水稻高产优质节水灌溉技术及其生理基础
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摘要
水稻是我国最大的粮食作物,也是农业上第一用水大户。随着人口的增长、城镇和工业的发展以及环境污染的加重,一方面为满足人口的增长需要不断增加粮食产量,另一面在不断增加粮食的同时需要应对水资源的减少。因此,研究水稻高产优质节水灌溉技术,对保障我国粮食安全、提高人们的生活质量和节约水资源,具有十分重要的意义。本研究分析了不同节水灌溉技术对水稻产量和品质的形成特点及其生理机制。主要结果如下：
1、畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉对水稻产量与品质的影响
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料,自移栽至成熟设置畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉(土壤水势达到-15kPa再灌水)处理,以常规灌溉为对照,研究不同灌溉方式对产量与品质的形成影响。结果表明,与对照相比,畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉提高了分蘖成穗率和顶部3叶的叶面积比率,增加了叶长、粒叶比、透光率、抽穗至成熟的干物质积累量、抗氧化保护酶活性、叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量。畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉的产量较常规灌溉增加了6.16%～11.6%。畦沟灌溉和轻干湿-交替灌溉还显著提高了稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、清蛋白、谷蛋白以及稻米淀粉黏滞谱(RVA)的最高黏度和崩解值,降低了垩白米率、垩白大小、垩白度、醇溶蛋白含量和消减值。两品种结果趋势一致。上述结果表明,畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉可以显著提高产量和改善稻米品质,根系和冠层性能的改善是上述两种灌溉方式增加产量和改善稻米品质的重要原因。
2、重干-湿交替灌溉对节水抗旱水稻品种产量和品质的影响
以节水抗旱品种旱优113、旱优3、和旱优8号为材料,以常规高产品种扬辐粳8号为对照品种,在全生育期设置常规灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉(土壤水势达到-30kPa再灌水)两种方式,分析了在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下节水抗旱品种产量和品质形成的特点。结果表明：与常规灌溉下的产量相比,节水抗旱品种在重干-湿交替灌溉下的产量增减幅度为-3.2%～+3%,两种灌溉方式下的产量差异不显著,而对照品种在重干-湿交替灌溉下的产量较常规灌溉减产21.4%,显著降低。重干-湿交替灌溉显著增加了旱优113的整精米率和崩解值,降低了垩白度和消减值,对旱优3号和旱优8号的加工和外观品质无显著影响,除胶稠度降低外,重干-湿交替灌溉对节水抗旱品种的蒸煮食味品质无显著影响；在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下,灌浆中后期节水抗旱品种叶片光合速率、根干重、根冠比和根系氧化力、根系中细胞分裂素含量及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性均显著高于对照品种。这是节水抗旱品种在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下获得较高产量和较好稻米品质的重要生理基础。
3、施氮量和灌溉方式相互作用对水稻产量、品质及其氮肥利用效率的影响
以两优培九(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料,设置常规灌溉(CI)、轻干-湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干-湿交替灌溉(WSD)3种灌溉方式及0氮(ON,0kghm-2),中氮(MN,240kghm-2)和高氮(HN,360kghm-2)3种氮水平,研究不同灌溉方式下氮肥对水稻生长发育、产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：灌溉方式与施氮量存在明显的互作效应。各品种均以WMD+HN处理组合的产量最高,但与WMD+MN处理组合的产量差异不显著；轻干-湿交替灌溉条件下,中氮或高氮显著改善了稻米的加工品质、外观品质和食味性,在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下,中氮处理后,稻米品质变劣,高氮处理后稻米品质与常规灌溉差异不显著。氮肥利用效率均以WMD+MN处理组合最高。在WMD+MN处理组合下,根系氧化力、剑叶光合速率、籽粒中ATP酶活性及根系中IAA, Z+ZR和ABA的含量的增加是其高产优质高效的重要原因。
4、覆盖旱种对移栽水稻产量与品质的影响
以超级稻武粳15(粳稻)和两优培九(籼稻)为材料,从移栽至成熟进行覆膜旱种(PM)、覆草旱种(SM)和裸地旱种(NM)处理,以水种(TF)为对照。结果表明,与TF相比,旱种水稻产量都有不同程度的降低,NM、PM和SM的减产率分别为38.7%～46.5%,9.8%～17.4%和1.7%～7.0%,NM和PM的产量与TF有显著差异,SM的产量与TF差异不显著。SM改善了稻米的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮品质,NM和PM则降低了稻米这些品质；SM还提高了稻米的最高黏度和崩解值,降低了消减值,NM和PM的结果则反。两品种的结果趋势一致。SM提高了灌浆期的根系氧化力、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性,NM和PM则降低了上述生理指标值。上述结果说明,覆草旱种不仅能获得较高的产量,而且还可以改善稻米品质。覆膜旱种则降低了产量和品质。在SM条件下,结实期较高的根系氧化力、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性是获取较高产量和较好稻米品质的重要生理基础。
5、覆盖旱种条件下水稻籽粒中脱落酸和乙烯的变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系
以粳稻镇稻88和籼稻汕优63为材料,从移栽至成熟设置4个处理：覆膜旱种(PM),覆草旱种(SM)和裸地旱种(NM),以常规灌溉(TF)为对照,结果表明,同TF相比,PM, NM产量分别降低了21.0%～23.1%和50.9%～55.4%,达显著差异,SM产量降低1.4%～1.8%,与对照差异不显著。PM和SM结实率和千粒重的显著降低与籽粒灌浆速率降低密切相关,SM显著增加了灌浆速率。籽粒中ABA浓度在灌浆初期很低,当灌浆速率达到最大时,ABA含量也达到最大值,SM和PM与对照差异不显著,NM显著增加。同ABA相反,籽粒中的乙烯释放速率和ACC含量在灌浆初期很高,然后在活跃灌浆期迅速降低。PM和NM显著增加了乙烯释放速率和ACC含量,SM则显著降低。SM显著增加了ABA/ACC的比值,PM和NM则降低了ABA/ACC值,表明PM和NM条件下乙烯的增加超过了ABA的增加。籽粒ABA含量与籽粒灌浆速率呈渐近线函数关系,乙烯释放速率与籽粒灌浆速率呈衰减的指数函数关系,ABA/ACC比值与灌浆速率则呈直线相关。在灌浆初期对TF或PM稻穗喷施乙烯合成抑制物质氨基-乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(AVG)或ABA,显著提高了籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶SuSase、AGPase和可溶性StSase的活性,增加了灌浆速率和粒重；喷施乙烯合成促进物质乙烯利或ABA合成抑制物质氟草酮,结果则相反。表明在覆盖旱种条件下,ABA和乙烯的拮抗作用调控了籽粒灌浆,较高的ABA/ACC提高了灌浆速率。
6、直播覆草旱种对水稻产量与品质的影响
水稻品种扬稻6号(籼)和扬粳4038(粳)进行直播,设置覆草(麦秸秆)旱种、无覆盖旱种和无覆盖水种(出苗后保持浅水层)处理,研究了在水稻直播条件下旱种对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理原因。结果表明,与无覆盖水种(对照)相比,两旱种处理的产量都有不同程度的降低,覆草旱种的减产率分别为1.9%～6.6%,差异不显著,无覆盖旱种减产率为18.0%～27.6%,差异显著。覆盖旱种显著提高了稻米的整精米率、胶稠度、清蛋白和谷蛋白含量,显著降低了垩白米率、垩白度和醇溶蛋白含量,还改善了稻米的食味性。无覆盖旱种直播结果则相反。覆草旱种可以获得较高的产量并可显著改善稻米品质重要生理原因是增加了结实期剑叶中膜质过氧化酶活性、光合速率、根系氧化力以及根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素的含量。无覆盖旱种降低了上述指标值,致产量显著下降、米质变劣。
