长耳鸮翅膀气动与声学特性及其仿生应用研究
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摘要
当前，能源危机和环境污染是人类迫切需要解决的两大问题。现代高速列车、民营飞机等大功率空气动力机械的日益增多，节能降噪显得更加重要。改善气动性能、降低气动噪声便成为空气动力机械的研究热点。
自然界中许多鸟类具有优良的飞行特性，如极狭长型翼的信天翁(Diomedeaexulan)，鸮形目和隼形目的中长而宽阔型翼的鸟类等。另外，鸮形目鸟类还具有“静音飞行”能力，如长耳鸮(Asio otus)、灰林鸮(Strix aluco)、雕鸮(Bubo bubo)等。鸮类为了能悄无声息地扑食猎物，进化出的独特翼型和翅膀羽毛特征使其无论是在扑翼还是滑翔飞行均产生低强度的噪声。此外，鸮类在降低飞行速度同时具有小的翅膀扑翼频率和幅度，这是其他大部分鸟类很难做到的，因此同样低速飞行，其他鸟类所消耗的能量要远大于鸮类。鸮形目鸟类进化出的高效飞行和静音特性，对于改善风机叶片、飞机机翼等空气动力机械的气动性能和声学特性具有借鉴意义，为工程增效降噪研究提供了新的研究思路和方法。
本文从仿生学角度出发，选取长耳鸮(Asio otus)和雀鹰(Accipiter nisus)两种鸟为研究对象。这两种鸟都善于滑翔，体型相近，但飞行噪声差距较大。对比分析了长耳鸮与雀鹰的翅膀及羽毛几何形态学特征。建立了两种鸟类静态翅膀的三维实体模型并加工出模型样件，通过试验研究和数值模拟，得到了两种鸟类翅膀的空气动力学及声学特性。分析了长耳鸮、雀鹰翅膀气动特性和声学特性与其翅膀及羽毛结构及形态的内在联系，初步揭示了长耳鸮高效低噪飞行机理。运用长耳鸮的降噪特征，根据仿生学原理，建立了仿生风机叶片的实体模型，并加工出成品样件，试验研究了仿生叶片的气动特性和噪声特性。
本文对体型及飞行方式相似的长耳鸮和雀鹰翅膀进行了几何参数的测量。测量结果表明，长耳鸮翅膀前缘较厚，后缘很薄，厚度主要集中在翅膀根部，从根部到端部，翼型厚度和弯度都快速减小，而雀鹰翅膀也是前缘厚，后缘比较薄，但其厚度分布较长耳鸮均匀，从翅膀根部到端部，翼型厚度变化较小，弯度减小也平缓。长耳鸮最外侧的初级飞羽前缘具有梳子齿结构，后缘及端部都有刘海状毛边，而雀鹰翅膀羽毛不具有这些特征。两种鸟翅膀表面羽片相互扣覆均形成辐射状的V型沟槽形态。
本文对长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀各截面翼型几何参数进行了提取，拟合修正建立了滑翔姿态时的光滑翅膀三维模型，并采用Profili翼型设计软件对长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀展向截面翼型分别进行了气动性能计算分析，对比发现雀鹰翅膀翼型的气动特性要优于长耳鸮的翼型。从翅膀根部到端部两翅膀翼型的升力系数都下降，其中长耳鸮翅膀翼型升力系数下降幅度要大，但升阻比变化趋势一样，而在展向40%处两者截面翼型的升阻比都最大。分析发现，气动特性与翼型的厚度分布、弯度等因素有关。
运用开口式低湍流度风洞，对翅膀模型的气动特性进行了试验分析。分别测量了2m/s和20m/s两种速度下的翅膀升力和阻力，对比分析了翅膀升阻特性。在2m/s和20m/s下，长耳鸮升力系数达到最大时的攻角分别为28°和30°，雀鹰最大升力系数攻角都为28°。随着速度的增大，长耳鸮翅膀失速攻角增大，这说明长耳鸮翅膀在高速时更不容易发生边界层分离。随着速度的增大，长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀升力系数都有所增加，小攻角时的增大速度明显大于大攻角时的增大速度；阻力系数随速度增大而减小，相同速度时随攻角的增大而增大，但在20m/s风速条件下长耳鸮翅膀阻力系数增大速度要明显小于2m/s时的增长速度。通过设计旋转试验台，在半消声室测量了线速度为20m/s，攻角为20°时翅膀模型的气动噪声，发现长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀模型主要产生低频噪声，且长耳鸮翅膀的气动噪声明显低于雀鹰翅膀模型。
