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基于现代价值网的传媒企业融合研究
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摘要
布兰德伯格(Brandenburger)和纳尔波夫(Nalebuff)在1996年提到过“价值网”(value nets)一词,但并无太深入的论述。Adrian Slywotzky在《利润区》(The Profit Zone)一书中提出其价值网概念是在1998年。美国Mercer咨询公司的大卫·波维特等出版《价值网:打破供应链,挖掘隐利润》一书是在2000年。当时,互联网刚刚运行,用户主要集中于发达国家。并且,波维特当时提出的价值网概念是指,企业以顾客为核心,围绕顾客、供应商、销售商、服务商形成一张网,这就是价值网。波维特等人的理论也提到了互联网,但鉴于当时互联网刚刚起步运行,波维特等只把互联网当成能加速价值网形成的普通因子来对待。可十年后的今天,互联网已在发展中国家获得极大发展,比如,中国网民数量已位居世界第一,中国新媒体企业的用户数也突增为世界之首,中国企业的网络化建设也突飞猛进。仅就此点而言,互联网就不仅仅是波维特所认为的“价值网的促进因素”,而且还是现代价值网最基本、最重要的核心元素。可以说,互联网本身就是一张最大的价值网。互联网的发展和成熟使企业环境产生突变,进而使传统管理学、经济学的一些理论和经验受到挑战。最近十年来,价值网的现实发展已大大超越十年前价值网概念的理论阶段。现代价值网突破了波维特传统价值网的时空限制,进而引致价值网的无限扩张和增值。
     传媒行业是现代价值网的典型领域。传媒价值网是现代价值网在传媒行业的网络分布。信息技术的飞速发展与多媒体平台的构建,正在冲击和改变传媒企业的工作模式及传媒人的生活方式,并将对人类的未来产生深远影响。与现代价值网的网络结构相契合,传媒企业在最近的发展中出现了越来越多的融合现象,有了越来越新的融合表现。最突出的表现就是目前正如火如荼开展着的“三网融合”工程。传媒企业的这些融合现象能否向深度和广度进一步发展?传媒融合能否成为一种确定的发展趋势?这些问题事关传媒企业目前的科学发展和未来的战略转型。
     本文首先提出了现代价值网这一概念和命题。本文对传统价值网在现代信息环境和发达网络条件下的跳跃式发展作出了分析和总结,对十年来价值网及价值网管理的创新发展进行了逻辑梳理,并加以理论注释,从而丰富了价值网内涵,创新了价值网理论,使现代价值网理论成为一种系统理论。现代价值网即基于传统价值网和现代网络条件的价值网创新部分,包括理论创新和实践创新。本文对研究现代价值网的必要性进行了探讨。理论上的必要性来自相关理论和观点:价值链理论和传统价值网理论为现代价值网提供了直接理论基础;分工协作理论、权变论、系统论、信息论、嵌入论、社会逻辑观、价值增值论、结构观、网络资源观、组织间学习观等则为现代价值网提供了间接理论基础。现实上的必要性则来自现代价值网的不协调表现,包括价值活动数量上、质量上、时间上、经济效益上的不协调。本文指出了现代价值网相对于传统价值网的诸多突破点,比如,本文认为:现代价值网理论跳出了价值链理论框架,否定了波维特“企业本身不是网络”的观点,弱化了价值网中品牌企业的绝对领导地位,突出了虚拟性、无边界和协同商务。这些突破点体现了现代价值网理论的扩张与升级。结合传媒价值网的实况,本文概括出了现代价值网的特征:融合性、虚拟性、柔性、经济性、增值性、协同性、系统性、多样性、互补性、开放性、敏捷性等。
     其次,本文以传媒价值网为视角,揭示了传媒企业融合发展这一大趋势。传媒融合是一个有多重研究视角的领域,既可从技术融合角度对其进行研究,也可从传媒所有权融合角度进行研究;既可从传媒文化融合角度进行研究,也可从传媒组织结构融合角度进行研究,又可从新闻采编技能融合角度进行研究。本文则是从价值网角度对传媒融合进行研究,以改变现代网络条件下传媒融合理论远远滞后于传媒融合实践的现状。
     融合有沟通、竞合、接受、同化之意。根据嵌入理论和无边界理论,在现代价值网框架下,传媒融合在狭义上指的是传媒的功能融合、产品综合、服务复合,这就是传媒融合的“三合一”内涵;传媒融合在广义上指的是,在融合新闻、融合媒介的基础上,传媒企业之间全面的融合重构行为。传媒融合在本文中既是一种状态信息,反映目前时点上传媒企业存在着融合状况;同时它又是一种趋势信息,反映了传媒企业的发展趋势和前景预测。本文梳理了传媒融合的表现和趋向:所有权的融合、技术的融合、组织结构的融合、角色融合等。
     随着传媒产业发展步伐的加快和传媒改革的深入,传媒融合在中国将成为一种新的趋势。其中,目前最突出的一种表现是“三网合一”,即现有的电信网络、计算机网络以及广播电视网络相互融合,逐渐形成一个统一的信息通信网络系统,由一个全数字化的网络设施来支持包括数据、话音、视像在内的所有业务的通信,也就是电视、电脑、手机的融合。今后,传媒融合将更加注重资本的纽带作用,传媒融合的技术性壁垒将被陆续打破,传媒融合的政策性壁垒也会不同程度放宽,传媒融合的人性化服务会得到强化,传媒融合的赢利模式会更加趋向多元化。
