地下位移测量方法及理论研究
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摘要
地下位移监测是地质灾害预测、岩土工程项目质量安全评价的重要手段及研究热点。它可以深入岩土体内部进行地下不同深度水平位移、沉降、倾斜方向等地质参数的动态监测,因此能准确检测地下位移形变信息,确定滑移面和变形范围,进而研究变形机制、成灾现状、发展趋势及防灾预报。监测上的不可见和复杂性导致地下位移监测技术发展缓慢,存在精度差、成本高、非自动化或难于准确计算地下位移量等问题。本文提出了一种基于新型电磁式地下位移传感器组和GPRS无线网络的地下位移自动测量及远程监控方法,设计了水平型(Ⅰ型)和水平-垂直复合型(Ⅱ型)两款电磁式地下位移传感器。针对这两款传感器进行了地下位移测量方法及相关理论的深入研究工作。综合考虑影响Ⅰ、Ⅱ型传感器传感特性的各种因素及相关参数,提出了三个具有较高计算精度且适合硬件实现的测量理论模型。利用这三个测量模型,对Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型地下位移传感器获取的监测数据进行参数反演,推算出地下不同深处的相对水平位移量、垂直位移量及倾斜角度。实验和理论仿真对比研究结果既检验了Ⅰ、Ⅱ型传感器的地下位移测量性能,又验证了上述测量模型及地下位移反演算法的有效性,同时也构成了较完备的地下位移测量理论基础。
本文主要研究内容及创新点总结如下：
(1)提出了一种新的地下位移测量方法。即将电磁理论、霍尔效应、重力测斜等传感机制相融合,结合现代集成传感技术和通信技术,设计了一种新型的地下位移测量仪和GPRS无线监控系统。测量仪采用地下位移测量串的组织形式,由多个等距间隔的集成地下位移传感器单元与一个地下位移测量集中处理单元串接组成。任两相邻传感器单元构成一个电磁式地下位移传感器,可测出地下某深度处的相对位移和倾斜角度,而整个测量串则可实现从地表直至地下不动岩之间整体位移及倾斜角度的测量；配套开发的GPRS无线监测系统可进一步实现地下位移和倾斜量的远程网络化传输及监控。针对不同应用场合,设计出水平型(Ⅰ型)和水平-垂直型(Ⅱ型)两款地下位移传感器。前者主要用于如顺层滑坡、边坡、基坑及围护桩、公铁路路基等以侧向变形为主的岩土项目的地下水平位移监测；后者常用于像崩塌、旋转滑坡、地塌陷、地沉降、软土基、隧道、围岩等需要对水平和垂直两个方向的地下位移同时进行监测的应用场合。
(2)针对Ⅰ型传感器主要对地下水平位移和倾斜角进行监测的应用特点,将电磁场公式推导法和等效圆环模型相结合,提出了称为“公式-圆环等效法”(EELA)的互感电压测量模型。建立起Ⅰ型传感器待测的地下水平位移量、倾斜角度与传感器输出互感电压及传感器单元几何形状参数之间的理论关系。实验结果论证了该模型的准确性和有效性。
(3)针对Ⅱ型传感器需对地下水平位移、垂直位移及倾斜角同时进行监测的特点,将电磁场公式推导法、等效圆环法和数值积分法相融合,提出了称为“数值积分-圆环等效法”(NIELA)的互感电压测量模型,用于描述Ⅱ型传感器待测地下水平位移量、垂直位移量、倾斜角度与传感器的互感电压输出、传感器单元几何、形状参数之间的理论关系。
(4)将霍尔传感机理分析、永磁体3D磁场建模和多维数值积分法相结合,提出了称为“等效磁荷-数值积分法”(EMC-NI)的霍尔电压测量模型,用于描述Ⅱ型传感器待测地下水平位移量、垂直位移量、倾斜角度与传感器的霍尔电压输出、传感器单元及永磁体几何、形状、材料特性参数之间的理论关系。实验结果表明NIELA和EMC-NI模型能较准确高效地描述Ⅱ型传感器的互感和霍尔特性。二者构成Ⅱ型传感器的地下位移测量模型。
(5)提出了基于“正演模拟-寻优反演法”的地下位移反演算法。该算法将上述3个具有较高精度的测量模型分别作为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型传感器的正演模型,结合寻优逼近反演法,实现对Ⅰ型传感器地下水平位移的反演和对Ⅱ型传感器地下水平和垂直位移的联合反演。研究结果表明,所提出的地下位移参数反演算法是稳定有效的,Ⅰ传感器的水平位移反演偏差平均值小于3mm(实测水平位移变化范围0-100mm),Ⅱ型传感器的水平位移和垂直位移的反演偏差平均值分别小于2mm和0.5mm(实测水平位移和垂直位移变化范围均为0～30mm),反演结果能较准确地预测传感器所埋地层处的相对水平位移量和垂直位移量。
(6)将基于上述三个理论模型计算所得互感电压、霍尔电压理论值与互感电压、霍尔电压实验实测值进行综合比对分析和参数反演应用研究,一方面客观评估这三个模型的建模有效性和计算精确度,为定性分析和定量评估Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型传感器的传感特性、影响因素及传感器优化设计提供理论支持和指导意见；另一方面,将上述理论建模的高精度和传感器自身测数的稳定性相结合,通过实施基于正演模型的寻优反演算法,将Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型传感器输出的互感电压和霍尔电压直接换算成Ⅰ、Ⅱ型传感器所监测地下岩土体的水平位移量和垂直位移量,具有直观、精度较高等优点。
The effective monitoring of underground deep displacement is not only a key means to prevent and mitigate such major geological hazards as landslide, collapse, debris flow, and subsidence, but also to guarantee quality and safety for a wide range of geotechnical and hydraulic engineering projects. Deep displacement monitoring is becoming increasingly important but less well established. Most of the existing monitoring methods have such drawbacks as high cost, low efficiency, vulnerability to missing or error in hazard prediction, and difficulty in accurately calculating the deep displacement and sliding direction. A novel method is proposed to automatically measure and remotely monitor the underground displacement based on electromagnetic underground displacement sensor group and GPRS wireless network. Two electromagnetic underground