采用部分正交多项式回归设计，研究了长耳鸮前缘梳子锯齿几何尺寸参数对翅膀声学性能的影响。结果表明，前缘梳子锯齿能够有效降低长耳鸮翅膀的气动噪声。在攻角为20°，风速为20m/s时，前缘梳子锯齿的翅膀模型A声级噪声值最大可降低8dB。极差分析结果表明，锯齿宽度是影响翅膀声学特性的主要因素，其次是梳子齿与展向夹角，锯齿高度影响最小。建立了翅膀噪声降低量与梳子锯齿展向夹角、齿宽、齿高的回归方程，并对回归方程优化得出展向夹角为30度，锯齿宽度为1mm，锯齿高度为1mm时翅膀噪声降低最大。
数值分析结果表明，小攻角下长耳鸮翅膀根部因弯度和厚度都要大，翅膀上表面后缘更容易发生边界层分离，随攻角增大翅膀翼尖部靠近前缘处最先发生了边界层的分离，而雀鹰翅膀边界层分离区域要大于长耳鸮翅膀。因此，雀鹰翅膀的边界层分离涡脱落噪声要大，并且前缘梳子锯齿相当于涡流发生器能推迟翅膀表面的边界层分离，使分离区减小。可见翅膀翼型和前缘梳子锯齿结构都是影响长耳鸮静音飞行能力的重要因素。对比压力云图发现，雀鹰翅膀上下表面的压力差要比长耳鸮翅膀的大，这表明，在相同条件下雀鹰翅膀升力系数要比长耳鸮翅膀高。
基于长耳鸮、雀鹰翅膀表面呈现的V型沟槽形态，在轴流风机平板叶片上进行仿生构建，设计了V型和圆弧型两种截面，进行全部试验。结果表明，采用V型截面的效果优于圆弧型截面，仿生风机的气动性能优于原型风机，最大流量提高了6.1%，最大静压提高了7.0%。从速度分布图可以看出，相对原型风机，仿生风机的出口气流要更平稳，更靠近轴心；比较两者全压分布发现，仿生风机出口全压分布较好，且明显大于原型风机出口全压。原因可能是，逆渐开线波折状叶片表面能阻碍气流沿径向扩散，减少径向流失，且起导流作用使更多的气流靠近轴心流出，从而使出口流量和压力都增大。
基于长耳鸮、雀鹰翅膀特征，对轴流风机叶片翼型进行了仿生设计，并对仿生叶片进行了气动与噪声试验。试验结果表明，采用雀鹰40%截面翼型风机气动性能最好，但气动噪声相对较大，而从叶根到叶顶采用长耳鸮翅膀变化的翼型对风机的气动特性改善较小，但对降低气动噪声效果显著。选取雀鹰40%截面翼型，对中弧线按长耳鸮翅膀展向截面翼型的弯度变化规律进行修改。试验结果表明，此仿生风机同时具有良好的气动性能和声学性能。
At present, energy crisis and environmental pollution have become two major urgentproblems that need to be solved. Energy saving and noise reduction become more importantwith High-power and high-speed machine like high speed train, private plane increasingquickly. Improving aerodynamic performance and reducing aerodynamic noise are becomingthe front of air power mechanical research.
