益生乳酸杆菌的黏附及免疫调节作用研究
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摘要
乳酸菌是益生菌的重要成员。乳酸菌是机体先天性免疫系统的重要成员，是机体维持免疫稳态不可缺少的部分。乳酸菌与肠粘膜免疫系统间的相互作用是肠道营养学要解决的重要课题。乳酸杆菌作为重要的益生菌来源，主要通过恢复或增强肠道稳态发挥作用，是一类具有佐剂活性的非病原细菌，并有作为粘膜疫苗载体使用的潜能。在食品、饲料与医药工业中，它们经常被添加用来帮助动物拮抗致病微生物，维持肠道健康，从而达到促进生长、防治疾病的目的，其使用价值日益受到重视。
乳酸菌与肠上皮细胞黏附使其发挥最佳的益生功能。乳酸菌对肠道上皮细胞的黏附作用有助于其在肠道定植、增强乳酸菌与肠道细胞之间的信号交流、抑制病原菌在肠道的定植和提高机体的免疫力。因而乳酸菌的黏附性是评价其作为益生菌的重要标准。乳酸菌的黏附性具有菌株特异性和宿主特异性。目前几种黏附素已被鉴定，主要为脂磷壁酸、表层蛋白以及肽聚糖等菌体表面成分。这些黏附素与肠上皮细胞表面的特异性受体结合，启动一系列复杂的生理反应。
乳酸菌黏附性是决定其免疫调节活性的重要因素。乳酸菌可调节粘膜免疫系统，保护宿主肠道健康。黏附性强的乳酸菌能延长与宿主细胞的相互作用时间，从而更好地增强机体的免疫应答。乳酸菌的黏附性与免疫调节作用具有显著的菌株特异性。本研究以我国自行分离的乳酸菌为研究对象，探讨其与肠粘膜上皮细胞的黏附特性，以及对宿主的免疫调节作用。主要的研究结果如下：
系统评价了9株受试乳酸菌的表面疏水性和黏附性，筛选出高黏附性菌株。本研究先对4种疏水性检测方法和3种黏附性检测方法进行了评价。结果表明，微生物黏着碳烃化合物法（BATH）与自聚合实验适合于评价细胞表面疏水性。镜检法、涂板法和荧光标记法均可测定细菌黏附性。本研究筛选出唾液乳杆菌（L. salivarius，以下简写为Ls）和植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum，以下简写为Lp）为高黏附菌株进行后续研究。
通过体内、外实验分析了影响受试乳酸菌黏附的因素。结果表明，温度、生长期及表层蛋白均显著影响受试乳酸菌的黏附性（P<0.001）。高温处理的菌体、在对数生长前期或稳定期收获的菌体以及去除表层蛋白后的菌体，其黏附性均显著下降。菌体浓度（10~7～10~9CFU/mL）对黏附性影响不显著。
结合透射电镜、SDS-PAGE和肽质量指纹图谱技术，初步分离、鉴定了唾液乳杆菌的S层蛋白。结果表明，在电镜下可清楚地观察到Ls表面具有丰富的绒毛状表层蛋白，对其中的一条30KDa蛋白进行质谱分析，发现其中有15种可能与黏附性相关的蛋白。
采用流式细胞术分析了受试乳酸菌在小鼠肠道中的定植与分布。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌在肠道中的定植情况不相同。灌胃前期，Ls主要分布在回肠，结肠中最少；Lp主要分布在空肠，回肠中最少。灌胃后期，Ls主要分布在空肠，十二指肠中最少；Lp的分布情况与灌胃前期相同。
采用RT-PCR和ELISA技术通过体内、外实验研究了受试乳酸菌对免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫分子的影响。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌都能提高小鼠脾脏指数，但只有Ls显著提高了胸腺指数（P<0.05）。两株受试乳酸菌均能显著提高小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化率（Ls最好），增强巨噬细胞能量代谢水平和吞噬能力（Lp最好），提高CD11c＋CD80＋双阳性细胞的数量（Ls最好）。在mRNA水平，两株受试乳酸菌均显著提高了TNF-α、TLR-2、TLR-4、TLR-9、IL-10、IFN-α1、IFN-β和TGF-β3等免疫分子的转录水平；下调了IL-1α、IL-8、NF-κB、TGF-β1和TGF-β2的转录水平。ELISA结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌都提高了IL-10、TLR-2和sIgA的表达量（Ls最好），对IFN-α和NF-κB的表达没有影响，未检测出IL-12和TNF-α。Ls还可以显著提高IFN-γ的表达量。
通过体内、外实验评价了受试乳酸菌的益生功能。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌对胃肠道环境有很好的抗逆性；其代谢物能抑制病原菌的生长；菌体可以抑制病原菌对肠上皮细胞的黏附及细菌易位；减轻病原菌对小鼠的感染症状；还具有抗炎（IL-8）、抗氧化、抗肿瘤（p53）、降低胆固醇、分解亚硝酸盐以及合成功能性胞外多糖等潜在功能。
通过动物实验对受试乳酸菌的安全性进行了初步评价。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌都能增加小鼠体重和料重比，提高小鼠血清中GSH含量，降低血清MDA含量，小鼠体态特征和饮食活动正常。
综上所述，本研筛选了两株高黏附性乳酸菌菌株，并对其黏附性机制、免疫调节作用、及多项益生功能进行了分析与评价。两株受试乳酸菌在免疫调节和益生功能方面各有互补，表明受试菌株具有一定的应用价值。此研究结果有助于了解乳酸菌黏附及免疫调节分子机制，阐明哺乳动物肠道共生菌与宿主免疫稳态建立与维持的机理，从而为开发安全有效的益生菌微生态制剂或菌体产物相关免疫调节制剂提供理论依据。
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an important member of the probiotics. LAB isalso an important part of the body's innate immune system and is indispensable tomaintain immune homeostasis. The interaction between the LAB with the intestinalimmune system is an important issue to be resolved by the intestinal nutrition. As animportant source of probiotics, LAB play certain helpful action mainly throughrestoring or enhancing intestinal homeostasisthe. LAB is a class of non-pathogenicbacteria, which have adjuvant activity and have potential for use as a mucosalvaccine vector. In food, feed and pharmaceutical industry, LAB are often added tohelp human an animals antagonize pathogenic microorganisms and maintainintestinal health. The value of the use of LAB have received increasing attention.
Adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells is an important prerequisite forcolonization of probiotic strains in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing theirimmediate elimination by peristalsis and providing a competitive advantage in thisecosystem and improving the body's immune system. Therefore, adhesion isregarded as one of the main selection criteria for probiotic strains. The adhesionproperty of LAB is strain-specific and host specificity. Several adhesins have beenidentified, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), surface layer protein (SLP) andpeptidoglycan. The binding of thses adhesins to specific receptors in the surface ofhost cells results in a complex series of physiological responses.
The adhesion of LAB is an important factor involved in theirimmunomodulatory activity. LAB have been found to regulate mucosal immunesystem, protecting the host intestinal health. Strong adhesion of LAB can prolong theinteraction time with the host cell in order to better enhance the body's immuneresponse. The adhesion and immunomodulatory effects of LAB have significantstrain-specific. In the present study, adhesion of selected Lactobacillus strains to the intestinal mucus was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of the hostimmune system via toll-like receptors signaling pathway by the probiotic was alsoanalyzed. The whole research projects include two parts. Part one, assessment of theadhesive properties of probiot, investigation of influence on the adherence ofLactobacillus; identification of adhesion-association protein．Part two, research onthe immunoregulation function of Lactobacillus strains via toll-like receptorssignaling pathway. The main findings are as follows:
The surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of nine strains of LAB weresystematically evaluated and the strong adhesive strains were screened. First, fourmethods used to detect hydrophobicity and three methods used to detect adhesionwere evaluated in this study. The results showed that the the methods of BATH andautoaggregation are suitable for the evaluation of cell surface hydrophobicity. All ofthe methods of microscopic examination, plating and fluorescence labeling can beused to determine the adhesion capacity. L. salivarius and L. plantarum werechoosen as adhesive strains by their good surface hydrophobicity and adhesionproperties.
Various factors involved in attachment were investigated by in vivo and in vitroexperiments. These factors include bacterial status and cell concentration, growthphase, competition patterns, and surface-layer proteins (SLP). The results indicatedthat live lactobacilli in the mid-log growth phase exhibit maximum adhesion.Moreover, this activity is not significantly influenced at cell concentrations rangingfrom1.0×10~7to1.0×10~9CFU/mL. However, the adhesion is significantly reducedwhen lactobacilli were treated by heating or LiCl.
Separation, identification of the SLP of L. salivarius by transmission electronmicroscopy, SDS-PAGE and peptide mass fingerprinting technology. The resultsshowed that SLP of L. salivarius can be clearly observed in the electron microscope.The molecular weight of the SLP is about30KDa determined by SDS-PAGE. ThisSLP consists of15kinds of proteins involved in the adhesion of L. salivarius.