displacement sensors, that is, horizontal type (Ⅰ-type) and horizontal-vertical composite type (Ⅱ-type) are designed to meet the practical engineering needs. With regard to these two sensors, great focus is taken on the underlying theoretical research of underground displacement detecting and sensing characteristics. Three innovative measuring models suitable for hardware implementation with satisfactory estimation accuracy and calculation efficiency are constructed and derived in detail after a comprehensive research of impact of various factors and parameters on the proposed sensors. These models have been further applied for displacement parameter back analysis of Ⅰ and Ⅱ type sensors so as to predict the relative horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and tilt angle at different depth within the monitored underground soil and rock mass. A series of comparative examinations between modeling simulation and experimental tests are carried out. It not only evaluates the measuring performance of I and II type sensors, but also validates reliability of the three models and practicability of the underground displacement inversion algorithm. All of these construct a relatively complete underground displacement monitoring theory.
The main research achievements and innovations are listed as follows:
(1) The dissertation proposes a new underground displacement measuring method and designs a novel underground displacement measuring apparatus and a GPRS-based remote network monitoring system. With the electromagnetic underground displacement sensor group as the core, the said measuring instrument is mainly composed of a number of equally spaced integrated sensing units in series and an underground displacement measuring central processing unit, forming a measure chain of underground displacement. Its basic features include:a) Any two adjacent sensing units comprise an electromagnetic underground displacement sensor employed to measure the relative displacement and tilt angle at some given depth within the studied rock or soil mass; b) The whole measuring chain can measure the cumulative underground displacement and sliding angle from the surface to different depths within the monitored mass; and c) A GPRS-based remote monitoring network of underground displacement is developed to support the remote real-time transmission and automatic monitoring of measuring data. At the same time, to adapt to different monitoring sites, both horizontal type (I-type) and horizontal-vertical type (II-type) underground displacement sensors have been designed to serve their corresponding I-type or II-type underground displacement measuring instruments. The former is mainly applied to the underground horizontal displacement monitoring for such projects as translational sliding, sloping engineering, excavation and retaining piles, the railway roadbed. The latter is used for such applications as rotational landslide, collapse, ground subsidence and soft soil foundation that require for the underground displacement monitoring both in the horizontal and vertical directions.