Many birds with elongated wings, such as the albatross(Diomedea exulans), or birdswith long and broad wings, such as strigiformes and falconiformes fly efficiently for goodaerodynamic characteristics of wings. Moreover, many birds of strigiformes, like long-earedowl(Asio otus), tawny owl(Strix aluco) and eagle owl(Bubo Bubo) have the ability to flysilently. During hunting, owls reduce flight speed; wing beat frequency and amplitude inorder to detect their prey and probably to reduce noise emission. That is hard for most of theother birds. Such birds require more flight power for wing movements to produce enough liftwhile flying slowly. Owls with special wing sections and structure of feather in gliding andflapping flight generate lower intensity sound. The silent flight of owl has given a new ideaand method for aerodynamic performance improvement and noise reduction of fan blade andaircraft wing.
Long-eared owl and Sparrowhawk are also perfectly adapted to gliding flight;Long-eared owl can fly silently, while Sparrowhawk can’t. Based on the bionics theory, thecomparative analysis of the geometry morphological features of the Long-eared owl and theSparrow hawk feathers were studied. Static three-dimensional wing models and physicalmodels were established, with the help of wind tunnel test and numerical simulation,aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of the wings were studied. The mechanism ofexcellent aerodynamic characteristics of Sparrowhawk and owl’s silent flight wereunderstood preliminary. The bionic optimized axial fans were designed, the test showed that the efficiency of fan was improved and the noise reduced.
The geometric parameters of Long-eared owl and Sparrowhawk were measured. Themeasurement results showed that the leading edge of owl was thicker and the trailing edgewas thinner, the thickness was mainly concentrated in the root of wing. The airfoil thicknessand camber decreased rapidly from the root to the end portion of the owl wing, while theSparrow hawk wing reduced gently. The outermost primaries on leading edge have the combtooth structure and the trailing edge have fringe-like edges, while Sparrow hawk wingfeather didn’t have these features. There were radial V-grooves on the surface of two wings.
In this paper, the airfoil geometric parameters of owl and hawk wing were extracted,and the smooth wing models were reconstructed. Aerodynamic performance of wing werecalculated and analysis by Profili software. The aerodynamic performance of hawk wing wasbetter than the owl’s. The airfoil lift coefficient of owl wing decreased larger from root to theend of wing, but the changed trend of lift-drag ratio were the same, the lift-drag ratio of40%cross-sectional airfoil was largest. We found that the aerodynamic characteristic of the airfoilwas affected by the thickness distribution, camber and other factors.
An opening low turbulence wing tunnel for testing wing aerodynamic characteristicswas built. The lift and drag test were made at two speeds,2m/s and20m/s. The maximumangle of attack of owl wing at2m/s and20m/s was28°and30°respectively, while hawks’were the same of28°. With the increase of speed, the stalling angle of attack increased.There was less bounder layer separation at high speed for Long-eared owl wing. With thespeed increasing, the lift coefficients of Long-eared owl and hawk were also improved, andthe growth rate in small angle of attack was significantly greater than the high angle of attack.Drag coefficient decreased with speed increasing, but the growth rate at20m/s was smallerthan the growth rate at2m/s. The rotating test was made at the line speed of20m/s, andaerodynamic noise of wing model was measured. Long-eared owl and Sparrowhawk wingmodels mainly produced low-frequency noise. Aerodynamic noise of Long-eared owl wingswas significantly lower than the Sparrow hawk wing model’s.
In order to determine the effect of the comb tooth shape parameters on aerodynamic andacoustic performance of Long-eared wing model, the regressive analysis of orthogonal multinomial were performed under20m/s speed and20°angle of attack. The results showedthat the leading edge comb teeths reduced the aerodynamic noise of Long-eared owl wingeffectively. The maximum value of noise (A) reduced8dB with leading edge comb teeths.The results of the range analysis showed that the main factor which influence theaerodynamic and acoustic characteristics was angle with spanwise(β), followed by toothwidth(d) and tooth height(h) had the smallest impact. The best combination of the factorsresulting in the lowest noise was: β=30°, d=1mm, h=1mm. Through the regression analysis,the regression equation between noise reduction and the teeth dimensions (β, d, h) wasobtained.
