灌溉农业发展的制度性推进机制研究
|
摘要
灌溉农业是借助人工灌溉才能存续和发展的农业。我国是一个缺水和旱灾频发的国家,灌溉在农业发展中占极其重要的地位和作用。据概算,灌溉农业生产了我国75%的粮食和90%的经济作物,为保障国家粮食安全和经济社会稳定发展方面做出了巨大贡献。但是,近些年来,发生在华北、西北、西南地区的极度干旱和旱灾损失,也从教训眼前和警示未来的双重层面上,示明了继续研究和发展农田水利与灌溉农业的重大意义。
本文以新古典经济学和新制度经济学的基本原理为指导,全面考察了我国灌溉农业发展的现实状况,从水权制度、水利设施产权制度和灌溉组织制度三个方面,分析了产权和组织制度对灌溉农业发展的影响,提出了相应的推进机制。主要研究结论如下：
(1)从总量上看,我国的灌溉农业呈稳步发展之势：农田灌溉面积、农田有效灌溉面积、农田有效实灌面积、机电排灌面积、旱涝保收面积、万亩以上灌区数量都在不断增加；我国灌溉农业的发展质量也在不断提高,其主要标志是节水灌溉也在不断发展。我国灌溉农业的发展还存在如下问题：总量不足、区域差异巨大、水资源利用效率低,等等。
(2)国有水权是我国水权的最基本的产权形式,在国有水权制度下,水资源的配置一般通过行政手段来进行,导致用水粗放,浪费严重。集体水权是我国水权的又一存在形式,在集体水权制度下,灌溉水权成为“准公共物品”,具有非排他性和消费上的非竞争性,容易出现“搭便车”的行为。私人水权和无主人水权在现实中也是一种客观存在。为推进我国灌溉农业的更好发展,建议在以下方面对水权制度进行改革与完善：推进水权可交易制度发展,提高水资源配置效率；建立水权银行制度,探索水权交易新形式,补充水权交易制度；实行水权承包,完善私人水权(少量用水权)制度；加强零星水资源产权管理,消除无主人水权现象；引入市场机制,调节工农业水权转换关系。
(3)我国的水利设施产权以国有产权制度和集体产权制度为主,在产权行使过程中容易产生负外部性和“公地悲剧”现象,同时未能很好地吸纳农民用水户参与产权运作与管理,降低了产权运作效率。本文建议对水利设施产权制度做一些改革,以推进灌溉农业更好发展：水利设施的产权制度由单一形式向多元化转变；放开灌溉水利设施的建设权,建立多元化投资机制；明确界定集体水利设施产权主体,解决所有权主体缺位问题。
(4)我国目前的灌溉组织制度主要包括国家灌溉、农村集体灌溉、农民个人灌溉、农民合作灌溉、农民用水者协会灌溉等几种形式。其中,国家灌溉是主导形式,但也有“最后一公里”问题；集体灌溉虽然生产中需要,但正在逐年退步；农民个人灌溉灵活易行,普遍存在,但个人力量实在有限,水资源浪费较多；农民合作和协作灌溉,符合总体发展方向,但发展偏慢。本文建议采取多元化的发展机制,发展各种组织形式的灌溉,以推动灌溉农业更好发展：大力发展国家灌溉：改造老灌区,建设新灌区；恢复发展集体灌溉：创新机制,国家参与;扶持发展合作灌溉：吸收农户参与灌溉管理；补贴发展个人灌溉：“农民抗旱,政府买单”。
Irrigation agriculture exists and develops by means of artificial irrigation. Because of water shortage and frequent drought disaster in China, irrigation plays extremely important role and has key effect in agriculture development. According to the estimate,75%of grains and90%of economic crops in China are produced by irrigation agriculture, which has made enormous contribution to guarantee nation grain safety and steady development of economic society. However, in recent years, it has showed that there is a great significance to continuously research and develop farmland water conservancy and irrigation agriculture, by exceeding drought and drought loss occurred in North, Northwest and Southwest in China, from aspects of current morals and future cautions.
In view of basic principles of new classical economics and new institution economics, this paper has overall investigated the status quo of irrigation agriculture in China, analyzed the influence of property right and organization system to development of irrigation agriculture from3aspects of water right system, property right system of water conservancy facilities, and organization system of irrigation, and accordingly applied development strategies. Main research results are as follows:
(1) From the total amount, irrigation agriculture in China presents the trend of steady development; and increases have been made in farmland irrigation area, farmland effective irrigation area, farmland effective actual irrigation area, electric irrigation area, ensured harvest area in both drought and flood, and the amount of irrigation districts over10thousand mu; also, development quality of irrigation agriculture in China is improved continuously, with the key mark that water saving irrigation is expanding constantly as well. Problems existing in development of irrigation agriculture in China are insufficient total amount, huge difference among regions, low efficiency of water resources utilization, and so forth.
(2) The state-owned water right is the most basic property right form in China. Under state-owned water right system, it caused extensive water using and serious waste, because that the water resources are generally configured throughout administrative methods. Collective water right is another form in China. Under collective water right system, irrigation water right becomes'quasi public article'with non-excludability and non-competitive in consuming, and the'free ride'behaviors appears easily. Personal water right and ownerless water right are also existed objectively in practice. For better development promoting irrigation agriculture in China, suggestions have been made to reform and improve water right system as follow:advancing the development of water right transaction system, promoting efficiency of water resource configuration; building water right bank system, exploring new forms of water right trading, replenishing water right trading system; using water right contracts, improving personal water right (less water utilizing right) system; enhancing property management of small amount water resources, removing ownerless water right phenomenon; introducing marketing mechanism, regulating the conversion of water right between industry and agriculture.
(3) Property right of water conservancy facilities in China is mainly state-owned property right system and collective property right system, therefore, negative externality and'the tragedy of the commons'occur easily during property right performing, simultaneously, efficiency of running property right is decreased because it fails to attract peasant water users participating the property right operation and management. Proposals in this paper are taking some reforms to property right system of water conservancy facilities to improve the better development of irrigation agriculture; transforming from single type to diversity of property right system of water conservancy facilities; releasing the construction right of irrigation water conservancy facilities, and building multiple investigation mechanism; clearly defining property right subject of collective water conservancy facilities, resolving problems on subject lacking of ownership.
(4) At present, irrigation organization system in China mainly includes national irrigation, rural collective irrigation, peasant individual irrigation, peasant cooperative irrigation, and irrigation of peasant using water association, and so on. Among these, national irrigation is the dominant form, but it still has the problem of'the last1 kilometer'; collective irrigation is falling behind year after year, although it is needed in production; peasant individual irrigation is flexible, easy, and ubiquitous, but the water resource wastes a lot because of the limitation of individual strengths; peasant cooperative and associated irrigation are coincide with the general development direction, however, they develops slowly slightly. Suggestions in this paper are to apply diverse development mechanism, carry out irrigation with all kinds of organization forms, to promote irrigation agriculture; energetically expanding national irrigation; rebuild old irrigation areas, build new irrigation areas; recover development of collective irrigation; innovate mechanism, incite nation participation; support cooperating irrigation; attract householders to join irrigation management; use subsidy to develop individual irrigation:'peasants combat the drought, governments pay the bill'.
