运用地震属性研究柴达木盆地早新生代断裂特征
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摘要
目前众多的地质研究表明南北向挤压应力在印藏碰撞不久就已经传递到青藏高原北部。对于青藏高原东北部的柴达木盆地,研究其新生代早期的变形及应力特征对理解青藏高原早期的变形机制和高原结构都具有重要的启示意义。柴达木盆地内覆盖巨厚中、新生代沉积物,这给早期断裂的研究工作带来巨大困难。本文在充分利用盆地内三维地震勘探资料的基础上,选取合适的地震属性开展早期断裂的研究工作,通过分析早期断裂的空间展布特征,确定断裂活动时间,明确不同断裂系统的关系,研究新生代早期柴达木盆地的活动情况,探索与之相关的青藏高原演化活动特征。
本文以地球物理资料为基础,研究柴达木盆地新生代早期的构造活动,主要的研究内容及取得的认识包括：
(1)从多种地震属性中进行筛选,最终选择最有利于断裂分析的相干属性、断层增强和边界增强属性、瞬时属性以及频谱分解属性作为柴达木盆地新生代早期断裂研究的最优方法。在对方法的研究中,重点掌握各属性的算法,了解属性运算中的参数设置条件,辨别不同类型、不同级别断裂在多种属性中的表现特征,对各属性的运算结果进行了详细比较,并针对属性运算中的干扰进行了简单分析。
(2)利用多属性分析技术,进行断裂结构特征分析,明确了柴达木盆地新生代早期广泛发育近东西走向断裂,确定了近东西向断裂构造的分布区域及不同断裂系统之间的关系,在综合剖面分析及沉积相资料的基础上,认为近东西向断裂的发育时间起始于36Ma前后；在厘定早期断裂构造样式的基础上,确定了柴达木盆地新生代早期的活动情况及受力变形特征,初步认定早期盆地活动在柴西南区、阿尔金山前区、柴北缘受压扭作用发育一系列近东西向厚皮冲断断裂构造,早期断裂平面上呈雁列分布特征；柴西南区的东西向断裂和南北向断裂为同期构造,南北向断裂是由于东西向断裂走滑造成的侧向挤压所形成；早期东西向断裂的形成与现今盆地周缘的东昆仑、阿尔金山、南祁连三大构造单元无控制关系。
(3)柴达木盆地在约36Ma的受力特征反映了其带左旋性质的挤压构造变形,表明印藏碰撞产生的远程效应在约36Ma已经影响到柴达木盆地,并且高原北缘应力场具有弥散性的左旋剪切性质。
Geological studies have indicated that the NS compressive stress had been soon passed to the north of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the India and Eurasia. Qaidam Basin locates in the northeast of Tibetan Plateau, through studying the deformation and stress characteristics of the Qaidam Basin in the early of Cenozoic, it will help to understand the early deformation mechanism and plateau structure in the Tibetan Plateau. This has important implications. There are covering thick sediments from Mesozoic to Cenozoic in the Qaidam Basin, which brings great difficulties to the fault research. In this thesis, I make full use of three-dimensional seismic data in the basin, and select the appropriate seismic attributes to carry out the faults studying work. By analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of early faults, conforming the faults activity time, classifying the different faults systems, I discuss the activities of the Qaidam Basin in early Cenozoic, in the end, exploring the evolution characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau.
This thesis is base on3D seismic data, after studying the tectonic activities of the Qaidam Basin in the early Cenozoic, the main research contents and the conclusions are summarized as follows:
(1) Choosing and comparison the characters of multi-seismic attributes, mastering the algorithms of different attributes, understanding the property parameters settings, identifying the performance characteristics of faults in different seismic attributes, contrasting the results of each attribute calculation detailed, I choose coherence attribute, fault enhancement and ridge enhancement attributes, instantaneous attribute, spectrum decomposition attribute as the optimal methods. By multi-attribute analysis, I recognize that different faults systems are widely developed in the Qaidam Basin, and clarify the locations and relationships of the different faults systems.
(2) Analysis of faults structural features, identifying the EW trend faults of the Qaidam Basin were development in early Cenozoic. Base of determining the styles of the early faults, ascertaining the tectonic movement and deformation characteristics of the Qaidam Basin in early Cenozoic. I conclude the EW trend thick-skinned thrust faults structures are the results of compressive stress in the whole basin. The early faults are en echelon distribution in the plane. The two EW and SN strike faults were formed of the same period in the southwest area of Qaidam Basin. The SN trending faults were due to the EW trending faults caused by lateral strike-slip extrusion. The faults in front of the Altun were formed with related to the activity of the Altyn Fault. All of the EW strike faults started to be active at ca.36Ma.