Numerical analysis was made in two speeds,2m/s and20m/s. The results showed thatthe boundary layer on the trailing edge surface of the root wings more likely to occurseparation under small angle of attack due to big curvature and thickness. Wing tipseparation took place close to the leading edge under high angle of attack. The boundarylayer separation increased the boundary layer vortex shedding noise. The boundary layerseparation area of Sparrowhawk wings was greater than the Long-eared owl wing’s, so theaerodynamic noise of the Sparrowhawk was larger. The comb teeths on the leading edgeacted as vortex generators defered the boundary layer separation of wing surface. The airfoiland the comb structures were the main factors for owl silent flight obviously. The pressuredifference of upper and lower surface of hawk was larger than owl’s, thus lift coefficient ofhawk was larger than owl’s in the same conditions.
V-shaped and circular section were designed on axial fan flat blade, based on theLong-eared owl and Sparrow hawk wings, the test results showed that, V-shapedcross-section was better than arc-shaped cross-section, the aerodynamic performances of thebionic fans were better than the prototype fan, the maximum flow increased by6.1%, themaximum static pressure increased by7.0%. The outlet flow of bionic fans was more stableand closer to the axis, total pressure was significantly greater. The inverse involute groovesreduced the loss of flow and made the outlet flow closer to axis.
Based on characteristics of Long-eared owl and Sparrow hawk wing, six bionic fanswere designed. Tests showed that aerodynamic performance of fan with40%cross-sectional airfoil of hawk was the best, but the aerodynamic noise was larger relatively. Theaerodynamic characteristics of fan with Airfoils changed from the blade root to tip likeLong-eared owl wing was only slightly improved, but aerodynamic noise reducedsignificantly. The40%cross-sectional airfoil camber was modified like the development ofthe Long-eared owl wing, and test results showed that this bionic fan had a goodaerodynamic performance and acoustic performance at the same time.
自然界中许多鸟类具有优良的飞行特性，如极狭长型翼的信天翁(Diomedeaexulan)，鸮形目和隼形目的中长而宽阔型翼的鸟类等。另外，鸮形目鸟类还具有“静音飞行”能力，如长耳鸮(Asio otus)、灰林鸮(Strix aluco)、雕鸮(Bubo bubo)等。鸮类为了能悄无声息地扑食猎物，进化出的独特翼型和翅膀羽毛特征使其无论是在扑翼还是滑翔飞行均产生低强度的噪声。此外，鸮类在降低飞行速度同时具有小的翅膀扑翼频率和幅度，这是其他大部分鸟类很难做到的，因此同样低速飞行，其他鸟类所消耗的能量要远大于鸮类。鸮形目鸟类进化出的高效飞行和静音特性，对于改善风机叶片、飞机机翼等空气动力机械的气动性能和声学特性具有借鉴意义，为工程增效降噪研究提供了新的研究思路和方法。