本文以新古典经济学和新制度经济学的基本原理为指导,全面考察了我国灌溉农业发展的现实状况,从水权制度、水利设施产权制度和灌溉组织制度三个方面,分析了产权和组织制度对灌溉农业发展的影响,提出了相应的推进机制。主要研究结论如下：
(1)从总量上看,我国的灌溉农业呈稳步发展之势：农田灌溉面积、农田有效灌溉面积、农田有效实灌面积、机电排灌面积、旱涝保收面积、万亩以上灌区数量都在不断增加；我国灌溉农业的发展质量也在不断提高,其主要标志是节水灌溉也在不断发展。我国灌溉农业的发展还存在如下问题：总量不足、区域差异巨大、水资源利用效率低,等等。
(2)国有水权是我国水权的最基本的产权形式,在国有水权制度下,水资源的配置一般通过行政手段来进行,导致用水粗放,浪费严重。集体水权是我国水权的又一存在形式,在集体水权制度下,灌溉水权成为“准公共物品”,具有非排他性和消费上的非竞争性,容易出现“搭便车”的行为。私人水权和无主人水权在现实中也是一种客观存在。为推进我国灌溉农业的更好发展,建议在以下方面对水权制度进行改革与完善：推进水权可交易制度发展,提高水资源配置效率；建立水权银行制度,探索水权交易新形式,补充水权交易制度；实行水权承包,完善私人水权(少量用水权)制度；加强零星水资源产权管理,消除无主人水权现象；引入市场机制,调节工农业水权转换关系。
(3)我国的水利设施产权以国有产权制度和集体产权制度为主,在产权行使过程中容易产生负外部性和“公地悲剧”现象,同时未能很好地吸纳农民用水户参与产权运作与管理,降低了产权运作效率。本文建议对水利设施产权制度做一些改革,以推进灌溉农业更好发展：水利设施的产权制度由单一形式向多元化转变；放开灌溉水利设施的建设权,建立多元化投资机制；明确界定集体水利设施产权主体,解决所有权主体缺位问题。
(4)我国目前的灌溉组织制度主要包括国家灌溉、农村集体灌溉、农民个人灌溉、农民合作灌溉、农民用水者协会灌溉等几种形式。其中,国家灌溉是主导形式,但也有“最后一公里”问题；集体灌溉虽然生产中需要,但正在逐年退步；农民个人灌溉灵活易行,普遍存在,但个人力量实在有限,水资源浪费较多；农民合作和协作灌溉,符合总体发展方向,但发展偏慢。本文建议采取多元化的发展机制,发展各种组织形式的灌溉,以推动灌溉农业更好发展：大力发展国家灌溉：改造老灌区,建设新灌区；恢复发展集体灌溉：创新机制,国家参与;扶持发展合作灌溉：吸收农户参与灌溉管理；补贴发展个人灌溉：“农民抗旱,政府买单”。
Irrigation agriculture exists and develops by means of artificial irrigation. Because of water shortage and frequent drought disaster in China, irrigation plays extremely important role and has key effect in agriculture development. According to the estimate,75%of grains and90%of economic crops in China are produced by irrigation agriculture, which has made enormous contribution to guarantee nation grain safety and steady development of economic society. However, in recent years, it has showed that there is a great significance to continuously research and develop farmland water conservancy and irrigation agriculture, by exceeding drought and drought loss occurred in North, Northwest and Southwest in China, from aspects of current morals and future cautions.
In view of basic principles of new classical economics and new institution economics, this paper has overall investigated the status quo of irrigation agriculture in China, analyzed the influence of property right and organization system to development of irrigation agriculture from3aspects of water right system, property right system of water conservancy facilities, and organization system of irrigation, and accordingly applied development strategies. Main research results are as follows:
(1) From the total amount, irrigation agriculture in China presents the trend of steady development; and increases have been made in farmland irrigation area, farmland effective irrigation area, farmland effective actual irrigation area, electric irrigation area, ensured harvest area in both drought and flood, and the amount of irrigation districts over10thousand mu; also, development quality of irrigation agriculture in China is improved continuously, with the key mark that water saving irrigation is expanding constantly as well. Problems existing in development of irrigation agriculture in China are insufficient total amount, huge difference among regions, low efficiency of water resources utilization, and so forth.
(2) The state-owned water right is the most basic property right form in China. Under state-owned water right system, it caused extensive water using and serious waste, because that the water resources are generally configured throughout administrative methods. Collective water right is another form in China. Under collective water right system, irrigation water right becomes'quasi public article'with non-excludability and non-competitive in consuming, and the'free ride'behaviors appears easily. Personal water right and ownerless water right are also existed objectively in practice. For better development promoting irrigation agriculture in China, suggestions have been made to reform and improve water right system as follow:advancing the development of water right transaction system, promoting efficiency of water resource configuration; building water right bank system, exploring new forms of water right trading, replenishing water right trading system; using water right contracts, improving personal water right (less water utilizing right) system; enhancing property management of small amount water resources, removing ownerless water right phenomenon; introducing marketing mechanism, regulating the conversion of water right between industry and agriculture.
(3) Property right of water conservancy facilities in China is mainly state-owned property right system and collective property right system, therefore, negative externality and'the tragedy of the commons'occur easily during property right performing, simultaneously, efficiency of running property right is decreased because it fails to attract peasant water users participating the property right operation and management. Proposals in this paper are taking some reforms to property right system of water conservancy facilities to improve the better development of irrigation agriculture; transforming from single type to diversity of property right system of water conservancy facilities; releasing the construction right of irrigation water conservancy facilities, and building multiple investigation mechanism; clearly defining property right subject of collective water conservancy facilities, resolving problems on subject lacking of ownership.
(4) At present, irrigation organization system in China mainly includes national irrigation, rural collective irrigation, peasant individual irrigation, peasant cooperative irrigation, and irrigation of peasant using water association, and so on. Among these, national irrigation is the dominant form, but it still has the problem of'the last1 kilometer'; collective irrigation is falling behind year after year, although it is needed in production; peasant individual irrigation is flexible, easy, and ubiquitous, but the water resource wastes a lot because of the limitation of individual strengths; peasant cooperative and associated irrigation are coincide with the general development direction, however, they develops slowly slightly. Suggestions in this paper are to apply diverse development mechanism, carry out irrigation with all kinds of organization forms, to promote irrigation agriculture; energetically expanding national irrigation; rebuild old irrigation areas, build new irrigation areas; recover development of collective irrigation; innovate mechanism, incite nation participation; support cooperating irrigation; attract householders to join irrigation management; use subsidy to develop individual irrigation:'peasants combat the drought, governments pay the bill'.