(3) The characteristics of stress direction reflected the compressional tectonic deformation with sinistra movement in the Qaidam Basin(ca.36Ma). That proved the remote effects of the collision between the India and Eurasia arrived Qaidam Basin in ca.36Ma and the stress field has dispersive sinistral shear in the northern plateau margin.
本文以地球物理资料为基础,研究柴达木盆地新生代早期的构造活动,主要的研究内容及取得的认识包括：
(1)从多种地震属性中进行筛选,最终选择最有利于断裂分析的相干属性、断层增强和边界增强属性、瞬时属性以及频谱分解属性作为柴达木盆地新生代早期断裂研究的最优方法。在对方法的研究中,重点掌握各属性的算法,了解属性运算中的参数设置条件,辨别不同类型、不同级别断裂在多种属性中的表现特征,对各属性的运算结果进行了详细比较,并针对属性运算中的干扰进行了简单分析。
(2)利用多属性分析技术,进行断裂结构特征分析,明确了柴达木盆地新生代早期广泛发育近东西走向断裂,确定了近东西向断裂构造的分布区域及不同断裂系统之间的关系,在综合剖面分析及沉积相资料的基础上,认为近东西向断裂的发育时间起始于36Ma前后；在厘定早期断裂构造样式的基础上,确定了柴达木盆地新生代早期的活动情况及受力变形特征,初步认定早期盆地活动在柴西南区、阿尔金山前区、柴北缘受压扭作用发育一系列近东西向厚皮冲断断裂构造,早期断裂平面上呈雁列分布特征；柴西南区的东西向断裂和南北向断裂为同期构造,南北向断裂是由于东西向断裂走滑造成的侧向挤压所形成；早期东西向断裂的形成与现今盆地周缘的东昆仑、阿尔金山、南祁连三大构造单元无控制关系。
(3)柴达木盆地在约36Ma的受力特征反映了其带左旋性质的挤压构造变形,表明印藏碰撞产生的远程效应在约36Ma已经影响到柴达木盆地,并且高原北缘应力场具有弥散性的左旋剪切性质。
Geological studies have indicated that the NS compressive stress had been soon passed to the north of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the India and Eurasia. Qaidam Basin locates in the northeast of Tibetan Plateau, through studying the deformation and stress characteristics of the Qaidam Basin in the early of Cenozoic, it will help to understand the early deformation mechanism and plateau structure in the Tibetan Plateau. This has important implications. There are covering thick sediments from Mesozoic to Cenozoic in the Qaidam Basin, which brings great difficulties to the fault research. In this thesis, I make full use of three-dimensional seismic data in the basin, and select the appropriate seismic attributes to carry out the faults studying work. By analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of early faults, conforming the faults activity time, classifying the different faults systems, I discuss the activities of the Qaidam Basin in early Cenozoic, in the end, exploring the evolution characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau.
This thesis is base on3D seismic data, after studying the tectonic activities of the Qaidam Basin in the early Cenozoic, the main research contents and the conclusions are summarized as follows:
(1) Choosing and comparison the characters of multi-seismic attributes, mastering the algorithms of different attributes, understanding the property parameters settings, identifying the performance characteristics of faults in different seismic attributes, contrasting the results of each attribute calculation detailed, I choose coherence attribute, fault enhancement and ridge enhancement attributes, instantaneous attribute, spectrum decomposition attribute as the optimal methods. By multi-attribute analysis, I recognize that different faults systems are widely developed in the Qaidam Basin, and clarify the locations and relationships of the different faults systems.
(2) Analysis of faults structural features, identifying the EW trend faults of the Qaidam Basin were development in early Cenozoic. Base of determining the styles of the early faults, ascertaining the tectonic movement and deformation characteristics of the Qaidam Basin in early Cenozoic. I conclude the EW trend thick-skinned thrust faults structures are the results of compressive stress in the whole basin. The early faults are en echelon distribution in the plane. The two EW and SN strike faults were formed of the same period in the southwest area of Qaidam Basin. The SN trending faults were due to the EW trending faults caused by lateral strike-slip extrusion. The faults in front of the Altun were formed with related to the activity of the Altyn Fault. All of the EW strike faults started to be active at ca.36Ma.
(3) The characteristics of stress direction reflected the compressional tectonic deformation with sinistra movement in the Qaidam Basin(ca.36Ma). That proved the remote effects of the collision between the India and Eurasia arrived Qaidam Basin in ca.36Ma and the stress field has dispersive sinistral shear in the northern plateau margin.
引文
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