本文从仿生学角度出发，选取长耳鸮(Asio otus)和雀鹰(Accipiter nisus)两种鸟为研究对象。这两种鸟都善于滑翔，体型相近，但飞行噪声差距较大。对比分析了长耳鸮与雀鹰的翅膀及羽毛几何形态学特征。建立了两种鸟类静态翅膀的三维实体模型并加工出模型样件，通过试验研究和数值模拟，得到了两种鸟类翅膀的空气动力学及声学特性。分析了长耳鸮、雀鹰翅膀气动特性和声学特性与其翅膀及羽毛结构及形态的内在联系，初步揭示了长耳鸮高效低噪飞行机理。运用长耳鸮的降噪特征，根据仿生学原理，建立了仿生风机叶片的实体模型，并加工出成品样件，试验研究了仿生叶片的气动特性和噪声特性。
本文对体型及飞行方式相似的长耳鸮和雀鹰翅膀进行了几何参数的测量。测量结果表明，长耳鸮翅膀前缘较厚，后缘很薄，厚度主要集中在翅膀根部，从根部到端部，翼型厚度和弯度都快速减小，而雀鹰翅膀也是前缘厚，后缘比较薄，但其厚度分布较长耳鸮均匀，从翅膀根部到端部，翼型厚度变化较小，弯度减小也平缓。长耳鸮最外侧的初级飞羽前缘具有梳子齿结构，后缘及端部都有刘海状毛边，而雀鹰翅膀羽毛不具有这些特征。两种鸟翅膀表面羽片相互扣覆均形成辐射状的V型沟槽形态。
本文对长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀各截面翼型几何参数进行了提取，拟合修正建立了滑翔姿态时的光滑翅膀三维模型，并采用Profili翼型设计软件对长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀展向截面翼型分别进行了气动性能计算分析，对比发现雀鹰翅膀翼型的气动特性要优于长耳鸮的翼型。从翅膀根部到端部两翅膀翼型的升力系数都下降，其中长耳鸮翅膀翼型升力系数下降幅度要大，但升阻比变化趋势一样，而在展向40%处两者截面翼型的升阻比都最大。分析发现，气动特性与翼型的厚度分布、弯度等因素有关。
运用开口式低湍流度风洞，对翅膀模型的气动特性进行了试验分析。分别测量了2m/s和20m/s两种速度下的翅膀升力和阻力，对比分析了翅膀升阻特性。在2m/s和20m/s下，长耳鸮升力系数达到最大时的攻角分别为28°和30°，雀鹰最大升力系数攻角都为28°。随着速度的增大，长耳鸮翅膀失速攻角增大，这说明长耳鸮翅膀在高速时更不容易发生边界层分离。随着速度的增大，长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀升力系数都有所增加，小攻角时的增大速度明显大于大攻角时的增大速度；阻力系数随速度增大而减小，相同速度时随攻角的增大而增大，但在20m/s风速条件下长耳鸮翅膀阻力系数增大速度要明显小于2m/s时的增长速度。通过设计旋转试验台，在半消声室测量了线速度为20m/s，攻角为20°时翅膀模型的气动噪声，发现长耳鸮与雀鹰翅膀模型主要产生低频噪声，且长耳鸮翅膀的气动噪声明显低于雀鹰翅膀模型。
采用部分正交多项式回归设计，研究了长耳鸮前缘梳子锯齿几何尺寸参数对翅膀声学性能的影响。结果表明，前缘梳子锯齿能够有效降低长耳鸮翅膀的气动噪声。在攻角为20°，风速为20m/s时，前缘梳子锯齿的翅膀模型A声级噪声值最大可降低8dB。极差分析结果表明，锯齿宽度是影响翅膀声学特性的主要因素，其次是梳子齿与展向夹角，锯齿高度影响最小。建立了翅膀噪声降低量与梳子锯齿展向夹角、齿宽、齿高的回归方程，并对回归方程优化得出展向夹角为30度，锯齿宽度为1mm，锯齿高度为1mm时翅膀噪声降低最大。
数值分析结果表明，小攻角下长耳鸮翅膀根部因弯度和厚度都要大，翅膀上表面后缘更容易发生边界层分离，随攻角增大翅膀翼尖部靠近前缘处最先发生了边界层的分离，而雀鹰翅膀边界层分离区域要大于长耳鸮翅膀。因此，雀鹰翅膀的边界层分离涡脱落噪声要大，并且前缘梳子锯齿相当于涡流发生器能推迟翅膀表面的边界层分离，使分离区减小。可见翅膀翼型和前缘梳子锯齿结构都是影响长耳鸮静音飞行能力的重要因素。对比压力云图发现，雀鹰翅膀上下表面的压力差要比长耳鸮翅膀的大，这表明，在相同条件下雀鹰翅膀升力系数要比长耳鸮翅膀高。
基于长耳鸮、雀鹰翅膀表面呈现的V型沟槽形态，在轴流风机平板叶片上进行仿生构建，设计了V型和圆弧型两种截面，进行全部试验。结果表明，采用V型截面的效果优于圆弧型截面，仿生风机的气动性能优于原型风机，最大流量提高了6.1%，最大静压提高了7.0%。从速度分布图可以看出，相对原型风机，仿生风机的出口气流要更平稳，更靠近轴心；比较两者全压分布发现，仿生风机出口全压分布较好，且明显大于原型风机出口全压。原因可能是，逆渐开线波折状叶片表面能阻碍气流沿径向扩散，减少径向流失，且起导流作用使更多的气流靠近轴心流出，从而使出口流量和压力都增大。
基于长耳鸮、雀鹰翅膀特征，对轴流风机叶片翼型进行了仿生设计，并对仿生叶片进行了气动与噪声试验。试验结果表明，采用雀鹰40%截面翼型风机气动性能最好，但气动噪声相对较大，而从叶根到叶顶采用长耳鸮翅膀变化的翼型对风机的气动特性改善较小，但对降低气动噪声效果显著。选取雀鹰40%截面翼型，对中弧线按长耳鸮翅膀展向截面翼型的弯度变化规律进行修改。试验结果表明，此仿生风机同时具有良好的气动性能和声学性能。
At present, energy crisis and environmental pollution have become two major urgentproblems that need to be solved. Energy saving and noise reduction become more importantwith High-power and high-speed machine like high speed train, private plane increasingquickly. Improving aerodynamic performance and reducing aerodynamic noise are becomingthe front of air power mechanical research.