引文
①莱斯特·布朗,中国的水资源短缺将影响世界粮食安全,1998。
①张国华：我国灌水技术现状及研究趋势,中国水利,2005.09。
①缚春、胡振鹏,国内外水权研究的若干进展,《中国水利》,2000.06。
②汪恕诚,水权和水市场——谈实现水资源优化配置的经济手段,水利规划与设计,2001.01。
③沈满洪、陈锋,我国水权理论研究述评,浙江社会科学,2002.09。
①姜文来,水权及其作用探讨,中国水利,2000.12。
②石玉波,关于水权与水市场的几点认识,中国水利2001.2。
③董文虎,浅析水资源水权与水利工程供水水权,江苏水利2001.1。
④胡继连、葛颜祥、周玉玺,水权市场与农用水资源配置研究,北京：中国农业出版社2005。
⑤沈满洪.水权交易制度研究—中国的案例分析.杭州：浙江大学出版社,2006.
①John R. Tee rink, Masahiro Nakashima美国日本水权水价水分配.天津：天津科学技术出版,2000.
①Tom Tietenberg环境与自然资源经济学.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
①菲吕博顿、配杰威齐.产权与经济理论,载《财产权利与制度变迁——产权学派与新制度经济学译文集》.上海三联书店,1991,204.
②罗必良.新制度经济学.太原：出版社,2005年,240.
③参考黄锡生,水权制度研究.北京：科学出版社,2005年,20-25页相关内容.
④Singh. Chhatrapati:Water Rights and Principles of Water Resources Management. India Law Institute,1991.
①常云昆.黄河断流与黄河水权制度研究.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001,46.
②操小娟.水权制度及其立法对策分析.中国环境管理,2000(4)：11-13.
③常云昆.黄河断流与黄河水权制度研究.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001,50.
①张仁田、童利忠：水权、水权分配与水权交易体制的初步研究,水利发展研究,2002.5,13-17。
①中国水利统计年鉴2011。
①黄小刚、张军旗：从国有大中型灌区的现状看股份制改造问题,陕西水利,1996.6。
(1)Brown L,Halweil B. China's water shortage could shake worldfood security. World Watch,1998(4):1-4;布朗,中国的水资源短缺将影响世界粮食安全,世界观察,1998.04；
(2)山姆·约翰逊、马克·斯文特生,灌溉部门机构改革方案,中国农村水利水电,2002(6)：1-6；
(3)韩洪云、赵连阁：中国灌溉农业发展——问题与挑战,水利经济,2004.1；
(4)梅振东、黄建武：农业灌溉的数字化控制,现代电子技术,2007.7；
(5)蔡守华、张展羽,节水灌溉发展现状与管理模式研究综述,水利经济,2007.7;
(6)中华人民共和国水利部.2005年全国水利发展统计公报,中国水利报,2006-07-05(3)；
(7)崔学昆、件淑梅、郭瑞雪,节水灌溉是我区灌溉农业的发展方向,吉林水利,2000.11；
(8)于波、牟燕,黄河流域水权制度综述,合作经济与科技,2007.7；
(9)覃琼霞、江涛,市场化改革与市场结构：一个农田水利基础设施建设的制度框架[J].南方经济,2007.2：3-10；
(10)钱正英、张光斗,中国可持续发展水资源战略研究,中国水利水电出版社,2001.03；
(11)戎丽丽,水权质量与水权经济效率,山东农业大学博士论文,2010.06；
(12)胡继连,农用水权的界定、实施效率及其改进策略,农业经济问题,2010.11；
(13)姜东晖、靳雪、胡继连,农用水权的市场化流转及其应用策略,农业经济问题,2011.12；
(14)国务院研究室调查组,制度创新是调动农民水利建设积极性的关键——山东费县小型农田水利家庭经营责任制的调查,中国农村经济,1998.7；
(15)胡继连、周衍平、周玉玺、西爱琴,山东省农田水利产业化发展实践及理论分析,中国农村经济,2000.5,68-72；
(16)胡继连,引进产业化机制发展我国农田水利的理论与实践研究,国家社会 科学基金项目研究报告,2000.12；
(17)胡继连、周玉玺,小型农田水利产业组织问题研究,农业经济问题,2003.3；
(18)王金霞,地下水灌溉产权制度创新、效率及政策-河北省小型水利工程的实证研究,中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2000.06；
(19)彭建强,自主管理灌区与农业用水制度改革研究,国家社会科学基金项目,2002；
(20)彭建强,加快我国农业用水制度改革的对策建议,国家社科规划办《成果要报》,2004年第12期；
(21)唐忠,加强农田保护和农田水利建设研究,国家社会科学基金项目,2004；
(22)唐忠、李众敏,改革后农田水利建设投入主体缺失的经济学分析,农业经济问题,2005.2；
(23)刘俊浩,农村社区农田水利建设组织动员机制研究,西南农业大学博士学位论文,2005；
(24)谭向勇、刘力,粮食主产区小型农田水利建设投入机制探析,农业经济问题,2007.4;
(25)刘力、谭向勇,粮食主产区县乡政府及农户对小型农田水利设施建设的投资意愿分析,中国农村经济,2007.7；
(26)宋洪远、吴仲斌,盈利能力、社会资源介入与产权制度改革——基于小型农田水利设施建设与管理问题的研究,中国农村经济,2009.3：4-13；
(27)邢新友,农村小型水利工程产权制度改革现状及对策,陕西水利,2007.05;
(28)张勇,能源资源法律制度研究,中国时代经济出版社,2008.07；
(29)胡俊菊、阎晓波,农村小型水利工程产权制度改革工作浅议,现代农业,2007.02；
(30)曹鹏宇,农村改革新时期推进小型农田水利设施建设探讨——以河南省为例,农业经济问题,2009.09；
(31)甘琳、张仕廉,农村水利基础设施现状与融资模式偏好,改革,2009.7；
(32)钟玉秀、李伟,加强我国小型农田水利建设的对策建议,水利发展研究,2010.3：
(33)柯龙山,我国农田水利设施供给机制：变迁、困境与创新——基于南方旱 涝灾害的思考,农业现代化研究,2010.05；
(34)王仁强、李智勇、岳书铭,农田水利基础设施建设投入机制研究——基于山东省第二次农业普查资料的实证分析,山东农业大学学报社会科学版,2010.2;
(35)苑鹏,农田水利基本建设的组织制度创新探析——邯郸县抗旱服务专业协会个案研究,中国农村观察,2000.6：40-44；
(36)韩洪云、赵连阁,节水农业经济分析,中国农业出版社,2001；
(37)韩洪云、赵连阁,灌区资产剩余控制权安排——理论模型及政策含义,经济研究,2004.4：117-124；
(38)杜鹏、徐中民,公众参与理论、方法及其在水资源集成管理研究中的国际进展,地球科学进展,2007.06；
(39)柯龙山,我国农田水利设施供给机制：变迁、困境与创新——基于南方旱涝灾害的思考,农业现代化研究,2010.5；
(40)胡继连、武华光,引黄灌溉的管理制度与绩效分析——以山东省为例,农业经济与管理,2010.02；
(41)SlethM, DinarA. Institutional changes in globalwater sector:trends, patterns, and implications. Water Policy,2000 (2):175-199.
