基于可靠度理论的黄土隧道衬砌结构安全评价与分析方法
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摘要
黄土隧道作为特有的土质隧道，它与其他隧道以及南方的软土隧道有着较大的区别，由于黄土所特有的物理力学性质和较强的水敏性等特点，这给黄土隧道衬砌结构的可靠性分析与应用带来不小的困难。为此，论文以工程结构可靠性理论知识为基础，开展了黄土隧道结构可靠性相关问题的研究，具体做了以下几个主要方面的研究工作：
1.定值设计参数下黄土隧道衬砌结构的受力特性及破坏机理的研究
为了研究黄土隧道衬砌结构的受力特性和破坏情况，自主研发了适用于黄土隧道衬砌结构作用效应模拟分析的计算程序，该程序是以“荷载——结构”模型为计算模型的一个隧道结构计算程序，该程序主要考虑了在进行隧道衬砌结构设计时，设计参数和围岩物理力学参数不变的情况。接着，应用此程序对典型断面的黄土公路隧道衬砌结构进行了数值模拟计算，根据黄土固有的工程特性，总结出了在定值设计参数下，黄土隧道衬砌结构的受力和破坏特性，并结合由程序计算得来的安全系数，总结出了黄土隧道在荷载作用下的最不利位置，为今后黄土隧道支护参数设计提供了设计经验。同时，它对于黄土隧道衬砌结构的安全施工也有着指导意义。
2.结构可靠性理论在黄土隧道结构设计中的应用研究
设计阶段的黄土隧道结构可靠性的研究工作是一个难度较大的工作。为此，将进行了以下三个方面的研究：
(1)针对黄土物理力学参数的复杂性、多变性，同时考虑到关于黄土地层参数的试验数据较少，故论文通过查阅已有的试验资料和一些研究成果，并利用数理统计知识进行分析计算，得到了黄土中相关地层参数的概率分布类型和它们的数学特征值，为后续黄土隧道结构可靠性分析提供了必要的基础数据，而这些地层参数的概率分布类型和统计特征值也是由本文首次计算整理得到的。同时，这些统计特征值和概率分布类也为今后研究黄土地区内其它建筑结构物的可靠性提供了计算参数上的便利；
(2)在进行黄土隧道围岩压力的概率统计分析时，借鉴了规范中关于隧道结构物处于概率极限状态法下，深埋隧道围岩压力的计算方法，同时，考虑了黄土隧道塌方高度的变异性和围岩容重变异性之间的主次关系，最终得到了围岩压力统计特征值和概率分布类型，这就解决了“荷载——结构”模型中的荷载问题和概型问题。接着，以蒙特卡罗——有限元法为基础，结合“荷载——结构”模型，自助研发了隧道衬砌结构作用效应数值仿真有限元程序和随机变量的生成程序等六个主要的计算程序，通过这六个主要计算程序，论文实现对黄土隧道衬砌结构可靠性的计算和分析工作，这些隧道结构可靠性分析程序，也为以后其它隧道衬砌结构的可靠性分析提供了计算手段。
(3)通过上述程序的应用，可计算得出典型断面的黄土公路隧道衬砌结构各个截面处的可靠性指标，把这些指标与经验指标进行对比，以此来评价该隧道衬砌结构的设计是否合理、安全。同时，把由传统安全系数法得到的结论和由可靠性指标得来的推断进行仔细对比，以此证明，在隧道结构设计阶段应用结构可靠性理论的方法是可行的，也是准确的，这也为今后设计阶段的隧道结构可靠性分析和评价提供了一个新的方法手段。
3.现役黄土隧道衬砌结构可靠性分析与应用研究
针对现役的秦东黄土隧道衬砌结构可靠性评价，提出了从衬砌厚度入手，通过地质雷达获得现役隧道的实际尺寸厚度，将隧道的设计尺寸和实际尺寸运用可靠性理论进行分析计算，进而来评价该隧道在运营阶段衬砌结构的安全可靠性，这便是论文提出的评价现役黄土隧道结构可靠性的一种简单、可行的方法，这个方法的提出为后续其他现役隧道衬砌结构的评价提供了一个切实可行的方法。同时，从结构可靠性概率这个角度出发，即当结构的可靠性概率为95%时，就可以认为该结构是安全可靠的，故可通过已知的可靠性指标来反求隧道衬砌结构的最小衬砌厚度，把这个厚度作为隧道施工时的尺寸是绝对经济安全的，这一点也是经过论文充分检验的。据此，提出了隧道在施工过程中，若能够按照由结构可靠性理论计算得出的最小衬砌厚度来进行隧道支护的施工，既可以保证必要的结构安全，又能降低施工成本。这也为今后隧道在施工过程中如何降低施工成本有着重要的指导意义。
As the special soil tunnel, loess tunnel was greatly different with other tunnel and thesoft soil unnel in south,due to the physical-mechanical properties and stronger watersensitivity peculiar to the loess, a lot of difficulties were given to the loess tunnel in term oftunnel lining structure reliability analysis and application. Therefore, based on the engineeringstructure reliability theory knowledge, the paper carried out research about the loess tunnelstructure reliability and other related issues,it does specific research work in following severalmain aspects:
1.The mechanical characteristics and damage mechanism of the loess tunnel liningstructure under the constant value design parameters
In order to research the mechanical characteristics and damage mechanism of the loesstunnel lining structure, this paper independently develpoed the programme that was applicableto simulation analysis and calculation for effect of an actionof loess tunnel lining structure,and it was based on load-structure model, the program mainly considered the constantcondition about the design parameters and the physical mechanical parameters of surroundingrock,when the tunnel lining structure was designed. Then this paper used the program tosimulate and calculate typical section loess highway tunnel lining structure, according to theloess inherent engineering characteristics,and summarized the forces and damagecharacteristics of loess tunnel lining structure under the constant design parameters, andcombined with the safety factor of the calculation from the program, finally,it summarizedloess tunnel the most unfavorable position under load,for future these necessary designingexperience was given to designers in designing the loess tunnel support parameters.At thesame time, it had an important guiding significance for the safe construction of the loesstunnel lining structure.
2. Practice and study about the structure reliability theory applying to the loess tunnelstructure design