Colonization and distribution of the tested Lactobacillus strains in miceintestine by a flow cytometric assay. The results showed that a portion of the testedstrains are able to colonize in different regions of mice intestine. In the primary stage after oral administration, L. salivarius are concentrated in ileum and little in thecolon; L. plantarum are concentrated in jejunum and little in the ileum. In the laterstage after oral administration, L. salivarius are concentrated in jejunum and little inthe duodenum; L. plantarum are as same as the primary stage.
Effects of LAB on immune organs, immune cells and immune moleculesdetermined by RT-PCR and ELISA through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Theresults showed that the two tested LAT can increase the spleen index, but only L.salivarius significantly increased the thymus index (P<0.05). The two tested LABcan significantly improve the spleen lymphocyte transformation rate of mice (L.salivarius is best), enhance the energy metabolism level and phagocytic activity ofmacrophages (L. plantarum is best), and Improve the number of CD11c+CD80+double-positive cells (L. salivarius is best). The two tested of LAB significantlyincrease the transcriptional level of TNF-α, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, IL-10, IFN-α1,IFN-β and TGF-β3and decrease the transcriptional level of IL-1α, IL-8, NF-κB,TGF-β1and TGF-β2. The results of ELISA test showed that the two test LAB haveincrease the expression of Il-10、TLR-2and sIgA (L. salivarius is best) and have noeffect on the expression of IFN-α and NF-κB. IL-12and TNF-αwere not detected. L.salivarius can also significantly increase the expression of IFN-γ.
Evaluation of probiotic properties of the tested LAB by in vivo and in vitroexperiments. The results showed that the two tested strains have good resistance tothe environment of the gastrointestinal tract. Their metabolites can inhibit the growthof pathogenic bacteria. The tested LAB bacteria can inhibit the adhesion ofpathogens to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibit the pathogens translocation. Thetested LAB can alleviate the symptoms of mice infected by pathogens. In addition,the tested LAB have other probiotic properties, such as anti-inflammation (IL-8),antioxidative activity, antitumor (p53), cholesterol-and nitrite-lowering ability, andexopolysaccharide (EPS) production.
Preliminary evaluation on the safety of the tested LAB by in vivo and in vitroexperiments. The results showed that the tested two LAB strains can increase thebody weight of mice and feed to gain ratio, increase GSH content and reduce MDAcontent in mouse serum. In summary, this research screened two Lactobacillus strains with strong adhesioncapacity. The adhesion mechanism, immunomodulatory effects, and many probioticfunctions were investigated. The two tested strains are complementary as far as thethe immune regulation and functional aspects, suggesting that the two tested strainshave application potential. This research would be helpful to develop immunemodulating foods and products related to lactic acid bacteria，and explain roles ofcommensal microbiota on building and maintaining of host immune homeostasis.
乳酸菌与肠上皮细胞黏附使其发挥最佳的益生功能。乳酸菌对肠道上皮细胞的黏附作用有助于其在肠道定植、增强乳酸菌与肠道细胞之间的信号交流、抑制病原菌在肠道的定植和提高机体的免疫力。因而乳酸菌的黏附性是评价其作为益生菌的重要标准。乳酸菌的黏附性具有菌株特异性和宿主特异性。目前几种黏附素已被鉴定，主要为脂磷壁酸、表层蛋白以及肽聚糖等菌体表面成分。这些黏附素与肠上皮细胞表面的特异性受体结合，启动一系列复杂的生理反应。