(42)Francoismolle, Chatchom Chompadist & Pongsathorn Sopaphun, Beyond the farm-turn-out:on-farm development dynamics in the Kamphaengsaen irrigation project, Thailand, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 12:341-358, 1998.
(43)Deng W, He Y. Water resource:one of the most important re-source problems to be paid more attention in the world in 21 stcentury. Geographical Science,1997(2):97-102.
(44)Alberta H. Charney and Gary C. Woodard, Socioeconomic Impacts of Water Farming on Rural Areas of Origin in Arizona, Am. J. Agr. Econ.1990,72(5): 1193-1199.
(45)Bagadion, B. U. (1989).'The evolution of NIA's policy context:An historical overview', in F. Korten and R. Siy, eds., Transforming a Bureaucracy:The Experience of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration. Manila, Philippines:Ateneo de Manila University Press.
(46)Bagadion, B. U. and F. F. Korten (1991).'Developing irrigators' organizations: A learning process approach', in M. M. Cernea, ed., Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development. Washington, DC:The World Bank.
(47)Bagadion, B. U. (1995).'Sustaining irrigation management transfer and privatized management of organizations', in Food and Agriculture Organization, Irrigation Management Transfer in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture Organization and International Water Management Institute.
(48)Francoismolle, Chatchom Chompadist & Pongsathorn Sopaphun, Beyond the farm-turn-out:on-farm development dynamics in the Kamphaengsaen irrigation project, Thailand, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 12:341-358, 1998.
(49)COAG, Water for Our Future:Why Do We Need Water Reform? What is The COAG Water Reform Framwork? 2000, www. Affa.gov.au/water reform.
(50)Mark svendsen & D. Hammond murray-rust, Creating and consolidating locally managed irrigation in Turkey:the national perspective, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 15:355-371,2001.
(51)Eduardo Araral, Bureaucratic incentives, path dependence, and foreign aid:An empirical institutional analysis of irrigation in the Philippines, Policy Sciences (2005)38:131-157.
(52)Q. K. Ahmad and Ahsan Uddin Ahmed, Regional Cooperation in Flood Management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Region:Bangladesh Perspective, Natural Hazards 28:181-198,2003.
(53)Emeka Nwankwo, Nelson Phillips and Paul Tracey, Social Investment through Community Enterprise:The Case of Multinational Corporations Involvement in the Development of Nigerian Water Resources, Journal of Business Ethics (2007)73:91-101.
(54)Anthony Donnellan, Is the NationalWater Commission an appropriate institutional and governance structure to address the fundamental requirements of the water and irrigation industry in Australia? Environmentalist (2007) 27:13-23.
(55)Ghina Yamout·Dima Jamali, A critical assessment of a proposed public private partnership (PPP) for the management of water services in Lebanon, Water Resour Manage (2007) 21:611-634.
(56)姜东晖、胡继连,对水资源“农转非”现象的经济学分析,中国农业资源与区划,2008.3；
(57)Alberta H. Charney and Gary C. Woodard, Socioeconomic Impacts of Water Farming on Rural Areas of Origin in Arizona, Am. J. Agr. Econ. (1990) 72(5): 1193-1199.
(58)Charles W. Howe, Jeffrey K. Lazo and Kenneth R. Weber, The Economic Impacts of Agriculture-to-Urban Water Transfers on the Area of Origin:A Case Study of the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado, Am. J. Agr. Econ. (1990) 72(5):1200-1204.
(59)Robert R. Hearne, Water markets as a mechanism for intersectoral water transfers:the Elqui Basin in Chile, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4), 223-227.
(60)Mattia Celio and Mark Giordano, Agriculture-urban water transfers:a case study of Hyderabad, South-India, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4), 229-237.
(61)Yutaka Matsuno, Nobumasa Hatcho and Soji Shindo, Water transfer from agriculture to urban domestic users:a case study of the Tone River Basin, Japan, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4),239-246.
(62)Gilbert Levine, Randolph Barker and Cheng Chang Huang, Water transfer from agriculture to urban uses:lessons learned, with policy considerations, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4),213-222.
(63)C.C. Huang, M. H. Tsai, W. T. Lin, Y. F. Ho, C. H. Tan and Y. L. Sung, Experiences of water transfer from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector in Taiwan,Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5(4).271-277.
(64)[美]莱斯特·布朗,谁来养活中国,世界观察,1994.9-10。本文参阅的是《中国农村经济》1995年第4期的中译版本,译者徐雪,42-48；
(65)刘杰、姜文来、任天志,农业用水使用权转让补偿机制初步探讨,水问题论坛,2002.2；
(66)王学渊、韩洪云、邓启明：水资源“农转非”对农村发展的影响——对河北省兴隆县转轴沟村的案例研究,中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007.24(1)；
(67)陈静慧、赵连阁,水资源“农转非”利益补偿机制,浙江工商大学硕士学位论文,2008；
(68)杨向辉,我国水权转换模式及转换价值评估研究,河海大学博士学位论文,2006；
(69)斯琴,农业水权转换中水价形成机制研究,中国农业科学院硕士学位论文,2006；
(70)李国英,黄河水权转换的探索与实践,中国水利,2007.19；
(71)苏茂林,黄河水权转换制度体系建设,中国水利,2007.19；何宏谋、薛建国、邢芳,黄河水权转换中的补偿机制研究,中国水利,2007.19；陈连军、张文鸽、何宏谋,黄河水权转换试点实施效果,中国水利,2007.19；
(72)裴勇、殷会娟、王铁民,黄河水权转换价格研究,中国水利,2007.19；
(73)水利部黄河水利委员会,黄河水权转换制度构建及实践,黄河水利出版社,2008；
(74)陈耀文、陶燕格等,宁夏引黄灌区水权转换价格构成要素研究,中国农村水利水电,2009.2；
(75)李金晶、于咏梅,黄河水权转换农业风险补偿费用测算方法研究,中国水利,2009.17；
(76)许敬、胡继连,水资源用途管制制度研究,山东农业大学学报社会科学版,2009.1;
(77)汪恕诚：水权和水市场：实现水资源优化配置的经济手段,中国水利,2000.11：
(78)胡鞍钢等：转型期水资源配置的公共政策：准市场和政治民主协商,中国水利,2000.11；
(79)黄河：水市场的特点和发展措施,中国水利,2000.12；
(80)孟志敏：水权交易市场——水资源配置的手段,中国水利,2000.12；
(81)胡继连、葛颜祥：黄河水资源的分配模式与协调机制,管理世界,2004.08；
(82)刘铁军,新时期小型农田水利设施投资主体研究,水利发展研究,1997(6)：34；
(83)胡继连、武华光,灌溉水资源利用管理研究,中国农业出版社,2007；
(84)王金霞、黄季焜等,地下水灌溉系统产权制度的创新与理论解释,经济研究,2004.4；
(85)刘昌明、何希吾等,中国水问题研究[M].北京：气象出版社,1996.24；
(86)王伟,水利资产的经济特性分析,中国水利,2001(2)：27；
(87)冯广志,我国节水灌溉发展的总体思路,中国农村水利水电,1998.11；
(88)姜长云,中国节水农业：现状与发展方法,农业经济问,2001(10)：19-23；
(89)陈静慧、赵连阁,水资源“农转非”利益补偿机制[D],浙江工商大学,2008；
(90)宋宗水,水的资源价值与环境价值,中国农业资源与区划,2008,03：16-20；
(91)张岳、董其林.论农村水利与农业现代化建设[J].中国农村水利水电,1994.9：8-13；
(92)顾浩,中国水利现代化研究[J].水利水电技术,2004.1：26-29.38；
(93)王亚华,中国治水转型：背景、挑战与前瞻[J].水利发展研究,2007.9；
(94)张军、何寒熙.中国农村的公共产品供给：改革后的变迁[J].改革,1996.5：50-57：
(95)黄志冲.农村公共产品供给机制创新的经济学研究[J].中国农村观察,2000.6：35-39;
