it haslittle effect on groundwater environment.
4. The return water qualities of irrigation are analyzed in the moon bubble easternirrigation district of Daan city and Qianguo irrigation district, respectively. In return areas,the quality of return water, water evaporation and salt accumulation, which are affected bythe pesticides and fertilizers for Wujiazi irrigation district, Daan irrigation district andSongyuan irrigation, are analyzed by using the analogy method. The results show thatusing pesticides and fertilizer will have little and certain impacts on the return areasrespectively, return water will basically be evaporated and bicarbonate accumulations inreturn areas will be5.66×104t,10.23×104t and26.73×104t in10years.
5. The drought is a natural phenomenon of water imbalances. In this paper, thecharacteristics and trends of drought for the irrigation districts are analyzed. Based onexisting informations of irrigation districts, the drought characteristics of irrigationdistricts are analyzed by P-III frequency curve and precipitation anomaly percentage. Theresults show that the annual precipitation changes of irrigation districts are less stable, and drought years of three irrigation districts are all more than20%. Gray system theory isused to predict droughts of irrigation districts.
6. The groundwater withdrawals for irrigation districts can be calculated by usingmineable coefficient method. On condtion that the maximum groundwater withdrawals ofWujiazi irrigation district, Daan irrigation district and Songyuan irrigation district are2624.85×104m~3/a,7000.69×104m~3/a,27163.90×104m~3/a respectively, the exploitations ofgroundwater usually do not cause droughts of lower reaches.
7. The irrigation district is a complex agricultural system. A multi-objectiveoptimization model of agricultural planting structure is built. In this model, thewater-saving benefits, economic benefits and ecological benefits of irrigation district areconsidered. Minimun consumption of water, the maximum production of crop andmaximum of eco-efficiency, which are optimal targets. The area and irrigation water areconstraints. The model of the irrigation district for Wujiazi is calculated by usingefficiency coefficient method. The results show that crop planting structure is optimizedon condtion that rice and corn are only planted in Wujiazi irrigation district.
8. According to the representative, comprehensive and systemic principles ofindicators selected, four evaluating indicators and seventeen evaluating factors includingnatural condition, water environment, soil environment and irrigation districtsenvironment are selected. The seventeen evaluating factors include groundwater naturalprotection ability, drought index, recharge modulus of groundwater, exploitable modulusof groundwater, buried depth of groundwater table, total mineralization degree ofgroundwater, the degree of groundwater development and utilization, irrigation watersalinity, irrigation water alkalinity, irrigation water mineralized degree, soil salinity, soilalkalization, soil organic substances content, canal system layout, fertilizer applicationintensity, pesticide application intensity and environmental protection awareness. Inaccordance with four-level building layers, including the target layer, criteria layer I,criteria layer II and basic indicators layer, the index system of groundwater environmentrisk for irrigation districts is constituted. In addition, according to National Institute ofStandards, the relevant standards of Industry and local regulations, and other standards ofsimilar areas, each evaluation factor is analyzed and divided to five risk levels which areno-risk, slight risk, medium risk, significant risk and absolutely risk. The index system is comprehensive and easy to be quantified. It can provide a reference for groundwater riskassessment of other irrigation districts.
9. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, catastrophe theory and the powerfunction exponential model, the groundwater environment risks for three irrigationdistricts are comprehensive analyzed. The establishment of index system for groundwaterenvironment risk in the irrigation district is whether reasonable by using the sensitivityanalysis method. The analysis results show that each index sensitivity value is no morethan5, the evaluation results are not sensitive to the error. The establishment of indexsystem for groundwater environment risk in the irrigation district is reasonably practicable.Before land consolidation, the groundwater environments of three irrigations have somerisks and all belong to slight risk status. The obtained results are consistent with actualcondition. After land consolidation, groundwater environments of the three irrigationshave no risk. The results show that groundwater environment for irrigation districts inwestern Jilin will be better because of the land consolidation.
引文
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