7、直播旱种和秸秆还田方式对直播稻产量与品质的影响
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料进行直播,设置麦秸秆掩埋水种、麦秸秆覆盖旱种,麦秸秆掩埋旱种和常规水种(秸秆不还田,对照)4种处理。结果表明：同常规水种相比,掩埋水种产量增加,增加幅度为10.19%～11.48%,同对照差异显著；掩埋旱种和覆盖旱种产量都有不同程度的降低,降低幅度为2.96%～6.61%,与对照差异不显著。掩埋水种、掩埋旱种和覆盖旱种均改善了稻米的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质及RVA最高粘度和崩解值。秸秆还田后籽粒灌浆中后期剑叶光合速率、根系氧化力和籽粒中淀粉分枝酶活性的提高可能是掩埋旱种、掩埋水种和覆盖旱种获得较高产量和品质的重要原因。
8、直播早种和秸秆还田方式对直播稻温室气体排放的影响
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料进行直播,设置麦秸秆掩埋水种(SIF)、麦秸秆覆盖旱种(NSM),麦秸秆掩埋旱种(NSI)和常规水种(TF,秸秆不还田,对照)4种处理。利用静态箱-气象色谱法测定稻田温室气体。结果表明：TF和SIF处理的CH4排放通量呈单一的峰值曲线,NSI和NSM变化范围较小,各处理N2O排放通量呈多峰曲线。同TF相比,SIF显著增加了CH4和CO2的平均排放通量,降低了N2O的排放速率,而NSI和NSM显著降低了CH4的平均排放通量,增加了N2O和CO2的排放通量。同TF相比,NSI排放的CH4、N2O和CO2所产生的全球增温潜势(GWP)和单位产量的GWP分别增加45.2%～51.6%,30.0%～38.3%,NSI和NSM的GWP分别降低了17.7%～25.9%,24.2%～30.2%,单位产量的GWP分别降低15.0%～23.6%,18.4%～25.4%。NSI和NSM在维持较高产量的同时,显著降低了CO2、CH4和N2O形成的温室效应。
以上结果表明,畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉可以提高产量和品质,覆草旱种可以保持较高的产量和品质；在轻干-湿交替灌溉条件下施氮量为240kg hm-2时可以获得高产、优质与氮肥高效利用的效果；叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量的增加,籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉关键酶和ATP酶活性增强及ABA与乙烯比值的提高是在畦沟灌溉、轻干-湿交替灌溉和覆草旱种条件下获得高产优质的重要生理基础。
Rice is the foremost stable food crop in China and the greatest water consumer in agriculture. With the population growth, urban and industrial development, and the aggravation in environmental pollution, the increase in total food production is necessary, meanwhile this increase needs to be accomplished under increasing scarcity of water resources. Therefore, it would have great significance to establish the water-saving techniques for high yield and good quality in promoting rice production and ensuring food security. This study investigated the characteristics of grain yield and grain quality of rice under different water-saving irrigation techniques and their physiological mechanism. The main results were as follows:
1. Effect of furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation on the grain yield and quality of rice
Furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and drying irrigation have been considered as two new water-saving techniques in rice production. This study aimed to investigate yield performance in terms of quality and quantity under such practices. Two cultivars, Yangdao6(an indica hybrid cultivar) and Yangjing4038(a japonica cultivar) were field-grown and three treatments were imposed from transplanting to maturity:conventional irrigation as control (CI), furrow irrigation (FI) and alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD, re-watered when soil water potential reached to-15kPa at15-20cm). Compared with CI, both FI and WMD enhanced percentage of productive tillers, area and length of top three leaves, grain-leaf area ratio, light transmission rate, dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, leaf membrane lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic rate, root activity and contents of indole-3-acetic acid and zeatin+zeatin riboside in roots, and significantly increased yield by9.43%-11.6%and6.16%-9.94%respectively. Both FI and WMD either significantly increased the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head rice and contents of albumin and glutelin proteins, and peak viscosity and breakdown value of rapid visco-analyser (RVA) profiles, and reduced chalky kernels, chalk size, chalkiness and content of prolamin in grain and setback values. The two cultivars showed similar trends in quality and quantity of rice yield. Both FI and WMD could increase grain yield and quality. Improvement in root and canopy performance under FI and WMD contributed to a higher grain yield and better quality of rice.