(96)林万龙、刘仙娟.税费改革后农村公共产品供给机制创新：基于交易成本角度的探讨[J].农业经济问题,2006.2：30-34；
(97)杜威漩、黄祖辉.我国灌溉管理制度与其环境的冲突及整合[J].中国农村经济,2004.6：25-31；
(98)穆贤清、黄祖辉等.我国农户参与灌溉管理的产权制度保障[J].经济理论 与经济管理,2004.12：61-66；
(99)杨春、陆文聪.新农村视角下农民参与式小型水利工程管理体制研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2007.6：32-35；
(100)A. Ruijs, A. Zimmermann, M. van den Berg. Demand and distributional effects of water pricing policies. Ecological Economics,2008(66):506-516.
(101)Antony M., Zvikomborero H., Evans K.. Pressure management as a leakage reduction and water demand management tool:The case of the City of Mutare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2006(31):763-770.
(102)Bekithemba G. Dinis J., Pieter van der Zaag. Information is a prerequisite for water demand management:experiences from four cities in Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003(28):827-837.
(103)Bekithemba G, Laura F., Jaap A.. Capacity building in water demand management as a key component for attaining millennium development goals. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005(30):984-992.
(104)Bekithemba G. The status of water demand management in selected cities of southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29): 1225-1231.
(105)Bekithemba G.., Pieter van der Zaag, Peter R., Lewis J., and Hannes B. Training needs for water demand management. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29):1365-1373.
(106)Bryan R. B., Claudia R., Ruth Meinzen-Dick. Water Rights Reform: Lessons for Institutional Design [M]. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C.,2005.
(107)C. Ho, D. Armstrong, P. Doyle, B. Malcolm. Impacts of changing water price and availability on irrigated dairy farms in northern Victoria. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Melbourne,2004(59):161-163.
(108)Charles S.Sokilo, Barbara van Koppen. Local water rights and local water user entities:the unsung heroines of water resource management in Tanzania [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29),1349-1356.
(109)E. J. Mwendera, D. Hazelton, D. Nkhuwa, P. Robinson, K. Tjijenda, G. Chavula. Overcoming constraints to the implementation of water demand management in southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003(28): 761-778.
(110)Emaculate M., Saniso S.. Greywater reuse:A strategy for water demand management in Harare? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2007(32): 1231-1236.
(111)Emmanuel M., Rose M.. An analysis of water consumption and prospects for implementing water demand management at household level in the City of Harare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005(30): 925-934.
(112)H. Chen, Z.F, Yang. Residential water demand model under block rate pricing:A case study of Beijing, China. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical 2009(14):2462-2468.
(113)Hong Y., Xiaohe Z., Alexander J. B. Z.. Water scarcity, pricing mechanism and institutional reform in northern China irrigated agriculture [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2003(61):143-161.
(114)Hongyun H., Liange Z.. The Impact of Water Pricing Policy on Local Environment-An Analysis of Three Irrigation Districts in China. Agricultural Sciences in China,2007(6):1472-1478.
(115)Jan H. van Heerden, James B.t, Mark H.. Integrated water and economic modeling of the impacts of water market instruments on the South African economy. Ecological Economics,2008(66):105-116.
(116)Joachim S, Thomas H. Determinants of residential water demand in Germany. Ecological Economics.2008.
(117)Junlian Z.. Barriers to water markets in the Heihe River basin in northwest China. Agricultural Water Management,2007(87):32-40.
(118)Junlian Z., Fengrong Z.. Mutual monitoring in a tradable water rights system:A case study of Zhangye City in Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management,2008(95):331-338.
(119)Kossa R.M. R., Henry F. M.. Challenges of optimal implementation of formal water rights systems for irrigation in the Great Ruaha River Catchment in Tanzania. Agricultural Water Management,2008(95):1067-1078.
(120)Mahmood A.. Water pricing and markets in the Near East:policy issues and options. Water Policy,2000(2):229-242.
(121)Mairos Sophocleous. Global and Regional Water Availability and demand:Prospects for the Future. Natural Resources Research,2004,13(2).
(122)Maria L. Economic impact of alternative water policy scenarios in the Spanish production system:An input-output analysis. Ecological Economics, 2008(68):288-294.
(123)Michael M.. Understanding Water Rights and Conflicts. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. Middleburg,2004(40):1390-1391.
(124)Michael W., Jon B., Brian F., Mark W.. Pricing China's irrigation water. Global Environmental Change,2008(18):617-625.
(125)Robert B., Edwyna H.. Efficiency gains from water markets:Empirical analysis of Watermove in Australia. Agricultural Water Management,2008(95): 391-399.
(126)Serge Garcia, Arnaud Reynaud. Estimating the Benefits of Efficient Water Pricing in France [J]. Resource and Energy Economics,2004,26:1-25.
(127)Sheila M. O., W. Michael H., Robert N. S.. Water demand under alternative price structures. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2007(54):181-198.
(128)Slim Z., William E., Estimating the potential gains from water markets:a case study from Tunisia [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2005(72): 161-175.
(129)W. Mulwafu, C. Chipeta, G. Chavula, A. Ferguson, B. G. Nkhoma, G. Chilima. Water demand management in Malawi:problems and prospects for its promotion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003(28):787-796.
(130)WURBS R A. Assessing water availability under a water rights priority system [J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2001(4):127-143.
(131)Yan C., Dunqiang Z., Yangbo S., Xinai L., Nianzhong W., Hubert H.G. S.. Water demand management:A case study of the Heihe River Basin in China. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005(30):408-419.