(2) For the I-type sensor, a mutual inductance voltage measurement model called the Equation-based Equivalent Loop Approach (EELA) has been put forward by coupling the electromagnetic formula derivation with the equivalent loop approach. It can quite accurately evaluate the complicated relationship among the I-type sensor's mutual inductance voltage output, the relative horizontal displacement and relative tilt angle between two adjacent sensor units, and shape parameters of any two adjacent sensor units.
(3) For the Ⅱ-type sensor, a mutual inductance voltage measurement model named the Numerical Integration-based Equivalent Loop Approach (NIELA) is advocated by technical fusion of the electromagnetic field formula derivation, equivalent loop modeling and numerical integration approach. It can qualitatively characterize the complicated relationship among the sensor's measuring underground horizontal displacement, vertical displacement, and tilt angle, output of mutual inductance voltage and the geometrical parameters of two sensor units.
(4) Through comprehensive application of the Hall sensing mechanism analysis,3D spatial distribution solution to magnetic field of the permanent magnet, and the multidimensional numerical calculation method, a model called the Equivalent Magnetic Charge-Numerical Integration Approach (EMC-NI) is presented and serves as II-type sensor's Hall voltage measurement model, which provides a quantitative description of the sophisticated relationship among the sensor's measuring underground horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and tilt angle, its Hall voltage output, the geometrical and shape parameter of sensor units and the permanent magnet.
(5) A kind of underground displacement inversion algorithm based on the forward modeling and approximate optimization inversion theory is presented. It utilizes the above proposed semi-analysis measuring models (EELA, NIELA and EMC-NI) as the forward models to generate the references signals of mutual voltage and Hall voltage respectively, which is then used as entry data of the inversion system, together with the measured data of mutual inductance voltage and Hall voltage of I and Ⅱ type displacement sensors. By comprehensive application of optimization algorithm, the inversion system can finally realize the underground horizontal displacement parameters inversion for I type sensor, and the joint inversions of underground horizontal displacement and vertical displacement for the Ⅱ-type sensor, both with sound prediction precision.
(6) Comprehensive examinations and comparisons have been conducted between the measured results and modeling prediction for mutual induction voltage and Hall voltage under counterpart conditions, through which not only the modeling effectiveness and calculation accuracy of the three models are objectively evaluated, but also some valuable theoretical support and guidance have served to reduce cost, speed up optimization and upgrade the proposed deep displacement sensors. Meanwhile, during this comparison process, through the implementation of optimization inversion algorithm based on forward modeling, the measured mutual inductance and Hall voltage can be directly converted to the measuring underground horizontal displacement and vertical displacement for the Ⅰ and Ⅱ type sensors.
本文主要研究内容及创新点总结如下：