     第三,本文指出了传媒价值网与传媒融合的互构关系。本文对传媒企业本身的融合机制以及价值网对传媒融合的作用机理进行了重点分析,揭示了传媒价值网与传媒融合之间的互构关系,特别是从二者的契合及对应关系入手,研究价值网对传媒融合的理论和现实支撑、影响和促进作用。传媒企业本身的融合机制包括传媒融合的目标与动力、路径与形式、模型设计等。传媒融合的路径与形式多种多样:内容融合与渠道融合、跨域联合与跨业整合、业务外包与任务外分、战略联盟和企业集群、资产经营和资本市场、信息化与技术治理、企业云与云手段、金融融合与结算路径、光纤化与全无线等。传媒价值网对传媒融合的作用因素有价值网规模、关系强度、社会资本、网络信任等,这些因素对传媒融合具有正向影响作用。传媒价值网作用于传媒融合的动态过程包括四大方面,即网络信任与价值拓展、高效沟通与信息互动、利益交换与多方互惠、关系治理与界面规则。本文指出了传媒融合带来的挑战,包括对原有制度的挑战及制度创新、对企业管理的挑战及管理创新、对传统技术的挑战及技术创新、对传统服务模式的挑战及服务创新。上述挑战项下的具体表现如:无边界管理的挑战、对人力资本的挑战、跨文化管理的挑战、政策风险和舆论风险、终端革命引起的未知性、安全隐患带来的挑战、传媒融合标准之争、知识管理的挑战等。本文尝试将价值网管理的可行性用于传媒融合的风险管理。价值网管理的可行性包括价值网管理的实施条件、操作要领(实质框架、优化方法)、原则及特征。面对传媒融合带来的重重挑战,传媒企业可借鉴或移植价值网管理的方法,进行传媒融合的管理,从而化挑战为机遇,促进传媒企业的价值增值和无边界大发展。现代价值网为传媒融合提供理论和现实支撑,同时,传媒融合的理论和实践又进一步丰富和发展现代价值网理论,二者的互构关系及协同管理是本文的研究重心和主体结论。
     第四,本文构建了传媒融合模型即四网融合模型,这在国内外尚属首创。四网融合即广电网、电信网、互联网、物联网的融合。该模型为传媒企业的融合式、无边界大发展提供了明确思路。
     第五,本文“传媒融合、多网合一”的核心思想可为相关软件的开发、电子商务的升级提供理论支持和方法启示。
     另外,因缺乏相关历史数据和经验,本文在现代价值网、传媒价值网、传媒融合的价值评估或绩效评估方面未做深一步的研究。从目前的研究看,现代价值网、传媒价值网、传媒融合价值评估或绩效评估指标体系的建设是一个难点。但着眼于理论的未来发展和企业的现实之需,这方面的研究极富意义,应是今后研究的一个重点,是今后业界需要重点关注或重点研究的领域之一。
The book "Value nets:Breaking the supply chain to unlock hidden profits" was published in2000.Its authors are David Bovet, etc. from Mercer Management Consulting, a company of America. At that time, internet just arose and its customers mainly came from developed countries. According to the concept of "Value Net" raised by Bovet, value net is composed of customers, suppliers, sellers, servers, etc.. And customer is the core of value net. Bovet and his team mentioned internet, but gave no details. In view of the poor start of internet, Bovet regarded internet only as an ordinary factor which could accelerate the forming of value net. But ten years' later, the expanding of internet in developing countries is astonishing. For example, now china has more netizens than other countries. The number of customers of china's new media enterprises has risen to the biggest in the world. The internetization of enterprises in china is dashing now. For that matter, internet is not only the stimulative of value net but also the most important core factor of modern value net. As it were, internet itself is the biggest value net. In the recent decade, the practical development of value net has surpassed the conceptual phase of value net of ten years ago. Modern value net has broken through the time limit and space restriction of Bovet's traditional value net, and caused unlimited expansion and increment of value net.