2. Effect of alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation on grain yield and quality of drought-resistant rice cultivars
A field experiment was conducted with a local high-yielding cultivar, Yangfujing8and three drought-resistant cultivars, hanyou113, hanyou3and hanyou8. Two irrigation treatments, conventional irrigation as control (CI) and alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation (WSD) were imposed from transplanting to maturity. Characteristics of the grain yield and quality of water-saving and drought-resistant cultivars under WSD were investigated. Compared with CI, the WSD increased grain yield of drought-resistant cultivars by-3.2%-3%, the difference was not significant between CI and WSD. The grain yield of the local high-yielding cultivar was significantly reduced by21.4%under the WSD. The WSD significantly increased head rice and breakdown, and reduced chalkiness degree and setback of Hanyou113. Apart from Gel consistency, the differences in milling quality and appearance of Hanyou3or Hanyou8were not significant between CI and WSD. Compared with the local high-yielding cultivar, water-saving and drought-resistant cultivars under WSD significantly increased photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, root dry weight, ratio of root to shoot, root activity, contents of zeatin+zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) in roots and activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch metabolic pathway in grains at the mid and late grain filling stage, which would be an important physiological foundation for higher grain yield, better quality and higher water use efficiency of water-saving and drought-resistant cultivars under WSD.
3. Effect of the interaction between nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield, grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency of rice
With Liangyupeijiu (indica) and Yangjing4038(japonica) as materials, the effect of different nitrogen levels, ON (0kg hm-2), MN (240kg km-2) and HN (360kg hn-2), on growth and development, grain yield, grain quality and fertilizer-N use efficiency under three irrigation regimes, conventional irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD) and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD) were studied. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between irrigation regimes and nitrogen applications, the yield of WMD+HN combination was the highest, whereas, the difference was not significant between WMD+HN and WMD+MN. At either MN or HN rate, milling quality, appearance quality, and eating quality were significantly higher or better under the WMD regime than under the CI regime. At the MN rate, the WSD regime significantly decreased grain yield quality when compared with the CI regime. At the HN rate, however, grain quality showed no significant difference between the two irrigation regimes. The fertilizer-N use efficiency of WMD+MN was highest among all the combinations. Increases in dry matter weigh in maturity, root activity, photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, activity of adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPsse) in grains and contents of indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin+zeatin riboside, and abscisic acid in roots during grain filling combination contributed to a higher yield better grain quality and a higher efficiency of rice
4. Effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation on the yield and quality of rice
Two super rice cultivars, Wujing15(a japonica cultivar) and Liangyoupei9(an indica hybrid cultivar) and four cultivation treatments, traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), and non-flooded no mulching (NM), were imposed from transplanting to maturity. Compared with that under the TF, grain yield showed some reduction under all the non-flooded cultivations, but differed largely among the treatments. The reduction in yield was38.7%-6.5%under the NM,9.8%-17.4%under the PM, and1.7%-7.0%under the SM. The difference in grain yield was significant between the NM and the TF or between the PM and the TF, and was not significant between the SM and the TF. The SM significantly improved milling, appearance, and cooking qualities, whereas the PM or the NM decreased these qualities. SM also significantly increased the peak viscosity and breakdown value, and reduced setback value, and the PM or the NM had the opposite effect. The two cultivars showed similar trends in quality and quantity of rice yield. The SM significantly increased root oxidation activity, leaf photosynthetic rate, and activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during the grain filling period, whereas the PM and the NM significantly reduced these parameters. The results indicate that the SM could not only maintain a high grain yield, but also improve quality of rice. Increases in leaf photosynthetic rate, root activity, and activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch metabolic pathway in grains under the SM contributed to a higher grain yield and better quality of rice.