Many birds with elongated wings, such as the albatross(Diomedea exulans), or birdswith long and broad wings, such as strigiformes and falconiformes fly efficiently for goodaerodynamic characteristics of wings. Moreover, many birds of strigiformes, like long-earedowl(Asio otus), tawny owl(Strix aluco) and eagle owl(Bubo Bubo) have the ability to flysilently. During hunting, owls reduce flight speed; wing beat frequency and amplitude inorder to detect their prey and probably to reduce noise emission. That is hard for most of theother birds. Such birds require more flight power for wing movements to produce enough liftwhile flying slowly. Owls with special wing sections and structure of feather in gliding andflapping flight generate lower intensity sound. The silent flight of owl has given a new ideaand method for aerodynamic performance improvement and noise reduction of fan blade andaircraft wing.
Long-eared owl and Sparrowhawk are also perfectly adapted to gliding flight;Long-eared owl can fly silently, while Sparrowhawk can’t. Based on the bionics theory, thecomparative analysis of the geometry morphological features of the Long-eared owl and theSparrow hawk feathers were studied. Static three-dimensional wing models and physicalmodels were established, with the help of wind tunnel test and numerical simulation,aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of the wings were studied. The mechanism ofexcellent aerodynamic characteristics of Sparrowhawk and owl’s silent flight wereunderstood preliminary. The bionic optimized axial fans were designed, the test showed that the efficiency of fan was improved and the noise reduced.
The geometric parameters of Long-eared owl and Sparrowhawk were measured. Themeasurement results showed that the leading edge of owl was thicker and the trailing edgewas thinner, the thickness was mainly concentrated in the root of wing. The airfoil thicknessand camber decreased rapidly from the root to the end portion of the owl wing, while theSparrow hawk wing reduced gently. The outermost primaries on leading edge have the combtooth structure and the trailing edge have fringe-like edges, while Sparrow hawk wingfeather didn’t have these features. There were radial V-grooves on the surface of two wings.