     Media industry is the typical field of modern value net. The distribution of modern value net in media industry can be named media value net. A new phenomenon "Convergence or Integration" appears in the latest development of media industry, which tallies with network structure of modern value net. Now more and more new types of "Convergence" appear in media industry. The outstanding example of "Convergence" is triple-play which is being done now. Triple-play means the integration of telecommunications networks, cable TV networks and the internet. Can these phenomena of convergence have a further development toward depth and width? Can media convergence become an inexorable trend? These questions are of great consequences to the scientific development and strategic shift of media corporations.
     First of all, this thesis puts forward the new concept and proposition of modern value net. It analyses and summarizes the leaping development of traditional value net in the modern information environment and under the condition of developed network. It combs logically and explains theoretically ten years' innovation and development of value net and the management of value net. This thesis enriches the connotation of value net, innovates the theory of value net, and makes the theory of modern value net become a kind of systematic theory. Modern value net is the innovation of traditional value net on the base of modern network conditions, which includes the innovation in theory and the innovation in practice. This thesis discusses the necessity of researching modern value net, and points out many breakthrough points of modern value net relative to traditional value net. With media value net's live, this thesis gives a summary of characteristics of modern value net.
     Secondly, this thesis reveals the trend of convergence of media corporations from the perspective of media value net. According to embedding theory and no-boundary theory, under the framework of modern value net, media convergence has a "three in one" connotation in narrow sense which includes convergence of functions, comprehensive of products and compound of services of media. On the base of convergent journalism and convergent media, media convergence in a broad sense includes all kinds of conducts of convergence and restructure among media corporations. In this thesis "media convergence" is a kind of state information which reflects the current situation of convergence of media corporations. At the same time,"media convergence" is a kind of trend information which reflects the development trend and prospect forecast of media corporations. This thesis cards the performances and trends of media convergence whose most outstanding performance is triple-play which means the convergence or integration of radio and TV networks, internet and telecommunications networks, that is to say, the convergence or integration of TV, computer and mobile phone.
     Thirdly, this thesis points out mutual construction relationship between media value net and media convergence. It analyses centrally the convergence mechanism of media corporations themselves and action mechanism of value net on media convergence, researches value net's supporting role and promoting effect on media convergence from the perspective of their fit factors. The convergence mechanism of media corporations themselves includes the targets, dynamic, routes, forms and models of media convergence. Media value net's action factors on media convergence include net scale, relationship strength, social capital and network trust which have positive effects on media convergence. The dynamic process includes network trust and value expansion, effective communication and information interaction, exchange of interests and mutual reciprocity, relationship governance and interface rules. This thesis points out the challenges brought by media convergence, attempts to manage the risks of media convergence with the feasibility of managing value net in order to turn challenges into opportunities. The theory and practice of media convergence have enriched and developed modern value net theory. Their mutual construction relationship and collaborative management are the core and main conclusion of this thesis.
     The fourth, this thesis constructs a model of media convergence which is named "Four net fusion" or "four networks convergence" which is the first at home and abroad."Four net fusion" is the convergence of radio and TV networks(cable TV networks), internet, telecommunications networks and Internet of Things (IOT).Smart grid is one of the most important theme elements in "Four net fusion".The model brings clear thinking for the borderless development of media corporations.
     The fifth, the core idea of media convergence and "the unification of multiple networks" provides theoretical support and method enlightenment for software development and electronic commerce (EC).
     In addition, this thesis hasn't done further studies on value assessment and performance evaluation on value net and media convergence because of lack of relevant historical data and experience. According to the current study situation, the construction of evaluation index system is a difficult problem which is the focus of future research because of the needs of theoretical development and enterprises' development.
     Now the fast development of information technology and the construction of multi-media platform are lashing and changing the work mode and life style of people in media, and influencing mankind's future deeply. Under this background, media systematic innovation is very important which includes technical innovation, system innovation, market innovation and management innovation. Management changes and blazing new trails in minds have no end for ever. In the field of media strategic management and blazing new trails in minds, this thesis only casts a brick to attract jade—offers a few commonplace remarks by way of introduction so that others may come up with valuable opinions. In author's research field of strategic management, this thesis only makes a start. The author hopes that it becomes a good start because a good start is the half of success.
引文
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