5. The relationship of grain filling with abscisic acid and ethylene under non-flooded mulching cultivation
A field experiment was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao88(a japonica cultivar) and Shanyou63(an indica hybrid cultivar), and four cultivation treatments were imposed from transplanting to maturity:non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), non-flooded no mulching (NM) and traditional flooding as control (TF). Compared with that under TF, grain yield was reduced by21.0-23.1%under PM,50.9-55.4%under NM and1.4-1.8%under SM. Both PM and NM significantly reduced the proportion of filled grains and grain weight and were associated with decreased grain filling rates. In SM there was a significant increase in the grain filling rate. The concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the grains was very low at the early grain filling stage, reaching a maximum when the grain filling rate was the highest, and showed no significant differences between TF, PM and SM. However, it was significantly higher in NM. In contrast to ABA, the ethylene evolution rate and1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration in the grains were very high at the start of grain filling and sharply decreased during the active grain filling period. Both PM and NM increased the ethylene evolution rate and ACC concentration, whereas these were reduced in SM. The ratio of ABA to ACC was increased under SM but decreased under PM and NM, indicating that ethylene was more enhanced than ABA when plants were grown under NM and PM, indicating that ethylene was more enhanced than ABA when plants were grown under NM and PM. The concentration of ABA correlated with the grain filling rate as a hyperbolic curve, whereas the ethylene evolution rate correlated with the grain filling rate as an exponential decay equation. The ratio of ABA to ACC significantly correlated with the grain filling rate with a linear relationship. Application of amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (inhibitor of ethylene synthesis by inhibiting ACC synthase) or ABA to panicles under TF and PM at the early grain filling stage significantly increased activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion in the grains, sucrose synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, grain filling rate and grain weight. Application of ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) or fluridone (inhibitor of ABA synthesis) had the opposite effect. The results suggest that antagonistic interactions between ABA and ethylene may be involved in mediating the effect of non-flooded mulching cultivation on grain filling, and a high ratio of ABA to ethylene enhances grain filling rate.
6. Effect of non-flooded straw-mulching cultivation on grain yield and quality of direct-seeding rice
Two rice cultivars currently used in the production, Yangdao6(an indica) and Yangjing4038(a japonica), were field grown using a direct-seeding method, and three treatments, non-flooded wheat-straw-mulching (SM), non-flooded and no mulching (NM), and traditional flooding and on mulching (Control, TF), were imposed from10days after sowing to maturity. Compared with that under TF, grain yield showed some reduction under both SM and NM. The reduction in yield was1.9%-6.6%under SM, and18.0%-27.6%under NM. The difference in grain yield was not significant between SM and TF, and was significant between NM and TF. SM significantly improved head rice, gel consistency, albumin, glutelin and eating quality, and significantly reduced chalky kernels, chalkiness and prolamin content, and NM had the opposite effect. The results indicate that non-flooded wheat-straw-mulching could maintain a high grain yield and improve grain quality of direct-seeding rice. Greater leaf photosynthetic rate, root activity, and content of IAA and Z+ZR under such a practice contributed to a high grain yield and better quality, whereas NM significantly reduced these physiological parameters and grain yield and quality were reversed under NM.
7. Effect of direct-seeding with non-flooding and wheat residue returning patterns on grain yield and grain quality of rice
Two rice cultivars, Yangdao6(an indica) and Yangjing4038(ajaponica), were field grown using a direct-seeding method, and four treatments, wheat straw incorporation into soil and traditional flooding (SIF), non-flooding and wheat straw mulching (NSM), non-flooding and wheat straw incorporation into soil (NSI) and traditional flooding (no straw returned, Control, TF), were imposed from10days after sowing to maturity. Compared with TF, SIF increased in yield by10.19%-11.48%, NSI and NSM showed some reduction in yield and the reduction was2.96%-6.61%. The difference in increase was significant between SIF and TF, and was not significant between NSI and NSM or between NSM and TF. SIF, NSI and NSM significantly improved milling quality, appearance quality, cooking and peak viscosity and breakdown of RVA. Increases in photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, root activity, Q enzyme activity in grains at the mid and late grain filling stage contributed to a higher yield and better quality under SIF, NSI and NSM.
8. Effect of direct-seeding with non-flooding and wheat residue returning patterns on greenhouse gases emission of rice
Two rice cultivars currently used in the production, Yangdao6(an indica) and Yangjing4038(a japonica), were field grown using a direct-seeding method, and four treatments, wheat straw incorporation into soil and traditional flooding (SIF), non-flooding and wheat straw mulching (NSM), non-flooding and wheat straw incorporation into soil (NSI) and traditional flooding (no straw returned, Control, TF), were imposed from10days after sowing to maturity to study the effect of direct-seeding with non-flooding and wheat residue returning patterns on CH4, N2O and CO2emissions by using the method of static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques. The result showed that emission flux of CH4and CO2under TF and SIF exhibited a single peak curve, and NSI and NSM did not greatly changed, and emission flux of N2O showed multiple perk curves among all treatments. Compared with TF, SIF significantly increased mean emission flux of CH4and N2O, and decreased emission of N2O, and NSI and NSM significantly decreased the mean emission flux of CH4, and increased emission flux of N2O and CO2. Compared with TF, SIF increased Greenhouse Warm Potential (GWP) of CH4, N2O and CO2and the GWP per unit grain yield was increased by45.2%-51.6%,30.0%-38.3%, respectively. Both NSI and NSM decreased GWP by17.7%-25.9%,24.2%-30.2%, and the GWP per unit grain yield was decreased by15.0%-23.6%,18.4%-25.4%, respectively. The results indicate that both SIF and NSM could maintain a high yield and significantly reduce greenhouse effect of CH4, N20and CO2.
In summarily, present results indicated that both FI and WMD could increase grain yield and grain quality, and SM could maintain a higher yield and better grain quality. The WMD could achieve a higher yield, better quality and higher nitrogen use efficiency when N rate was at240kg hm-2. Increases in photosynthetic rate, root oxidation activity, content of IAA, Z+ZR in roots, activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion and ATPase in grains, and increases in ratio of ABA/ACC under FI, WMD and SM contributed to the high grain yield and good quality.