In this paper, the airfoil geometric parameters of owl and hawk wing were extracted,and the smooth wing models were reconstructed. Aerodynamic performance of wing werecalculated and analysis by Profili software. The aerodynamic performance of hawk wing wasbetter than the owl’s. The airfoil lift coefficient of owl wing decreased larger from root to theend of wing, but the changed trend of lift-drag ratio were the same, the lift-drag ratio of40%cross-sectional airfoil was largest. We found that the aerodynamic characteristic of the airfoilwas affected by the thickness distribution, camber and other factors.
An opening low turbulence wing tunnel for testing wing aerodynamic characteristicswas built. The lift and drag test were made at two speeds,2m/s and20m/s. The maximumangle of attack of owl wing at2m/s and20m/s was28°and30°respectively, while hawks’were the same of28°. With the increase of speed, the stalling angle of attack increased.There was less bounder layer separation at high speed for Long-eared owl wing. With thespeed increasing, the lift coefficients of Long-eared owl and hawk were also improved, andthe growth rate in small angle of attack was significantly greater than the high angle of attack.Drag coefficient decreased with speed increasing, but the growth rate at20m/s was smallerthan the growth rate at2m/s. The rotating test was made at the line speed of20m/s, andaerodynamic noise of wing model was measured. Long-eared owl and Sparrowhawk wingmodels mainly produced low-frequency noise. Aerodynamic noise of Long-eared owl wingswas significantly lower than the Sparrow hawk wing model’s.
In order to determine the effect of the comb tooth shape parameters on aerodynamic andacoustic performance of Long-eared wing model, the regressive analysis of orthogonal multinomial were performed under20m/s speed and20°angle of attack. The results showedthat the leading edge comb teeths reduced the aerodynamic noise of Long-eared owl wingeffectively. The maximum value of noise (A) reduced8dB with leading edge comb teeths.The results of the range analysis showed that the main factor which influence theaerodynamic and acoustic characteristics was angle with spanwise(β), followed by toothwidth(d) and tooth height(h) had the smallest impact. The best combination of the factorsresulting in the lowest noise was: β=30°, d=1mm, h=1mm. Through the regression analysis,the regression equation between noise reduction and the teeth dimensions (β, d, h) wasobtained.
Numerical analysis was made in two speeds,2m/s and20m/s. The results showed thatthe boundary layer on the trailing edge surface of the root wings more likely to occurseparation under small angle of attack due to big curvature and thickness. Wing tipseparation took place close to the leading edge under high angle of attack. The boundarylayer separation increased the boundary layer vortex shedding noise. The boundary layerseparation area of Sparrowhawk wings was greater than the Long-eared owl wing’s, so theaerodynamic noise of the Sparrowhawk was larger. The comb teeths on the leading edgeacted as vortex generators defered the boundary layer separation of wing surface. The airfoiland the comb structures were the main factors for owl silent flight obviously. The pressuredifference of upper and lower surface of hawk was larger than owl’s, thus lift coefficient ofhawk was larger than owl’s in the same conditions.
V-shaped and circular section were designed on axial fan flat blade, based on theLong-eared owl and Sparrow hawk wings, the test results showed that, V-shapedcross-section was better than arc-shaped cross-section, the aerodynamic performances of thebionic fans were better than the prototype fan, the maximum flow increased by6.1%, themaximum static pressure increased by7.0%. The outlet flow of bionic fans was more stableand closer to the axis, total pressure was significantly greater. The inverse involute groovesreduced the loss of flow and made the outlet flow closer to axis.
Based on characteristics of Long-eared owl and Sparrow hawk wing, six bionic fanswere designed. Tests showed that aerodynamic performance of fan with40%cross-sectional airfoil of hawk was the best, but the aerodynamic noise was larger relatively. Theaerodynamic characteristics of fan with Airfoils changed from the blade root to tip likeLong-eared owl wing was only slightly improved, but aerodynamic noise reducedsignificantly. The40%cross-sectional airfoil camber was modified like the development ofthe Long-eared owl wing, and test results showed that this bionic fan had a goodaerodynamic performance and acoustic performance at the same time.
引文
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