乳酸菌黏附性是决定其免疫调节活性的重要因素。乳酸菌可调节粘膜免疫系统，保护宿主肠道健康。黏附性强的乳酸菌能延长与宿主细胞的相互作用时间，从而更好地增强机体的免疫应答。乳酸菌的黏附性与免疫调节作用具有显著的菌株特异性。本研究以我国自行分离的乳酸菌为研究对象，探讨其与肠粘膜上皮细胞的黏附特性，以及对宿主的免疫调节作用。主要的研究结果如下：
系统评价了9株受试乳酸菌的表面疏水性和黏附性，筛选出高黏附性菌株。本研究先对4种疏水性检测方法和3种黏附性检测方法进行了评价。结果表明，微生物黏着碳烃化合物法（BATH）与自聚合实验适合于评价细胞表面疏水性。镜检法、涂板法和荧光标记法均可测定细菌黏附性。本研究筛选出唾液乳杆菌（L. salivarius，以下简写为Ls）和植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum，以下简写为Lp）为高黏附菌株进行后续研究。
通过体内、外实验分析了影响受试乳酸菌黏附的因素。结果表明，温度、生长期及表层蛋白均显著影响受试乳酸菌的黏附性（P<0.001）。高温处理的菌体、在对数生长前期或稳定期收获的菌体以及去除表层蛋白后的菌体，其黏附性均显著下降。菌体浓度（10~7～10~9CFU/mL）对黏附性影响不显著。
结合透射电镜、SDS-PAGE和肽质量指纹图谱技术，初步分离、鉴定了唾液乳杆菌的S层蛋白。结果表明，在电镜下可清楚地观察到Ls表面具有丰富的绒毛状表层蛋白，对其中的一条30KDa蛋白进行质谱分析，发现其中有15种可能与黏附性相关的蛋白。
采用流式细胞术分析了受试乳酸菌在小鼠肠道中的定植与分布。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌在肠道中的定植情况不相同。灌胃前期，Ls主要分布在回肠，结肠中最少；Lp主要分布在空肠，回肠中最少。灌胃后期，Ls主要分布在空肠，十二指肠中最少；Lp的分布情况与灌胃前期相同。
采用RT-PCR和ELISA技术通过体内、外实验研究了受试乳酸菌对免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫分子的影响。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌都能提高小鼠脾脏指数，但只有Ls显著提高了胸腺指数（P<0.05）。两株受试乳酸菌均能显著提高小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化率（Ls最好），增强巨噬细胞能量代谢水平和吞噬能力（Lp最好），提高CD11c＋CD80＋双阳性细胞的数量（Ls最好）。在mRNA水平，两株受试乳酸菌均显著提高了TNF-α、TLR-2、TLR-4、TLR-9、IL-10、IFN-α1、IFN-β和TGF-β3等免疫分子的转录水平；下调了IL-1α、IL-8、NF-κB、TGF-β1和TGF-β2的转录水平。ELISA结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌都提高了IL-10、TLR-2和sIgA的表达量（Ls最好），对IFN-α和NF-κB的表达没有影响，未检测出IL-12和TNF-α。Ls还可以显著提高IFN-γ的表达量。
通过体内、外实验评价了受试乳酸菌的益生功能。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌对胃肠道环境有很好的抗逆性；其代谢物能抑制病原菌的生长；菌体可以抑制病原菌对肠上皮细胞的黏附及细菌易位；减轻病原菌对小鼠的感染症状；还具有抗炎（IL-8）、抗氧化、抗肿瘤（p53）、降低胆固醇、分解亚硝酸盐以及合成功能性胞外多糖等潜在功能。
通过动物实验对受试乳酸菌的安全性进行了初步评价。结果表明，两株受试乳酸菌都能增加小鼠体重和料重比，提高小鼠血清中GSH含量，降低血清MDA含量，小鼠体态特征和饮食活动正常。
综上所述，本研筛选了两株高黏附性乳酸菌菌株，并对其黏附性机制、免疫调节作用、及多项益生功能进行了分析与评价。两株受试乳酸菌在免疫调节和益生功能方面各有互补，表明受试菌株具有一定的应用价值。此研究结果有助于了解乳酸菌黏附及免疫调节分子机制，阐明哺乳动物肠道共生菌与宿主免疫稳态建立与维持的机理，从而为开发安全有效的益生菌微生态制剂或菌体产物相关免疫调节制剂提供理论依据。
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an important member of the probiotics. LAB isalso an important part of the body's innate immune system and is indispensable tomaintain immune homeostasis. The interaction between the LAB with the intestinalimmune system is an important issue to be resolved by the intestinal nutrition. As animportant source of probiotics, LAB play certain helpful action mainly throughrestoring or enhancing intestinal homeostasisthe. LAB is a class of non-pathogenicbacteria, which have adjuvant activity and have potential for use as a mucosalvaccine vector. In food, feed and pharmaceutical industry, LAB are often added tohelp human an animals antagonize pathogenic microorganisms and maintainintestinal health. The value of the use of LAB have received increasing attention.
Adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells is an important prerequisite forcolonization of probiotic strains in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing theirimmediate elimination by peristalsis and providing a competitive advantage in thisecosystem and improving the body's immune system. Therefore, adhesion isregarded as one of the main selection criteria for probiotic strains. The adhesionproperty of LAB is strain-specific and host specificity. Several adhesins have beenidentified, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), surface layer protein (SLP) andpeptidoglycan. The binding of thses adhesins to specific receptors in the surface ofhost cells results in a complex series of physiological responses.