1、畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉对水稻产量与品质的影响
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料,自移栽至成熟设置畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉(土壤水势达到-15kPa再灌水)处理,以常规灌溉为对照,研究不同灌溉方式对产量与品质的形成影响。结果表明,与对照相比,畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉提高了分蘖成穗率和顶部3叶的叶面积比率,增加了叶长、粒叶比、透光率、抽穗至成熟的干物质积累量、抗氧化保护酶活性、叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量。畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉的产量较常规灌溉增加了6.16%～11.6%。畦沟灌溉和轻干湿-交替灌溉还显著提高了稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、清蛋白、谷蛋白以及稻米淀粉黏滞谱(RVA)的最高黏度和崩解值,降低了垩白米率、垩白大小、垩白度、醇溶蛋白含量和消减值。两品种结果趋势一致。上述结果表明,畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉可以显著提高产量和改善稻米品质,根系和冠层性能的改善是上述两种灌溉方式增加产量和改善稻米品质的重要原因。
2、重干-湿交替灌溉对节水抗旱水稻品种产量和品质的影响
以节水抗旱品种旱优113、旱优3、和旱优8号为材料,以常规高产品种扬辐粳8号为对照品种,在全生育期设置常规灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉(土壤水势达到-30kPa再灌水)两种方式,分析了在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下节水抗旱品种产量和品质形成的特点。结果表明：与常规灌溉下的产量相比,节水抗旱品种在重干-湿交替灌溉下的产量增减幅度为-3.2%～+3%,两种灌溉方式下的产量差异不显著,而对照品种在重干-湿交替灌溉下的产量较常规灌溉减产21.4%,显著降低。重干-湿交替灌溉显著增加了旱优113的整精米率和崩解值,降低了垩白度和消减值,对旱优3号和旱优8号的加工和外观品质无显著影响,除胶稠度降低外,重干-湿交替灌溉对节水抗旱品种的蒸煮食味品质无显著影响；在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下,灌浆中后期节水抗旱品种叶片光合速率、根干重、根冠比和根系氧化力、根系中细胞分裂素含量及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性均显著高于对照品种。这是节水抗旱品种在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下获得较高产量和较好稻米品质的重要生理基础。
3、施氮量和灌溉方式相互作用对水稻产量、品质及其氮肥利用效率的影响
以两优培九(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料,设置常规灌溉(CI)、轻干-湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干-湿交替灌溉(WSD)3种灌溉方式及0氮(ON,0kghm-2),中氮(MN,240kghm-2)和高氮(HN,360kghm-2)3种氮水平,研究不同灌溉方式下氮肥对水稻生长发育、产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：灌溉方式与施氮量存在明显的互作效应。各品种均以WMD+HN处理组合的产量最高,但与WMD+MN处理组合的产量差异不显著；轻干-湿交替灌溉条件下,中氮或高氮显著改善了稻米的加工品质、外观品质和食味性,在重干-湿交替灌溉条件下,中氮处理后,稻米品质变劣,高氮处理后稻米品质与常规灌溉差异不显著。氮肥利用效率均以WMD+MN处理组合最高。在WMD+MN处理组合下,根系氧化力、剑叶光合速率、籽粒中ATP酶活性及根系中IAA, Z+ZR和ABA的含量的增加是其高产优质高效的重要原因。
4、覆盖旱种对移栽水稻产量与品质的影响
以超级稻武粳15(粳稻)和两优培九(籼稻)为材料,从移栽至成熟进行覆膜旱种(PM)、覆草旱种(SM)和裸地旱种(NM)处理,以水种(TF)为对照。结果表明,与TF相比,旱种水稻产量都有不同程度的降低,NM、PM和SM的减产率分别为38.7%～46.5%,9.8%～17.4%和1.7%～7.0%,NM和PM的产量与TF有显著差异,SM的产量与TF差异不显著。SM改善了稻米的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮品质,NM和PM则降低了稻米这些品质；SM还提高了稻米的最高黏度和崩解值,降低了消减值,NM和PM的结果则反。两品种的结果趋势一致。SM提高了灌浆期的根系氧化力、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性,NM和PM则降低了上述生理指标值。上述结果说明,覆草旱种不仅能获得较高的产量,而且还可以改善稻米品质。覆膜旱种则降低了产量和品质。在SM条件下,结实期较高的根系氧化力、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性是获取较高产量和较好稻米品质的重要生理基础。
5、覆盖旱种条件下水稻籽粒中脱落酸和乙烯的变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系
以粳稻镇稻88和籼稻汕优63为材料,从移栽至成熟设置4个处理：覆膜旱种(PM),覆草旱种(SM)和裸地旱种(NM),以常规灌溉(TF)为对照,结果表明,同TF相比,PM, NM产量分别降低了21.0%～23.1%和50.9%～55.4%,达显著差异,SM产量降低1.4%～1.8%,与对照差异不显著。PM和SM结实率和千粒重的显著降低与籽粒灌浆速率降低密切相关,SM显著增加了灌浆速率。籽粒中ABA浓度在灌浆初期很低,当灌浆速率达到最大时,ABA含量也达到最大值,SM和PM与对照差异不显著,NM显著增加。同ABA相反,籽粒中的乙烯释放速率和ACC含量在灌浆初期很高,然后在活跃灌浆期迅速降低。PM和NM显著增加了乙烯释放速率和ACC含量,SM则显著降低。SM显著增加了ABA/ACC的比值,PM和NM则降低了ABA/ACC值,表明PM和NM条件下乙烯的增加超过了ABA的增加。籽粒ABA含量与籽粒灌浆速率呈渐近线函数关系,乙烯释放速率与籽粒灌浆速率呈衰减的指数函数关系,ABA/ACC比值与灌浆速率则呈直线相关。在灌浆初期对TF或PM稻穗喷施乙烯合成抑制物质氨基-乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(AVG)或ABA,显著提高了籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶SuSase、AGPase和可溶性StSase的活性,增加了灌浆速率和粒重；喷施乙烯合成促进物质乙烯利或ABA合成抑制物质氟草酮,结果则相反。表明在覆盖旱种条件下,ABA和乙烯的拮抗作用调控了籽粒灌浆,较高的ABA/ACC提高了灌浆速率。
6、直播覆草旱种对水稻产量与品质的影响
水稻品种扬稻6号(籼)和扬粳4038(粳)进行直播,设置覆草(麦秸秆)旱种、无覆盖旱种和无覆盖水种(出苗后保持浅水层)处理,研究了在水稻直播条件下旱种对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理原因。结果表明,与无覆盖水种(对照)相比,两旱种处理的产量都有不同程度的降低,覆草旱种的减产率分别为1.9%～6.6%,差异不显著,无覆盖旱种减产率为18.0%～27.6%,差异显著。覆盖旱种显著提高了稻米的整精米率、胶稠度、清蛋白和谷蛋白含量,显著降低了垩白米率、垩白度和醇溶蛋白含量,还改善了稻米的食味性。无覆盖旱种直播结果则相反。覆草旱种可以获得较高的产量并可显著改善稻米品质重要生理原因是增加了结实期剑叶中膜质过氧化酶活性、光合速率、根系氧化力以及根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素的含量。无覆盖旱种降低了上述指标值,致产量显著下降、米质变劣。