(1)提出了一种新的地下位移测量方法。即将电磁理论、霍尔效应、重力测斜等传感机制相融合,结合现代集成传感技术和通信技术,设计了一种新型的地下位移测量仪和GPRS无线监控系统。测量仪采用地下位移测量串的组织形式,由多个等距间隔的集成地下位移传感器单元与一个地下位移测量集中处理单元串接组成。任两相邻传感器单元构成一个电磁式地下位移传感器,可测出地下某深度处的相对位移和倾斜角度,而整个测量串则可实现从地表直至地下不动岩之间整体位移及倾斜角度的测量；配套开发的GPRS无线监测系统可进一步实现地下位移和倾斜量的远程网络化传输及监控。针对不同应用场合,设计出水平型(Ⅰ型)和水平-垂直型(Ⅱ型)两款地下位移传感器。前者主要用于如顺层滑坡、边坡、基坑及围护桩、公铁路路基等以侧向变形为主的岩土项目的地下水平位移监测；后者常用于像崩塌、旋转滑坡、地塌陷、地沉降、软土基、隧道、围岩等需要对水平和垂直两个方向的地下位移同时进行监测的应用场合。
(2)针对Ⅰ型传感器主要对地下水平位移和倾斜角进行监测的应用特点,将电磁场公式推导法和等效圆环模型相结合,提出了称为“公式-圆环等效法”(EELA)的互感电压测量模型。建立起Ⅰ型传感器待测的地下水平位移量、倾斜角度与传感器输出互感电压及传感器单元几何形状参数之间的理论关系。实验结果论证了该模型的准确性和有效性。
(3)针对Ⅱ型传感器需对地下水平位移、垂直位移及倾斜角同时进行监测的特点,将电磁场公式推导法、等效圆环法和数值积分法相融合,提出了称为“数值积分-圆环等效法”(NIELA)的互感电压测量模型,用于描述Ⅱ型传感器待测地下水平位移量、垂直位移量、倾斜角度与传感器的互感电压输出、传感器单元几何、形状参数之间的理论关系。
(4)将霍尔传感机理分析、永磁体3D磁场建模和多维数值积分法相结合,提出了称为“等效磁荷-数值积分法”(EMC-NI)的霍尔电压测量模型,用于描述Ⅱ型传感器待测地下水平位移量、垂直位移量、倾斜角度与传感器的霍尔电压输出、传感器单元及永磁体几何、形状、材料特性参数之间的理论关系。实验结果表明NIELA和EMC-NI模型能较准确高效地描述Ⅱ型传感器的互感和霍尔特性。二者构成Ⅱ型传感器的地下位移测量模型。
(5)提出了基于“正演模拟-寻优反演法”的地下位移反演算法。该算法将上述3个具有较高精度的测量模型分别作为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型传感器的正演模型,结合寻优逼近反演法,实现对Ⅰ型传感器地下水平位移的反演和对Ⅱ型传感器地下水平和垂直位移的联合反演。研究结果表明,所提出的地下位移参数反演算法是稳定有效的,Ⅰ传感器的水平位移反演偏差平均值小于3mm(实测水平位移变化范围0-100mm),Ⅱ型传感器的水平位移和垂直位移的反演偏差平均值分别小于2mm和0.5mm(实测水平位移和垂直位移变化范围均为0～30mm),反演结果能较准确地预测传感器所埋地层处的相对水平位移量和垂直位移量。
(6)将基于上述三个理论模型计算所得互感电压、霍尔电压理论值与互感电压、霍尔电压实验实测值进行综合比对分析和参数反演应用研究,一方面客观评估这三个模型的建模有效性和计算精确度,为定性分析和定量评估Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型传感器的传感特性、影响因素及传感器优化设计提供理论支持和指导意见；另一方面,将上述理论建模的高精度和传感器自身测数的稳定性相结合,通过实施基于正演模型的寻优反演算法,将Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型传感器输出的互感电压和霍尔电压直接换算成Ⅰ、Ⅱ型传感器所监测地下岩土体的水平位移量和垂直位移量,具有直观、精度较高等优点。
The effective monitoring of underground deep displacement is not only a key means to prevent and mitigate such major geological hazards as landslide, collapse, debris flow, and subsidence, but also to guarantee quality and safety for a wide range of geotechnical and hydraulic engineering projects. Deep displacement monitoring is becoming increasingly important but less well established. Most of the existing monitoring methods have such drawbacks as high cost, low efficiency, vulnerability to missing or error in hazard prediction, and difficulty in accurately calculating the deep displacement and sliding direction. A novel method is proposed to automatically measure and remotely monitor the underground displacement based on electromagnetic underground displacement sensor group and GPRS wireless network. Two electromagnetic underground displacement sensors, that is, horizontal type (Ⅰ-type) and horizontal-vertical composite type (Ⅱ-type) are designed to meet the practical engineering needs. With regard to these two sensors, great focus is taken on the underlying theoretical research of underground displacement detecting and sensing characteristics. Three innovative measuring models suitable for hardware implementation with satisfactory estimation accuracy and calculation efficiency are constructed and derived in detail after a comprehensive research of impact of various factors and parameters on the proposed sensors. These models have been further applied for displacement parameter back analysis of Ⅰ and Ⅱ type sensors so as to predict the relative horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and tilt angle at different depth within the monitored underground soil and rock mass. A series of comparative examinations between modeling simulation and experimental tests are carried out. It not only evaluates the measuring performance of I and II type sensors, but also validates reliability of the three models and practicability of the underground displacement inversion algorithm. All of these construct a relatively complete underground displacement monitoring theory.