(1) Due to complexity and variabilityof the loess’s physical and mechanical parameters,and lesser test data of the loess strata parameters, therefore, through consulting the existingtest informations and some research results, the paper used mathematical statistics knowledgeto do analysis,and got the probability distribution of the types and their mathematicalcharacteristic value about the loess strata parameters, these research achievements offered thenecessary data base for the loess tunnel structure reliability subsequent analysis, and theparameters also were got by this paper for the first time.At the same time, these statisticalcharacteristic value and probability distribution offered convenience for studying thereliability of other building structures in loess area.
(2) In allusion to probability and statistics analysis of the loess tunnel’s surrounding rockpressure, the paper took examples from the method of calculating the deep tunnel’ssurrounding rock pressure in probability limit state method offered by the relevant designspecifications,and considered the primary and secondary relations between the variability of the loess tunnel collapse and that of the surrounding rock density.finally,the paper obtainedthe statistical characteristic values of the surrounding rock pressure and the probabilitydistribution types, that would solve the problems of load and probability distribution types.Then, based on Monte Carlo finite element method and combined with Load-StructureModel,this paper developed six main programs,such as the numerical simulation finiteelement program about the tunnel lining structure’s effect of actions and the generationprogram about random variables,by these programmes this paper realized calculation andanalysis about the reliability of the loess tunnel lining structure, and it provided a simple andpractical calculation method for analysing reliability of other tunnel lining structure for future.
(3) Through the application of the above programmes, the reliability index of all crosssection of typical section loess highway tunnel lining structure could be got, the papercompared them and experience indexs, in order to evaluate whether designing the tunnellining structure is reasonable and safe. At the same time,the paper compared the conclusionsthrough traditional security coefficient method and the deducing throug the reliability indexescarefully,in order to improve that the method of structure reliability theory was feasible in thetunnel structure design stage, and also was accurate. a new method of structure reliabilityanalysis and evaluation was offered to design phase of the tunnel structure.
3.Analysis and applied research on the commissioned loess tunnel structure reliability
Contraposing evaluation the reliability of commissioned QinDong loess tunnel liningstructure, this paper put forward beginning from the lining’s thickness, got tunnel thicknessactual size by the geological radar, and through comparing the design size of the tunnel withactual size with the reliability theory,then the paper analsed and calculated them, and then thepaper evaluated the safety and reliability of the tunnel lining structure in operation phase, thiswas a simple and feasible method proposed by the paper of evaluating reliability of thecommissioned loess tunnel structure, this method provided a feasible method for evaluatingreliability of other tunnel lining structure the subsequent for future. At the same time, thisarticle from the structure reliability probability, thouhgt this structure is safe and reliable whenthe structure reliability probability is95%, therefore, the minimum thickness of the liningcould be is inferred from the known reliability indexes of tunnel lining structure,and then thatit was carried as the tunnel lining’s thickness during tunnel construction was absolutelyeconomic security,this is fully verified bu the paper.Thus, this paper put forward that if thetunnel was constructed according to the minimum thickness of the lining proposed by theknowledge of the strucutre reliability probability, the necessary security of the structure couldbe ensured,and the construction cost could be reduced effectively. In term of reducingconstruction cost during constructing tunnel for future, this also has the guiding significance.