7、直播旱种和秸秆还田方式对直播稻产量与品质的影响
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料进行直播,设置麦秸秆掩埋水种、麦秸秆覆盖旱种,麦秸秆掩埋旱种和常规水种(秸秆不还田,对照)4种处理。结果表明：同常规水种相比,掩埋水种产量增加,增加幅度为10.19%～11.48%,同对照差异显著；掩埋旱种和覆盖旱种产量都有不同程度的降低,降低幅度为2.96%～6.61%,与对照差异不显著。掩埋水种、掩埋旱种和覆盖旱种均改善了稻米的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质及RVA最高粘度和崩解值。秸秆还田后籽粒灌浆中后期剑叶光合速率、根系氧化力和籽粒中淀粉分枝酶活性的提高可能是掩埋旱种、掩埋水种和覆盖旱种获得较高产量和品质的重要原因。
8、直播早种和秸秆还田方式对直播稻温室气体排放的影响
以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳4038(粳稻)为材料进行直播,设置麦秸秆掩埋水种(SIF)、麦秸秆覆盖旱种(NSM),麦秸秆掩埋旱种(NSI)和常规水种(TF,秸秆不还田,对照)4种处理。利用静态箱-气象色谱法测定稻田温室气体。结果表明：TF和SIF处理的CH4排放通量呈单一的峰值曲线,NSI和NSM变化范围较小,各处理N2O排放通量呈多峰曲线。同TF相比,SIF显著增加了CH4和CO2的平均排放通量,降低了N2O的排放速率,而NSI和NSM显著降低了CH4的平均排放通量,增加了N2O和CO2的排放通量。同TF相比,NSI排放的CH4、N2O和CO2所产生的全球增温潜势(GWP)和单位产量的GWP分别增加45.2%～51.6%,30.0%～38.3%,NSI和NSM的GWP分别降低了17.7%～25.9%,24.2%～30.2%,单位产量的GWP分别降低15.0%～23.6%,18.4%～25.4%。NSI和NSM在维持较高产量的同时,显著降低了CO2、CH4和N2O形成的温室效应。
以上结果表明,畦沟灌溉和轻干-湿交替灌溉可以提高产量和品质,覆草旱种可以保持较高的产量和品质；在轻干-湿交替灌溉条件下施氮量为240kg hm-2时可以获得高产、优质与氮肥高效利用的效果；叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根系中吲哚-3-乙酸和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量的增加,籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉关键酶和ATP酶活性增强及ABA与乙烯比值的提高是在畦沟灌溉、轻干-湿交替灌溉和覆草旱种条件下获得高产优质的重要生理基础。
Rice is the foremost stable food crop in China and the greatest water consumer in agriculture. With the population growth, urban and industrial development, and the aggravation in environmental pollution, the increase in total food production is necessary, meanwhile this increase needs to be accomplished under increasing scarcity of water resources. Therefore, it would have great significance to establish the water-saving techniques for high yield and good quality in promoting rice production and ensuring food security. This study investigated the characteristics of grain yield and grain quality of rice under different water-saving irrigation techniques and their physiological mechanism. The main results were as follows:
1. Effect of furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation on the grain yield and quality of rice
Furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and drying irrigation have been considered as two new water-saving techniques in rice production. This study aimed to investigate yield performance in terms of quality and quantity under such practices. Two cultivars, Yangdao6(an indica hybrid cultivar) and Yangjing4038(a japonica cultivar) were field-grown and three treatments were imposed from transplanting to maturity:conventional irrigation as control (CI), furrow irrigation (FI) and alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD, re-watered when soil water potential reached to-15kPa at15-20cm). Compared with CI, both FI and WMD enhanced percentage of productive tillers, area and length of top three leaves, grain-leaf area ratio, light transmission rate, dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, leaf membrane lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic rate, root activity and contents of indole-3-acetic acid and zeatin+zeatin riboside in roots, and significantly increased yield by9.43%-11.6%and6.16%-9.94%respectively. Both FI and WMD either significantly increased the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head rice and contents of albumin and glutelin proteins, and peak viscosity and breakdown value of rapid visco-analyser (RVA) profiles, and reduced chalky kernels, chalk size, chalkiness and content of prolamin in grain and setback values. The two cultivars showed similar trends in quality and quantity of rice yield. Both FI and WMD could increase grain yield and quality. Improvement in root and canopy performance under FI and WMD contributed to a higher grain yield and better quality of rice.