The main research achievements and innovations are listed as follows:
(1) The dissertation proposes a new underground displacement measuring method and designs a novel underground displacement measuring apparatus and a GPRS-based remote network monitoring system. With the electromagnetic underground displacement sensor group as the core, the said measuring instrument is mainly composed of a number of equally spaced integrated sensing units in series and an underground displacement measuring central processing unit, forming a measure chain of underground displacement. Its basic features include:a) Any two adjacent sensing units comprise an electromagnetic underground displacement sensor employed to measure the relative displacement and tilt angle at some given depth within the studied rock or soil mass; b) The whole measuring chain can measure the cumulative underground displacement and sliding angle from the surface to different depths within the monitored mass; and c) A GPRS-based remote monitoring network of underground displacement is developed to support the remote real-time transmission and automatic monitoring of measuring data. At the same time, to adapt to different monitoring sites, both horizontal type (I-type) and horizontal-vertical type (II-type) underground displacement sensors have been designed to serve their corresponding I-type or II-type underground displacement measuring instruments. The former is mainly applied to the underground horizontal displacement monitoring for such projects as translational sliding, sloping engineering, excavation and retaining piles, the railway roadbed. The latter is used for such applications as rotational landslide, collapse, ground subsidence and soft soil foundation that require for the underground displacement monitoring both in the horizontal and vertical directions.
(2) For the I-type sensor, a mutual inductance voltage measurement model called the Equation-based Equivalent Loop Approach (EELA) has been put forward by coupling the electromagnetic formula derivation with the equivalent loop approach. It can quite accurately evaluate the complicated relationship among the I-type sensor's mutual inductance voltage output, the relative horizontal displacement and relative tilt angle between two adjacent sensor units, and shape parameters of any two adjacent sensor units.
(3) For the Ⅱ-type sensor, a mutual inductance voltage measurement model named the Numerical Integration-based Equivalent Loop Approach (NIELA) is advocated by technical fusion of the electromagnetic field formula derivation, equivalent loop modeling and numerical integration approach. It can qualitatively characterize the complicated relationship among the sensor's measuring underground horizontal displacement, vertical displacement, and tilt angle, output of mutual inductance voltage and the geometrical parameters of two sensor units.
(4) Through comprehensive application of the Hall sensing mechanism analysis,3D spatial distribution solution to magnetic field of the permanent magnet, and the multidimensional numerical calculation method, a model called the Equivalent Magnetic Charge-Numerical Integration Approach (EMC-NI) is presented and serves as II-type sensor's Hall voltage measurement model, which provides a quantitative description of the sophisticated relationship among the sensor's measuring underground horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and tilt angle, its Hall voltage output, the geometrical and shape parameter of sensor units and the permanent magnet.
(5) A kind of underground displacement inversion algorithm based on the forward modeling and approximate optimization inversion theory is presented. It utilizes the above proposed semi-analysis measuring models (EELA, NIELA and EMC-NI) as the forward models to generate the references signals of mutual voltage and Hall voltage respectively, which is then used as entry data of the inversion system, together with the measured data of mutual inductance voltage and Hall voltage of I and Ⅱ type displacement sensors. By comprehensive application of optimization algorithm, the inversion system can finally realize the underground horizontal displacement parameters inversion for I type sensor, and the joint inversions of underground horizontal displacement and vertical displacement for the Ⅱ-type sensor, both with sound prediction precision.
(6) Comprehensive examinations and comparisons have been conducted between the measured results and modeling prediction for mutual induction voltage and Hall voltage under counterpart conditions, through which not only the modeling effectiveness and calculation accuracy of the three models are objectively evaluated, but also some valuable theoretical support and guidance have served to reduce cost, speed up optimization and upgrade the proposed deep displacement sensors. Meanwhile, during this comparison process, through the implementation of optimization inversion algorithm based on forward modeling, the measured mutual inductance and Hall voltage can be directly converted to the measuring underground horizontal displacement and vertical displacement for the Ⅰ and Ⅱ type sensors.
引文
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