1.定值设计参数下黄土隧道衬砌结构的受力特性及破坏机理的研究
为了研究黄土隧道衬砌结构的受力特性和破坏情况，自主研发了适用于黄土隧道衬砌结构作用效应模拟分析的计算程序，该程序是以“荷载——结构”模型为计算模型的一个隧道结构计算程序，该程序主要考虑了在进行隧道衬砌结构设计时，设计参数和围岩物理力学参数不变的情况。接着，应用此程序对典型断面的黄土公路隧道衬砌结构进行了数值模拟计算，根据黄土固有的工程特性，总结出了在定值设计参数下，黄土隧道衬砌结构的受力和破坏特性，并结合由程序计算得来的安全系数，总结出了黄土隧道在荷载作用下的最不利位置，为今后黄土隧道支护参数设计提供了设计经验。同时，它对于黄土隧道衬砌结构的安全施工也有着指导意义。
2.结构可靠性理论在黄土隧道结构设计中的应用研究
设计阶段的黄土隧道结构可靠性的研究工作是一个难度较大的工作。为此，将进行了以下三个方面的研究：
(1)针对黄土物理力学参数的复杂性、多变性，同时考虑到关于黄土地层参数的试验数据较少，故论文通过查阅已有的试验资料和一些研究成果，并利用数理统计知识进行分析计算，得到了黄土中相关地层参数的概率分布类型和它们的数学特征值，为后续黄土隧道结构可靠性分析提供了必要的基础数据，而这些地层参数的概率分布类型和统计特征值也是由本文首次计算整理得到的。同时，这些统计特征值和概率分布类也为今后研究黄土地区内其它建筑结构物的可靠性提供了计算参数上的便利；
(2)在进行黄土隧道围岩压力的概率统计分析时，借鉴了规范中关于隧道结构物处于概率极限状态法下，深埋隧道围岩压力的计算方法，同时，考虑了黄土隧道塌方高度的变异性和围岩容重变异性之间的主次关系，最终得到了围岩压力统计特征值和概率分布类型，这就解决了“荷载——结构”模型中的荷载问题和概型问题。接着，以蒙特卡罗——有限元法为基础，结合“荷载——结构”模型，自助研发了隧道衬砌结构作用效应数值仿真有限元程序和随机变量的生成程序等六个主要的计算程序，通过这六个主要计算程序，论文实现对黄土隧道衬砌结构可靠性的计算和分析工作，这些隧道结构可靠性分析程序，也为以后其它隧道衬砌结构的可靠性分析提供了计算手段。
(3)通过上述程序的应用，可计算得出典型断面的黄土公路隧道衬砌结构各个截面处的可靠性指标，把这些指标与经验指标进行对比，以此来评价该隧道衬砌结构的设计是否合理、安全。同时，把由传统安全系数法得到的结论和由可靠性指标得来的推断进行仔细对比，以此证明，在隧道结构设计阶段应用结构可靠性理论的方法是可行的，也是准确的，这也为今后设计阶段的隧道结构可靠性分析和评价提供了一个新的方法手段。
3.现役黄土隧道衬砌结构可靠性分析与应用研究
针对现役的秦东黄土隧道衬砌结构可靠性评价，提出了从衬砌厚度入手，通过地质雷达获得现役隧道的实际尺寸厚度，将隧道的设计尺寸和实际尺寸运用可靠性理论进行分析计算，进而来评价该隧道在运营阶段衬砌结构的安全可靠性，这便是论文提出的评价现役黄土隧道结构可靠性的一种简单、可行的方法，这个方法的提出为后续其他现役隧道衬砌结构的评价提供了一个切实可行的方法。同时，从结构可靠性概率这个角度出发，即当结构的可靠性概率为95%时，就可以认为该结构是安全可靠的，故可通过已知的可靠性指标来反求隧道衬砌结构的最小衬砌厚度，把这个厚度作为隧道施工时的尺寸是绝对经济安全的，这一点也是经过论文充分检验的。据此，提出了隧道在施工过程中，若能够按照由结构可靠性理论计算得出的最小衬砌厚度来进行隧道支护的施工，既可以保证必要的结构安全，又能降低施工成本。这也为今后隧道在施工过程中如何降低施工成本有着重要的指导意义。
As the special soil tunnel, loess tunnel was greatly different with other tunnel and thesoft soil unnel in south,due to the physical-mechanical properties and stronger watersensitivity peculiar to the loess, a lot of difficulties were given to the loess tunnel in term oftunnel lining structure reliability analysis and application. Therefore, based on the engineeringstructure reliability theory knowledge, the paper carried out research about the loess tunnelstructure reliability and other related issues,it does specific research work in following severalmain aspects:
1.The mechanical characteristics and damage mechanism of the loess tunnel liningstructure under the constant value design parameters
In order to research the mechanical characteristics and damage mechanism of the loesstunnel lining structure, this paper independently develpoed the programme that was applicableto simulation analysis and calculation for effect of an actionof loess tunnel lining structure,and it was based on load-structure model, the program mainly considered the constantcondition about the design parameters and the physical mechanical parameters of surroundingrock,when the tunnel lining structure was designed. Then this paper used the program tosimulate and calculate typical section loess highway tunnel lining structure, according to theloess inherent engineering characteristics,and summarized the forces and damagecharacteristics of loess tunnel lining structure under the constant design parameters, andcombined with the safety factor of the calculation from the program, finally,it summarizedloess tunnel the most unfavorable position under load,for future these necessary designingexperience was given to designers in designing the loess tunnel support parameters.At thesame time, it had an important guiding significance for the safe construction of the loesstunnel lining structure.