①张国华：我国灌水技术现状及研究趋势,中国水利,2005.09。
①缚春、胡振鹏,国内外水权研究的若干进展,《中国水利》,2000.06。
②汪恕诚,水权和水市场——谈实现水资源优化配置的经济手段,水利规划与设计,2001.01。
③沈满洪、陈锋,我国水权理论研究述评,浙江社会科学,2002.09。
①姜文来,水权及其作用探讨,中国水利,2000.12。
②石玉波,关于水权与水市场的几点认识,中国水利2001.2。
③董文虎,浅析水资源水权与水利工程供水水权,江苏水利2001.1。
④胡继连、葛颜祥、周玉玺,水权市场与农用水资源配置研究,北京：中国农业出版社2005。
⑤沈满洪.水权交易制度研究—中国的案例分析.杭州：浙江大学出版社,2006.
①John R. Tee rink, Masahiro Nakashima美国日本水权水价水分配.天津：天津科学技术出版,2000.
①Tom Tietenberg环境与自然资源经济学.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
①菲吕博顿、配杰威齐.产权与经济理论,载《财产权利与制度变迁——产权学派与新制度经济学译文集》.上海三联书店,1991,204.
②罗必良.新制度经济学.太原：出版社,2005年,240.
③参考黄锡生,水权制度研究.北京：科学出版社,2005年,20-25页相关内容.
④Singh. Chhatrapati:Water Rights and Principles of Water Resources Management. India Law Institute,1991.
①常云昆.黄河断流与黄河水权制度研究.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001,46.
②操小娟.水权制度及其立法对策分析.中国环境管理,2000(4)：11-13.
③常云昆.黄河断流与黄河水权制度研究.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001,50.
①张仁田、童利忠：水权、水权分配与水权交易体制的初步研究,水利发展研究,2002.5,13-17。
①中国水利统计年鉴2011。
①黄小刚、张军旗：从国有大中型灌区的现状看股份制改造问题,陕西水利,1996.6。
(1)Brown L,Halweil B. China's water shortage could shake worldfood security. World Watch,1998(4):1-4;布朗,中国的水资源短缺将影响世界粮食安全,世界观察,1998.04；
(2)山姆·约翰逊、马克·斯文特生,灌溉部门机构改革方案,中国农村水利水电,2002(6)：1-6；
(3)韩洪云、赵连阁：中国灌溉农业发展——问题与挑战,水利经济,2004.1；
(4)梅振东、黄建武：农业灌溉的数字化控制,现代电子技术,2007.7；
(5)蔡守华、张展羽,节水灌溉发展现状与管理模式研究综述,水利经济,2007.7;
(6)中华人民共和国水利部.2005年全国水利发展统计公报,中国水利报,2006-07-05(3)；
(7)崔学昆、件淑梅、郭瑞雪,节水灌溉是我区灌溉农业的发展方向,吉林水利,2000.11；
(8)于波、牟燕,黄河流域水权制度综述,合作经济与科技,2007.7；
(9)覃琼霞、江涛,市场化改革与市场结构：一个农田水利基础设施建设的制度框架[J].南方经济,2007.2：3-10；
(10)钱正英、张光斗,中国可持续发展水资源战略研究,中国水利水电出版社,2001.03；
(11)戎丽丽,水权质量与水权经济效率,山东农业大学博士论文,2010.06；
(12)胡继连,农用水权的界定、实施效率及其改进策略,农业经济问题,2010.11；
(13)姜东晖、靳雪、胡继连,农用水权的市场化流转及其应用策略,农业经济问题,2011.12；
(14)国务院研究室调查组,制度创新是调动农民水利建设积极性的关键——山东费县小型农田水利家庭经营责任制的调查,中国农村经济,1998.7；
(15)胡继连、周衍平、周玉玺、西爱琴,山东省农田水利产业化发展实践及理论分析,中国农村经济,2000.5,68-72；
(16)胡继连,引进产业化机制发展我国农田水利的理论与实践研究,国家社会 科学基金项目研究报告,2000.12；
(17)胡继连、周玉玺,小型农田水利产业组织问题研究,农业经济问题,2003.3；
(18)王金霞,地下水灌溉产权制度创新、效率及政策-河北省小型水利工程的实证研究,中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2000.06；
(19)彭建强,自主管理灌区与农业用水制度改革研究,国家社会科学基金项目,2002；
(20)彭建强,加快我国农业用水制度改革的对策建议,国家社科规划办《成果要报》,2004年第12期；
(21)唐忠,加强农田保护和农田水利建设研究,国家社会科学基金项目,2004；
(22)唐忠、李众敏,改革后农田水利建设投入主体缺失的经济学分析,农业经济问题,2005.2；
(23)刘俊浩,农村社区农田水利建设组织动员机制研究,西南农业大学博士学位论文,2005；
(24)谭向勇、刘力,粮食主产区小型农田水利建设投入机制探析,农业经济问题,2007.4;
(25)刘力、谭向勇,粮食主产区县乡政府及农户对小型农田水利设施建设的投资意愿分析,中国农村经济,2007.7；
(26)宋洪远、吴仲斌,盈利能力、社会资源介入与产权制度改革——基于小型农田水利设施建设与管理问题的研究,中国农村经济,2009.3：4-13；
(27)邢新友,农村小型水利工程产权制度改革现状及对策,陕西水利,2007.05;
(28)张勇,能源资源法律制度研究,中国时代经济出版社,2008.07；
(29)胡俊菊、阎晓波,农村小型水利工程产权制度改革工作浅议,现代农业,2007.02；
(30)曹鹏宇,农村改革新时期推进小型农田水利设施建设探讨——以河南省为例,农业经济问题,2009.09；
(31)甘琳、张仕廉,农村水利基础设施现状与融资模式偏好,改革,2009.7；
(32)钟玉秀、李伟,加强我国小型农田水利建设的对策建议,水利发展研究,2010.3：
(33)柯龙山,我国农田水利设施供给机制：变迁、困境与创新——基于南方旱 涝灾害的思考,农业现代化研究,2010.05；
(34)王仁强、李智勇、岳书铭,农田水利基础设施建设投入机制研究——基于山东省第二次农业普查资料的实证分析,山东农业大学学报社会科学版,2010.2;
(35)苑鹏,农田水利基本建设的组织制度创新探析——邯郸县抗旱服务专业协会个案研究,中国农村观察,2000.6：40-44；
(36)韩洪云、赵连阁,节水农业经济分析,中国农业出版社,2001；
(37)韩洪云、赵连阁,灌区资产剩余控制权安排——理论模型及政策含义,经济研究,2004.4：117-124；
(38)杜鹏、徐中民,公众参与理论、方法及其在水资源集成管理研究中的国际进展,地球科学进展,2007.06；
(39)柯龙山,我国农田水利设施供给机制：变迁、困境与创新——基于南方旱涝灾害的思考,农业现代化研究,2010.5；
(40)胡继连、武华光,引黄灌溉的管理制度与绩效分析——以山东省为例,农业经济与管理,2010.02；
(41)SlethM, DinarA. Institutional changes in globalwater sector:trends, patterns, and implications. Water Policy,2000 (2):175-199.