The adhesion of LAB is an important factor involved in theirimmunomodulatory activity. LAB have been found to regulate mucosal immunesystem, protecting the host intestinal health. Strong adhesion of LAB can prolong theinteraction time with the host cell in order to better enhance the body's immuneresponse. The adhesion and immunomodulatory effects of LAB have significantstrain-specific. In the present study, adhesion of selected Lactobacillus strains to the intestinal mucus was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of the hostimmune system via toll-like receptors signaling pathway by the probiotic was alsoanalyzed. The whole research projects include two parts. Part one, assessment of theadhesive properties of probiot, investigation of influence on the adherence ofLactobacillus; identification of adhesion-association protein．Part two, research onthe immunoregulation function of Lactobacillus strains via toll-like receptorssignaling pathway. The main findings are as follows:
The surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of nine strains of LAB weresystematically evaluated and the strong adhesive strains were screened. First, fourmethods used to detect hydrophobicity and three methods used to detect adhesionwere evaluated in this study. The results showed that the the methods of BATH andautoaggregation are suitable for the evaluation of cell surface hydrophobicity. All ofthe methods of microscopic examination, plating and fluorescence labeling can beused to determine the adhesion capacity. L. salivarius and L. plantarum werechoosen as adhesive strains by their good surface hydrophobicity and adhesionproperties.
Various factors involved in attachment were investigated by in vivo and in vitroexperiments. These factors include bacterial status and cell concentration, growthphase, competition patterns, and surface-layer proteins (SLP). The results indicatedthat live lactobacilli in the mid-log growth phase exhibit maximum adhesion.Moreover, this activity is not significantly influenced at cell concentrations rangingfrom1.0×10~7to1.0×10~9CFU/mL. However, the adhesion is significantly reducedwhen lactobacilli were treated by heating or LiCl.
Separation, identification of the SLP of L. salivarius by transmission electronmicroscopy, SDS-PAGE and peptide mass fingerprinting technology. The resultsshowed that SLP of L. salivarius can be clearly observed in the electron microscope.The molecular weight of the SLP is about30KDa determined by SDS-PAGE. ThisSLP consists of15kinds of proteins involved in the adhesion of L. salivarius.
Colonization and distribution of the tested Lactobacillus strains in miceintestine by a flow cytometric assay. The results showed that a portion of the testedstrains are able to colonize in different regions of mice intestine. In the primary stage after oral administration, L. salivarius are concentrated in ileum and little in thecolon; L. plantarum are concentrated in jejunum and little in the ileum. In the laterstage after oral administration, L. salivarius are concentrated in jejunum and little inthe duodenum; L. plantarum are as same as the primary stage.
Effects of LAB on immune organs, immune cells and immune moleculesdetermined by RT-PCR and ELISA through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Theresults showed that the two tested LAT can increase the spleen index, but only L.salivarius significantly increased the thymus index (P<0.05). The two tested LABcan significantly improve the spleen lymphocyte transformation rate of mice (L.salivarius is best), enhance the energy metabolism level and phagocytic activity ofmacrophages (L. plantarum is best), and Improve the number of CD11c+CD80+double-positive cells (L. salivarius is best). The two tested of LAB significantlyincrease the transcriptional level of TNF-α, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, IL-10, IFN-α1,IFN-β and TGF-β3and decrease the transcriptional level of IL-1α, IL-8, NF-κB,TGF-β1and TGF-β2. The results of ELISA test showed that the two test LAB haveincrease the expression of Il-10、TLR-2and sIgA (L. salivarius is best) and have noeffect on the expression of IFN-α and NF-κB. IL-12and TNF-αwere not detected. L.salivarius can also significantly increase the expression of IFN-γ.
Evaluation of probiotic properties of the tested LAB by in vivo and in vitroexperiments. The results showed that the two tested strains have good resistance tothe environment of the gastrointestinal tract. Their metabolites can inhibit the growthof pathogenic bacteria. The tested LAB bacteria can inhibit the adhesion ofpathogens to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibit the pathogens translocation. Thetested LAB can alleviate the symptoms of mice infected by pathogens. In addition,the tested LAB have other probiotic properties, such as anti-inflammation (IL-8),antioxidative activity, antitumor (p53), cholesterol-and nitrite-lowering ability, andexopolysaccharide (EPS) production.
Preliminary evaluation on the safety of the tested LAB by in vivo and in vitroexperiments. The results showed that the tested two LAB strains can increase thebody weight of mice and feed to gain ratio, increase GSH content and reduce MDAcontent in mouse serum. In summary, this research screened two Lactobacillus strains with strong adhesioncapacity. The adhesion mechanism, immunomodulatory effects, and many probioticfunctions were investigated. The two tested strains are complementary as far as thethe immune regulation and functional aspects, suggesting that the two tested strainshave application potential. This research would be helpful to develop immunemodulating foods and products related to lactic acid bacteria，and explain roles ofcommensal microbiota on building and maintaining of host immune homeostasis.
引文
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