2. Practice and study about the structure reliability theory applying to the loess tunnelstructure design
(1) Due to complexity and variabilityof the loess’s physical and mechanical parameters,and lesser test data of the loess strata parameters, therefore, through consulting the existingtest informations and some research results, the paper used mathematical statistics knowledgeto do analysis,and got the probability distribution of the types and their mathematicalcharacteristic value about the loess strata parameters, these research achievements offered thenecessary data base for the loess tunnel structure reliability subsequent analysis, and theparameters also were got by this paper for the first time.At the same time, these statisticalcharacteristic value and probability distribution offered convenience for studying thereliability of other building structures in loess area.
(2) In allusion to probability and statistics analysis of the loess tunnel’s surrounding rockpressure, the paper took examples from the method of calculating the deep tunnel’ssurrounding rock pressure in probability limit state method offered by the relevant designspecifications,and considered the primary and secondary relations between the variability of the loess tunnel collapse and that of the surrounding rock density.finally,the paper obtainedthe statistical characteristic values of the surrounding rock pressure and the probabilitydistribution types, that would solve the problems of load and probability distribution types.Then, based on Monte Carlo finite element method and combined with Load-StructureModel,this paper developed six main programs,such as the numerical simulation finiteelement program about the tunnel lining structure’s effect of actions and the generationprogram about random variables,by these programmes this paper realized calculation andanalysis about the reliability of the loess tunnel lining structure, and it provided a simple andpractical calculation method for analysing reliability of other tunnel lining structure for future.
(3) Through the application of the above programmes, the reliability index of all crosssection of typical section loess highway tunnel lining structure could be got, the papercompared them and experience indexs, in order to evaluate whether designing the tunnellining structure is reasonable and safe. At the same time,the paper compared the conclusionsthrough traditional security coefficient method and the deducing throug the reliability indexescarefully,in order to improve that the method of structure reliability theory was feasible in thetunnel structure design stage, and also was accurate. a new method of structure reliabilityanalysis and evaluation was offered to design phase of the tunnel structure.
3.Analysis and applied research on the commissioned loess tunnel structure reliability
Contraposing evaluation the reliability of commissioned QinDong loess tunnel liningstructure, this paper put forward beginning from the lining’s thickness, got tunnel thicknessactual size by the geological radar, and through comparing the design size of the tunnel withactual size with the reliability theory,then the paper analsed and calculated them, and then thepaper evaluated the safety and reliability of the tunnel lining structure in operation phase, thiswas a simple and feasible method proposed by the paper of evaluating reliability of thecommissioned loess tunnel structure, this method provided a feasible method for evaluatingreliability of other tunnel lining structure the subsequent for future. At the same time, thisarticle from the structure reliability probability, thouhgt this structure is safe and reliable whenthe structure reliability probability is95%, therefore, the minimum thickness of the liningcould be is inferred from the known reliability indexes of tunnel lining structure,and then thatit was carried as the tunnel lining’s thickness during tunnel construction was absolutelyeconomic security,this is fully verified bu the paper.Thus, this paper put forward that if thetunnel was constructed according to the minimum thickness of the lining proposed by theknowledge of the strucutre reliability probability, the necessary security of the structure couldbe ensured,and the construction cost could be reduced effectively. In term of reducingconstruction cost during constructing tunnel for future, this also has the guiding significance.
引文
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