(42)Francoismolle, Chatchom Chompadist & Pongsathorn Sopaphun, Beyond the farm-turn-out:on-farm development dynamics in the Kamphaengsaen irrigation project, Thailand, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 12:341-358, 1998.
(43)Deng W, He Y. Water resource:one of the most important re-source problems to be paid more attention in the world in 21 stcentury. Geographical Science,1997(2):97-102.
(44)Alberta H. Charney and Gary C. Woodard, Socioeconomic Impacts of Water Farming on Rural Areas of Origin in Arizona, Am. J. Agr. Econ.1990,72(5): 1193-1199.
(45)Bagadion, B. U. (1989).'The evolution of NIA's policy context:An historical overview', in F. Korten and R. Siy, eds., Transforming a Bureaucracy:The Experience of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration. Manila, Philippines:Ateneo de Manila University Press.
(46)Bagadion, B. U. and F. F. Korten (1991).'Developing irrigators' organizations: A learning process approach', in M. M. Cernea, ed., Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development. Washington, DC:The World Bank.
(47)Bagadion, B. U. (1995).'Sustaining irrigation management transfer and privatized management of organizations', in Food and Agriculture Organization, Irrigation Management Transfer in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture Organization and International Water Management Institute.
(48)Francoismolle, Chatchom Chompadist & Pongsathorn Sopaphun, Beyond the farm-turn-out:on-farm development dynamics in the Kamphaengsaen irrigation project, Thailand, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 12:341-358, 1998.
(49)COAG, Water for Our Future:Why Do We Need Water Reform? What is The COAG Water Reform Framwork? 2000, www. Affa.gov.au/water reform.
(50)Mark svendsen & D. Hammond murray-rust, Creating and consolidating locally managed irrigation in Turkey:the national perspective, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 15:355-371,2001.
(51)Eduardo Araral, Bureaucratic incentives, path dependence, and foreign aid:An empirical institutional analysis of irrigation in the Philippines, Policy Sciences (2005)38:131-157.
(52)Q. K. Ahmad and Ahsan Uddin Ahmed, Regional Cooperation in Flood Management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Region:Bangladesh Perspective, Natural Hazards 28:181-198,2003.
(53)Emeka Nwankwo, Nelson Phillips and Paul Tracey, Social Investment through Community Enterprise:The Case of Multinational Corporations Involvement in the Development of Nigerian Water Resources, Journal of Business Ethics (2007)73:91-101.
(54)Anthony Donnellan, Is the NationalWater Commission an appropriate institutional and governance structure to address the fundamental requirements of the water and irrigation industry in Australia? Environmentalist (2007) 27:13-23.
(55)Ghina Yamout·Dima Jamali, A critical assessment of a proposed public private partnership (PPP) for the management of water services in Lebanon, Water Resour Manage (2007) 21:611-634.
(56)姜东晖、胡继连,对水资源“农转非”现象的经济学分析,中国农业资源与区划,2008.3；
(57)Alberta H. Charney and Gary C. Woodard, Socioeconomic Impacts of Water Farming on Rural Areas of Origin in Arizona, Am. J. Agr. Econ. (1990) 72(5): 1193-1199.
(58)Charles W. Howe, Jeffrey K. Lazo and Kenneth R. Weber, The Economic Impacts of Agriculture-to-Urban Water Transfers on the Area of Origin:A Case Study of the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado, Am. J. Agr. Econ. (1990) 72(5):1200-1204.
(59)Robert R. Hearne, Water markets as a mechanism for intersectoral water transfers:the Elqui Basin in Chile, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4), 223-227.
(60)Mattia Celio and Mark Giordano, Agriculture-urban water transfers:a case study of Hyderabad, South-India, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4), 229-237.
(61)Yutaka Matsuno, Nobumasa Hatcho and Soji Shindo, Water transfer from agriculture to urban domestic users:a case study of the Tone River Basin, Japan, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4),239-246.
(62)Gilbert Levine, Randolph Barker and Cheng Chang Huang, Water transfer from agriculture to urban uses:lessons learned, with policy considerations, Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5 (4),213-222.
(63)C.C. Huang, M. H. Tsai, W. T. Lin, Y. F. Ho, C. H. Tan and Y. L. Sung, Experiences of water transfer from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector in Taiwan,Paddy and Water Environment,2007,5(4).271-277.
(64)[美]莱斯特·布朗,谁来养活中国,世界观察,1994.9-10。本文参阅的是《中国农村经济》1995年第4期的中译版本,译者徐雪,42-48；
(65)刘杰、姜文来、任天志,农业用水使用权转让补偿机制初步探讨,水问题论坛,2002.2；
(66)王学渊、韩洪云、邓启明：水资源“农转非”对农村发展的影响——对河北省兴隆县转轴沟村的案例研究,中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007.24(1)；
(67)陈静慧、赵连阁,水资源“农转非”利益补偿机制,浙江工商大学硕士学位论文,2008；
(68)杨向辉,我国水权转换模式及转换价值评估研究,河海大学博士学位论文,2006；
(69)斯琴,农业水权转换中水价形成机制研究,中国农业科学院硕士学位论文,2006；
(70)李国英,黄河水权转换的探索与实践,中国水利,2007.19；
(71)苏茂林,黄河水权转换制度体系建设,中国水利,2007.19；何宏谋、薛建国、邢芳,黄河水权转换中的补偿机制研究,中国水利,2007.19；陈连军、张文鸽、何宏谋,黄河水权转换试点实施效果,中国水利,2007.19；
(72)裴勇、殷会娟、王铁民,黄河水权转换价格研究,中国水利,2007.19；
(73)水利部黄河水利委员会,黄河水权转换制度构建及实践,黄河水利出版社,2008；
(74)陈耀文、陶燕格等,宁夏引黄灌区水权转换价格构成要素研究,中国农村水利水电,2009.2；
(75)李金晶、于咏梅,黄河水权转换农业风险补偿费用测算方法研究,中国水利,2009.17；
(76)许敬、胡继连,水资源用途管制制度研究,山东农业大学学报社会科学版,2009.1;
(77)汪恕诚：水权和水市场：实现水资源优化配置的经济手段,中国水利,2000.11：
(78)胡鞍钢等：转型期水资源配置的公共政策：准市场和政治民主协商,中国水利,2000.11；
(79)黄河：水市场的特点和发展措施,中国水利,2000.12；
(80)孟志敏：水权交易市场——水资源配置的手段,中国水利,2000.12；
(81)胡继连、葛颜祥：黄河水资源的分配模式与协调机制,管理世界,2004.08；
(82)刘铁军,新时期小型农田水利设施投资主体研究,水利发展研究,1997(6)：34；
(83)胡继连、武华光,灌溉水资源利用管理研究,中国农业出版社,2007；
(84)王金霞、黄季焜等,地下水灌溉系统产权制度的创新与理论解释,经济研究,2004.4；
(85)刘昌明、何希吾等,中国水问题研究[M].北京：气象出版社,1996.24；
(86)王伟,水利资产的经济特性分析,中国水利,2001(2)：27；
(87)冯广志,我国节水灌溉发展的总体思路,中国农村水利水电,1998.11；
(88)姜长云,中国节水农业：现状与发展方法,农业经济问,2001(10)：19-23；
(89)陈静慧、赵连阁,水资源“农转非”利益补偿机制[D],浙江工商大学,2008；
(90)宋宗水,水的资源价值与环境价值,中国农业资源与区划,2008,03：16-20；
(91)张岳、董其林.论农村水利与农业现代化建设[J].中国农村水利水电,1994.9：8-13；
(92)顾浩,中国水利现代化研究[J].水利水电技术,2004.1：26-29.38；
(93)王亚华,中国治水转型：背景、挑战与前瞻[J].水利发展研究,2007.9；
(94)张军、何寒熙.中国农村的公共产品供给：改革后的变迁[J].改革,1996.5：50-57：
(95)黄志冲.农村公共产品供给机制创新的经济学研究[J].中国农村观察,2000.6：35-39;