2. Effect of alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation on grain yield and quality of drought-resistant rice cultivars
A field experiment was conducted with a local high-yielding cultivar, Yangfujing8and three drought-resistant cultivars, hanyou113, hanyou3and hanyou8. Two irrigation treatments, conventional irrigation as control (CI) and alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation (WSD) were imposed from transplanting to maturity. Characteristics of the grain yield and quality of water-saving and drought-resistant cultivars under WSD were investigated. Compared with CI, the WSD increased grain yield of drought-resistant cultivars by-3.2%-3%, the difference was not significant between CI and WSD. The grain yield of the local high-yielding cultivar was significantly reduced by21.4%under the WSD. The WSD significantly increased head rice and breakdown, and reduced chalkiness degree and setback of Hanyou113. Apart from Gel consistency, the differences in milling quality and appearance of Hanyou3or Hanyou8were not significant between CI and WSD. Compared with the local high-yielding cultivar, water-saving and drought-resistant cultivars under WSD significantly increased photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, root dry weight, ratio of root to shoot, root activity, contents of zeatin+zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) in roots and activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch metabolic pathway in grains at the mid and late grain filling stage, which would be an important physiological foundation for higher grain yield, better quality and higher water use efficiency of water-saving and drought-resistant cultivars under WSD.
3. Effect of the interaction between nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield, grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency of rice
With Liangyupeijiu (indica) and Yangjing4038(japonica) as materials, the effect of different nitrogen levels, ON (0kg hm-2), MN (240kg km-2) and HN (360kg hn-2), on growth and development, grain yield, grain quality and fertilizer-N use efficiency under three irrigation regimes, conventional irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD) and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD) were studied. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between irrigation regimes and nitrogen applications, the yield of WMD+HN combination was the highest, whereas, the difference was not significant between WMD+HN and WMD+MN. At either MN or HN rate, milling quality, appearance quality, and eating quality were significantly higher or better under the WMD regime than under the CI regime. At the MN rate, the WSD regime significantly decreased grain yield quality when compared with the CI regime. At the HN rate, however, grain quality showed no significant difference between the two irrigation regimes. The fertilizer-N use efficiency of WMD+MN was highest among all the combinations. Increases in dry matter weigh in maturity, root activity, photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, activity of adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPsse) in grains and contents of indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin+zeatin riboside, and abscisic acid in roots during grain filling combination contributed to a higher yield better grain quality and a higher efficiency of rice
4. Effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation on the yield and quality of rice
Two super rice cultivars, Wujing15(a japonica cultivar) and Liangyoupei9(an indica hybrid cultivar) and four cultivation treatments, traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), and non-flooded no mulching (NM), were imposed from transplanting to maturity. Compared with that under the TF, grain yield showed some reduction under all the non-flooded cultivations, but differed largely among the treatments. The reduction in yield was38.7%-6.5%under the NM,9.8%-17.4%under the PM, and1.7%-7.0%under the SM. The difference in grain yield was significant between the NM and the TF or between the PM and the TF, and was not significant between the SM and the TF. The SM significantly improved milling, appearance, and cooking qualities, whereas the PM or the NM decreased these qualities. SM also significantly increased the peak viscosity and breakdown value, and reduced setback value, and the PM or the NM had the opposite effect. The two cultivars showed similar trends in quality and quantity of rice yield. The SM significantly increased root oxidation activity, leaf photosynthetic rate, and activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during the grain filling period, whereas the PM and the NM significantly reduced these parameters. The results indicate that the SM could not only maintain a high grain yield, but also improve quality of rice. Increases in leaf photosynthetic rate, root activity, and activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch metabolic pathway in grains under the SM contributed to a higher grain yield and better quality of rice.
5. The relationship of grain filling with abscisic acid and ethylene under non-flooded mulching cultivation
A field experiment was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao88(a japonica cultivar) and Shanyou63(an indica hybrid cultivar), and four cultivation treatments were imposed from transplanting to maturity:non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), non-flooded no mulching (NM) and traditional flooding as control (TF). Compared with that under TF, grain yield was reduced by21.0-23.1%under PM,50.9-55.4%under NM and1.4-1.8%under SM. Both PM and NM significantly reduced the proportion of filled grains and grain weight and were associated with decreased grain filling rates. In SM there was a significant increase in the grain filling rate. The concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the grains was very low at the early grain filling stage, reaching a maximum when the grain filling rate was the highest, and showed no significant differences between TF, PM and SM. However, it was significantly higher in NM. In contrast to ABA, the ethylene evolution rate and1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration in the grains were very high at the start of grain filling and sharply decreased during the active grain filling period. Both PM and NM increased the ethylene evolution rate and ACC concentration, whereas these were reduced in SM. The ratio of ABA to ACC was increased under SM but decreased under PM and NM, indicating that ethylene was more enhanced than ABA when plants were grown under NM and PM, indicating that ethylene was more enhanced than ABA when plants were grown under NM and PM. The concentration of ABA correlated with the grain filling rate as a hyperbolic curve, whereas the ethylene evolution rate correlated with the grain filling rate as an exponential decay equation. The ratio of ABA to ACC significantly correlated with the grain filling rate with a linear relationship. Application of amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (inhibitor of ethylene synthesis by inhibiting ACC synthase) or ABA to panicles under TF and PM at the early grain filling stage significantly increased activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion in the grains, sucrose synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, grain filling rate and grain weight. Application of ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) or fluridone (inhibitor of ABA synthesis) had the opposite effect. The results suggest that antagonistic interactions between ABA and ethylene may be involved in mediating the effect of non-flooded mulching cultivation on grain filling, and a high ratio of ABA to ethylene enhances grain filling rate.
6. Effect of non-flooded straw-mulching cultivation on grain yield and quality of direct-seeding rice
Two rice cultivars currently used in the production, Yangdao6(an indica) and Yangjing4038(a japonica), were field grown using a direct-seeding method, and three treatments, non-flooded wheat-straw-mulching (SM), non-flooded and no mulching (NM), and traditional flooding and on mulching (Control, TF), were imposed from10days after sowing to maturity. Compared with that under TF, grain yield showed some reduction under both SM and NM. The reduction in yield was1.9%-6.6%under SM, and18.0%-27.6%under NM. The difference in grain yield was not significant between SM and TF, and was significant between NM and TF. SM significantly improved head rice, gel consistency, albumin, glutelin and eating quality, and significantly reduced chalky kernels, chalkiness and prolamin content, and NM had the opposite effect. The results indicate that non-flooded wheat-straw-mulching could maintain a high grain yield and improve grain quality of direct-seeding rice. Greater leaf photosynthetic rate, root activity, and content of IAA and Z+ZR under such a practice contributed to a high grain yield and better quality, whereas NM significantly reduced these physiological parameters and grain yield and quality were reversed under NM.
7. Effect of direct-seeding with non-flooding and wheat residue returning patterns on grain yield and grain quality of rice
Two rice cultivars, Yangdao6(an indica) and Yangjing4038(ajaponica), were field grown using a direct-seeding method, and four treatments, wheat straw incorporation into soil and traditional flooding (SIF), non-flooding and wheat straw mulching (NSM), non-flooding and wheat straw incorporation into soil (NSI) and traditional flooding (no straw returned, Control, TF), were imposed from10days after sowing to maturity. Compared with TF, SIF increased in yield by10.19%-11.48%, NSI and NSM showed some reduction in yield and the reduction was2.96%-6.61%. The difference in increase was significant between SIF and TF, and was not significant between NSI and NSM or between NSM and TF. SIF, NSI and NSM significantly improved milling quality, appearance quality, cooking and peak viscosity and breakdown of RVA. Increases in photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, root activity, Q enzyme activity in grains at the mid and late grain filling stage contributed to a higher yield and better quality under SIF, NSI and NSM.
8. Effect of direct-seeding with non-flooding and wheat residue returning patterns on greenhouse gases emission of rice
Two rice cultivars currently used in the production, Yangdao6(an indica) and Yangjing4038(a japonica), were field grown using a direct-seeding method, and four treatments, wheat straw incorporation into soil and traditional flooding (SIF), non-flooding and wheat straw mulching (NSM), non-flooding and wheat straw incorporation into soil (NSI) and traditional flooding (no straw returned, Control, TF), were imposed from10days after sowing to maturity to study the effect of direct-seeding with non-flooding and wheat residue returning patterns on CH4, N2O and CO2emissions by using the method of static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques. The result showed that emission flux of CH4and CO2under TF and SIF exhibited a single peak curve, and NSI and NSM did not greatly changed, and emission flux of N2O showed multiple perk curves among all treatments. Compared with TF, SIF significantly increased mean emission flux of CH4and N2O, and decreased emission of N2O, and NSI and NSM significantly decreased the mean emission flux of CH4, and increased emission flux of N2O and CO2. Compared with TF, SIF increased Greenhouse Warm Potential (GWP) of CH4, N2O and CO2and the GWP per unit grain yield was increased by45.2%-51.6%,30.0%-38.3%, respectively. Both NSI and NSM decreased GWP by17.7%-25.9%,24.2%-30.2%, and the GWP per unit grain yield was decreased by15.0%-23.6%,18.4%-25.4%, respectively. The results indicate that both SIF and NSM could maintain a high yield and significantly reduce greenhouse effect of CH4, N20and CO2.
In summarily, present results indicated that both FI and WMD could increase grain yield and grain quality, and SM could maintain a higher yield and better grain quality. The WMD could achieve a higher yield, better quality and higher nitrogen use efficiency when N rate was at240kg hm-2. Increases in photosynthetic rate, root oxidation activity, content of IAA, Z+ZR in roots, activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion and ATPase in grains, and increases in ratio of ABA/ACC under FI, WMD and SM contributed to the high grain yield and good quality.
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