(96)林万龙、刘仙娟.税费改革后农村公共产品供给机制创新：基于交易成本角度的探讨[J].农业经济问题,2006.2：30-34；
(97)杜威漩、黄祖辉.我国灌溉管理制度与其环境的冲突及整合[J].中国农村经济,2004.6：25-31；
(98)穆贤清、黄祖辉等.我国农户参与灌溉管理的产权制度保障[J].经济理论 与经济管理,2004.12：61-66；
(99)杨春、陆文聪.新农村视角下农民参与式小型水利工程管理体制研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2007.6：32-35；
(100)A. Ruijs, A. Zimmermann, M. van den Berg. Demand and distributional effects of water pricing policies. Ecological Economics,2008(66):506-516.
(101)Antony M., Zvikomborero H., Evans K.. Pressure management as a leakage reduction and water demand management tool:The case of the City of Mutare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2006(31):763-770.
(102)Bekithemba G. Dinis J., Pieter van der Zaag. Information is a prerequisite for water demand management:experiences from four cities in Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003(28):827-837.
(103)Bekithemba G, Laura F., Jaap A.. Capacity building in water demand management as a key component for attaining millennium development goals. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005(30):984-992.
(104)Bekithemba G. The status of water demand management in selected cities of southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29): 1225-1231.
(105)Bekithemba G.., Pieter van der Zaag, Peter R., Lewis J., and Hannes B. Training needs for water demand management. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29):1365-1373.
(106)Bryan R. B., Claudia R., Ruth Meinzen-Dick. Water Rights Reform: Lessons for Institutional Design [M]. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C.,2005.
(107)C. Ho, D. Armstrong, P. Doyle, B. Malcolm. Impacts of changing water price and availability on irrigated dairy farms in northern Victoria. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Melbourne,2004(59):161-163.
(108)Charles S.Sokilo, Barbara van Koppen. Local water rights and local water user entities:the unsung heroines of water resource management in Tanzania [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29),1349-1356.
(109)E. J. Mwendera, D. Hazelton, D. Nkhuwa, P. Robinson, K. Tjijenda, G. Chavula. Overcoming constraints to the implementation of water demand management in southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003(28): 761-778.
(110)Emaculate M., Saniso S.. Greywater reuse:A strategy for water demand management in Harare? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2007(32): 1231-1236.
(111)Emmanuel M., Rose M.. An analysis of water consumption and prospects for implementing water demand management at household level in the City of Harare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005(30): 925-934.
(112)H. Chen, Z.F, Yang. Residential water demand model under block rate pricing:A case study of Beijing, China. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical 2009(14):2462-2468.
(113)Hong Y., Xiaohe Z., Alexander J. B. Z.. Water scarcity, pricing mechanism and institutional reform in northern China irrigated agriculture [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2003(61):143-161.
(114)Hongyun H., Liange Z.. The Impact of Water Pricing Policy on Local Environment-An Analysis of Three Irrigation Districts in China. Agricultural Sciences in China,2007(6):1472-1478.
(115)Jan H. van Heerden, James B.t, Mark H.. Integrated water and economic modeling of the impacts of water market instruments on the South African economy. Ecological Economics,2008(66):105-116.
(116)Joachim S, Thomas H. Determinants of residential water demand in Germany. Ecological Economics.2008.
(117)Junlian Z.. Barriers to water markets in the Heihe River basin in northwest China. Agricultural Water Management,2007(87):32-40.
(118)Junlian Z., Fengrong Z.. Mutual monitoring in a tradable water rights system:A case study of Zhangye City in Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management,2008(95):331-338.
(119)Kossa R.M. R., Henry F. M.. Challenges of optimal implementation of formal water rights systems for irrigation in the Great Ruaha River Catchment in Tanzania. Agricultural Water Management,2008(95):1067-1078.
(120)Mahmood A.. Water pricing and markets in the Near East:policy issues and options. Water Policy,2000(2):229-242.
(121)Mairos Sophocleous. Global and Regional Water Availability and demand:Prospects for the Future. Natural Resources Research,2004,13(2).
(122)Maria L. Economic impact of alternative water policy scenarios in the Spanish production system:An input-output analysis. Ecological Economics, 2008(68):288-294.
(123)Michael M.. Understanding Water Rights and Conflicts. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. Middleburg,2004(40):1390-1391.
(124)Michael W., Jon B., Brian F., Mark W.. Pricing China's irrigation water. Global Environmental Change,2008(18):617-625.
(125)Robert B., Edwyna H.. Efficiency gains from water markets:Empirical analysis of Watermove in Australia. Agricultural Water Management,2008(95): 391-399.
(126)Serge Garcia, Arnaud Reynaud. Estimating the Benefits of Efficient Water Pricing in France [J]. Resource and Energy Economics,2004,26:1-25.
(127)Sheila M. O., W. Michael H., Robert N. S.. Water demand under alternative price structures. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2007(54):181-198.
(128)Slim Z., William E., Estimating the potential gains from water markets:a case study from Tunisia [J]. Agricultural Water Management,2005(72): 161-175.
(129)W. Mulwafu, C. Chipeta, G. Chavula, A. Ferguson, B. G. Nkhoma, G. Chilima. Water demand management in Malawi:problems and prospects for its promotion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2003(28):787-796.
(130)WURBS R A. Assessing water availability under a water rights priority system [J].Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2001(4):127-143.
(131)Yan C., Dunqiang Z., Yangbo S., Xinai L., Nianzhong W., Hubert H.G. S.. Water demand management:A case study of the Heihe River Basin in China. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005(30):408-419.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |