县域土地细碎化及其对土地可持续利用的影响
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摘要
土地利用作为人类有目的、有意识的社会经济活动,贯穿在人类生存与发展的整个历史过程中,是人类社会与大自然相互影响、共同发展与不断进化的产物。在我国,由于巨大的人口基数、相对有限的土地特别是耕地资源,以及亟待发展的经济与人民生活水平提高等特殊的国情,土地利用的研究具有更为突出的现实意义。
土地细碎化是许多国家农业中存在的主要问题之一。对于土地细碎化的概念一般被描述为“土地经营利用过程中,被分成零碎的、分散的、地块大小不一的几块”国内外学者研究的结果表明,土地细碎化现象的存在对农业生产和农民收入等具有积极和消极的影响。例如,土地细碎化现象的存在,可以使农民在不同的地块间进行多元化种植,调整农民种植结构,降低农业生产风险,从而达到增加农民收入的目的。但是,土地细碎化现象的存在被认为是土地经营所面积的最主要的障碍之一,土地细碎化降低了农业机械的使用效率和农业生产的规模经济效应,降低了农业的产出水平,阻碍了农业机械化进程和现代化的实现,增加了农业生产的负外部效应。
土地细碎化、土地可持续利用是土地利用研究的重要子课题,土地细碎化是土地利用系统的一种格局状态,而土地可持续利用是土地利用的最终目标,两者之间关系的研究应该成为土地细碎化研究的重要内容之一。基于上述分析,本研究选取分宜县作为研究区域,通过对研究区土地细碎化演变分析、土地细碎化分区研究,以及不同区域土地资源可持续利用的研究,探讨土地细碎化与可持续利用之间的关系
根据研究需要,本研究对土地细碎化的内涵表述如下：受人为或自然条件的影响,以及土地利用类型的不同,某一土地利用类型难以成片、集中、规模经营,土地利用呈插花、分散、无序的状态。本研究借鉴景观格局分析方法,利用分宜县遥感影像解译数据、土地利用数据及非空间属性数据等,在定量分析土地细碎化的基础上,围绕土地细碎化对土地可持续利用生产性、安全性、保护性、可行性和可接受性5个目标实现的影响展开。研究的主要内容和结论陈述如下
第一,研究区土地利用特征与细碎化格局演变分析。选取县级尺度反映细碎化状态的指标及方法,对分宜县不同时期的土地利用现状图进行空间叠加分析,分析研究区土地利用细碎化的格局特征与变化方向,以及不同用地类型细碎化的格局特征及变化方向。研究结果表明,受土地制度改革的影响,1988年至1995年期间,分宜县土土地细碎化的程度加剧,进入90年代之后,我国广大农村集体土地基本上分产到户土地利用细碎化状况有所缓解,土地利用格局相对稳定。分宜县水田、有林地细碎化的格局稳定；但旱地、农村居民点用地细碎化的格局变化显著,2005年土地利用细碎程度最低,地块形状最规整、简单。
第二,研究区土地利用细碎化的区域格局研究。选取小区域范围内反映细碎化状态的指标及方法,对分宜县10乡镇土地细碎化进行定量研究,以及主要用地类型进行空间分布的差异性研究。研究结果表明：借鉴景观格局定量分析法应用于中观尺度上研究土地利用细碎化问题取得较为理想的结果。在土地利用方式、政策等影响因素相差不大的背景下,土地细碎化受地形、地貌的影响突出；同时,在地势、地貌及所处纬度类似的背景下,土地细碎化受地区社会、经济发展及土地利用结构的影响十分显著。水田、旱地两用地类型,南部低山区的细碎度最高,其次为中部平原区,北部丘陵区最低；有林地用地类型,平原区的细碎化程度最高,丘陵区,低山区最低；农村居民点用地类型,平原区的细碎化程度最高,其次为低山区,丘陵区最低。
并且,在中观尺度研究土地细碎化问题,得到与微观尺度研究截然不同的结论。由于不同地势、地貌背景下,土地适应性不同导致土地利用方式相差较大,同时由于天然廊道(如水系)的分布不同导致廊道对土地的分割效果不尽相同,使得在中观尺度研究土地细碎化得到：“低山区土地细碎化程度最低,其次是平原区,而丘陵区的破碎化程度最高”这一结论。可见,研究的尺度选择不同,可能出现不同的研究结论。
第三,细碎化对可持续利用影响机制研究及评价指标体系的构建。借鉴前人研究经验与成果,研究细碎化对土地利用的影响机制,构建土地细碎化格局背景下的土地可持续利用评价指标体系,并进行实证分析。研究结果表明：土地细碎化对土地可持续利用的影响机制有正负两方面效果,归纳起来可以分为：如降低土地产出率、降低作物单产能力、减弱生态敏感性、加大灌溉难度等17个负面影响机制,以及促进种植多元化、提高生物多样性、提高劳动资源利用率等4个正面影响机制,不同的影响机制对土地资源可持续利用的5个目标准则层的影响作用不尽相同。
对分宜县的实证研究结果表明：钤山镇土地可持续利用综合评价指数最高,其次为分宜镇,高岚乡则最低。通过对可持续利用5个目标以及综合评价指数的聚类分析得出结论：南部低山区乡镇土地利用可持续利用能力明显高于北部乡镇。
第四,土地细碎化与可持续利用的关联性研究。对所取得的细碎化指数与可持续利用评价指标用定性与定量相结合的方法进行关联度研究。研究结果表明：土地利用的可持续能力与土地利用的细碎度呈显著的负相关,土地利用的细碎化越大,区域土地可持续利用的能力越弱。同时,土地可持续能力受地块破碎度指数的支配影响最强烈,破碎度每提高1个单位,土地可持续指数则下降3.166个单位；而被认为是衡量土地细碎化最重要的指标——平均地决面积的大小,对土地可持续利用能力的支配影响较弱,平均地块面积增加1个单位,土地可持续利用能力仅增加0.01个单位。
Land use can be considered as a purposefully social-economy activity during human history, and interacted with human conducts, gradually the huge land use system shaped, which refers to all the aspects of society, economy and nature. In China, due to the huge number of the population, the conflict between the population and relatively limited land resources especially the farmland resources, as well as the requirement for developing the economic and improving the condition of production and living standards, the research on land-use has higher realistic Significance.
Land fragmentation, in which a household operates more than one separate plot of land, is a common phenomenon in many countries all over the world, especially in developing countries, including China. With the implementation of house responsibility system (HRS) at the beginning of the eighties of the20th century, the farmland system of our country is turned into collectives possession, peasant household management from collective possession, collectives management, i. e. individual land of peasant household's management replace production-team's collective management. On one hand, the rural land reform promoted China's agricultural development and increased peasants's income, on the other hand, the rural land reform made of our country farmland divide in small, scattered, and fragmented. Agricultural landholdings in China have an average size of only0.368hectares and are divided over six different plots on average. some regions, land fragmentation is in even higher degree.
With the review to the researches of land fragmentation, the results shows that, land fragmentation can have both beneficial and adverse side-effects on agricultural. For instance, it can reduce agricultural production risk through diversification; it may enable household to allocate their own labor over the season; land fragmentation in certain degree is likely to impose important constraints to current government policies aimed at supporting the incomes of rural households, raising domestic grain production, and promoting the overall production capacity of agricultural sector in order to meet the challenges posed by foreign competition. Land fragmentation, however, is still often believed to be one of the major obstacles existing in rural land management. Land fragmentation wasted cultivated land resources due to ridge of field, and increased production cost for multiple travel among land plots, and reduced the efficiency of agriculture machine and economies of scale, and prevented the realization of mechanization modernization, and increased negative effect of agricultural production. Thus, land fragmentation induces the social efficiency.
Land fragmentation which is one of land-use patterns, and land sustainable utilization, which is the ultimate goal of land-use, are both important sub-topics in land-use research, as well as the relationship between them should be a important part in land fragmentation research. Therefore, this study taking Fenyi county as an example, by collecting interpreted maps from remote sensing images, land use maps for different years, a series of non-spatial attribute data, and socio-economic statistics, it constructs a spatial database of land use for Fenyi County. In support of the database, this study using the method based on landscape pattern analysis, analyzes evolution of land fragmentation, the state of land fragmentation in different regions, and the sustainable capability of land use in different regions, aims to find out the relationship between land fragmentation and land sustainable use, as well as the impacts from land fragmentation on the every goals of land sustainable use. The main content of the statements and conclusions are as follows:
First, research on the evolution of land fragmentation in Fenyi County. In this part, the indicators and methods reflecting the state of land fragmentation at county level are selected to analyze land-use pattern in different periods and the changes of land-use character, as well as pattern and changes of land fragmentation for different land-use types. The result shows that, affected by China Land Reform——implementation of house responsibility system (MRS), from the year1988to1995, land fragmentation degree was aggravated in Fenyi County. In the1990s, because of collective land had be already divided into each agricultural landholdings, the trend of land fragmentation was eased, and the pattern of land use was relative stability. The result also shows that, different types of land had varying fragmentation degree, and also different ranges of land patter change in the past17years. The patterns of paddy fields and forest land were stable, at the same time, the pattern of dry land and rural residential land were changed obviously, which had a lowest degree in land fragmentation, and much more regular and simple plots in the year2005.
Second, research on different regions'land fragmentation pattern in Fenyi County. In this part, we used indicators and methods reflecting the state of land fragmentation at smaller range level to analyze the status quo of different towns'land fragmentation patterns in the year2004, as well as to analyze the differences of the spatial site among main land-use types. The results shows that, the indicators from landscape pattern analysis were been confirmed appropriate for meso-scale land-use researches. If on the more or less same background, such as land use form, land management policies, the factors of topography, geomorphology and the latitude, etc, were significant important to impact the degree of land fragmentation. Through, if topography, geomorphology and the latitude were similar, land use fragmentation was affected significantly by the factors of economic development and land use form. The result of different types of land use zoning study shows that, paddy field and dry land, both of those land use types had the highest fragmentation pattern degree in southern low mountains area of Fenyi County, followed by the central plain area, while the lowest level was at the northern hilly area. But for the use type of forest, the land on the central plain area had the highest fragmentation pattern degree, while the land on the southern low mountains area and northern hilly area had a much lower fragmentation degree; for the use type of rural residential, the land on central plain area was higher than the land on southern low mountains area, which was higher than the land on northern hilly.
Third, the study of influence mechanism of land fragmentation to sustainability of land utilization, and evaluation index system. Learning from the experience and the results of previous studies, this paper analyzed the reasons of the formation of land fragmentation, the influence mechanism of land fragmentation to sustainability of land utilization, and constructed the index system for evaluating the sustainability of land utilization on the pattern of fragmentation, and then, took empirical analysis.
The results show that, land fragmentation can have both beneficial and adverse side-effects on sustainable land use, it can be summed up as follows:such as by reducing the productivity of farmland, reducing the ability of crop yields, reducing ecological sensitivity, increasing the difficulty of irrigation, and so on, land fragmentation had17negative impact on land use, at the same time, by reducing agricultural production risk through the promotion of diversification, improving biodiversity, improving the utilization of labor resources, land fragmentation had4positive impact on land use. The impact of different influence mechanism on the5goals of sustainable land use objectived different results. The result of the evaluation of10towns in Fenyi County showed that, Qianshan town had a highest land sustainability score, followed by was Fenyi town, while Gaolan country was the lowest. Through the sustainable use of5goals, as well as comprehensive evaluation index of cluster analysis, the conclusion could be summarized as it had a higher land fragmentation degree in the southern mountain villages than in the northern villages.
Fourth, the study on the relevance of land fragmentation and sustainable land utilization. Based on the results of previous study in this paper, we researched the associated relationship between land fragmentation and sustainable land utilization, by a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The result shows that, the degree of land fragmentation had significant negative impact on the sustainability of land use. That means, the higher degree of land fragmentation corresponding a lower sustainability of land-use. At the same time, the sustainability of land use affected by the index of plot fragmentation was much stronger, when a unit increased of the index of plot fragmentation, the sustainability of land-use reduced3.166units as follow. Though, the index of average area of the plot is considered to be most important indicators in the previous research on land fragmentation, and has been widely used to measure the degree of fragmentation, but, this indicator had the lowest impact on land use sustainability according to the research, with an average increase of one unit of the indicator of average plot area, the sustainability of land-use increased only0.01units as follow.
土地细碎化是许多国家农业中存在的主要问题之一。对于土地细碎化的概念一般被描述为“土地经营利用过程中,被分成零碎的、分散的、地块大小不一的几块”国内外学者研究的结果表明,土地细碎化现象的存在对农业生产和农民收入等具有积极和消极的影响。例如,土地细碎化现象的存在,可以使农民在不同的地块间进行多元化种植,调整农民种植结构,降低农业生产风险,从而达到增加农民收入的目的。但是,土地细碎化现象的存在被认为是土地经营所面积的最主要的障碍之一,土地细碎化降低了农业机械的使用效率和农业生产的规模经济效应,降低了农业的产出水平,阻碍了农业机械化进程和现代化的实现,增加了农业生产的负外部效应。
土地细碎化、土地可持续利用是土地利用研究的重要子课题,土地细碎化是土地利用系统的一种格局状态,而土地可持续利用是土地利用的最终目标,两者之间关系的研究应该成为土地细碎化研究的重要内容之一。基于上述分析,本研究选取分宜县作为研究区域,通过对研究区土地细碎化演变分析、土地细碎化分区研究,以及不同区域土地资源可持续利用的研究,探讨土地细碎化与可持续利用之间的关系
根据研究需要,本研究对土地细碎化的内涵表述如下：受人为或自然条件的影响,以及土地利用类型的不同,某一土地利用类型难以成片、集中、规模经营,土地利用呈插花、分散、无序的状态。本研究借鉴景观格局分析方法,利用分宜县遥感影像解译数据、土地利用数据及非空间属性数据等,在定量分析土地细碎化的基础上,围绕土地细碎化对土地可持续利用生产性、安全性、保护性、可行性和可接受性5个目标实现的影响展开。研究的主要内容和结论陈述如下
第一,研究区土地利用特征与细碎化格局演变分析。选取县级尺度反映细碎化状态的指标及方法,对分宜县不同时期的土地利用现状图进行空间叠加分析,分析研究区土地利用细碎化的格局特征与变化方向,以及不同用地类型细碎化的格局特征及变化方向。研究结果表明,受土地制度改革的影响,1988年至1995年期间,分宜县土土地细碎化的程度加剧,进入90年代之后,我国广大农村集体土地基本上分产到户土地利用细碎化状况有所缓解,土地利用格局相对稳定。分宜县水田、有林地细碎化的格局稳定；但旱地、农村居民点用地细碎化的格局变化显著,2005年土地利用细碎程度最低,地块形状最规整、简单。
第二,研究区土地利用细碎化的区域格局研究。选取小区域范围内反映细碎化状态的指标及方法,对分宜县10乡镇土地细碎化进行定量研究,以及主要用地类型进行空间分布的差异性研究。研究结果表明：借鉴景观格局定量分析法应用于中观尺度上研究土地利用细碎化问题取得较为理想的结果。在土地利用方式、政策等影响因素相差不大的背景下,土地细碎化受地形、地貌的影响突出；同时,在地势、地貌及所处纬度类似的背景下,土地细碎化受地区社会、经济发展及土地利用结构的影响十分显著。水田、旱地两用地类型,南部低山区的细碎度最高,其次为中部平原区,北部丘陵区最低；有林地用地类型,平原区的细碎化程度最高,丘陵区,低山区最低；农村居民点用地类型,平原区的细碎化程度最高,其次为低山区,丘陵区最低。
并且,在中观尺度研究土地细碎化问题,得到与微观尺度研究截然不同的结论。由于不同地势、地貌背景下,土地适应性不同导致土地利用方式相差较大,同时由于天然廊道(如水系)的分布不同导致廊道对土地的分割效果不尽相同,使得在中观尺度研究土地细碎化得到：“低山区土地细碎化程度最低,其次是平原区,而丘陵区的破碎化程度最高”这一结论。可见,研究的尺度选择不同,可能出现不同的研究结论。
第三,细碎化对可持续利用影响机制研究及评价指标体系的构建。借鉴前人研究经验与成果,研究细碎化对土地利用的影响机制,构建土地细碎化格局背景下的土地可持续利用评价指标体系,并进行实证分析。研究结果表明：土地细碎化对土地可持续利用的影响机制有正负两方面效果,归纳起来可以分为：如降低土地产出率、降低作物单产能力、减弱生态敏感性、加大灌溉难度等17个负面影响机制,以及促进种植多元化、提高生物多样性、提高劳动资源利用率等4个正面影响机制,不同的影响机制对土地资源可持续利用的5个目标准则层的影响作用不尽相同。
对分宜县的实证研究结果表明：钤山镇土地可持续利用综合评价指数最高,其次为分宜镇,高岚乡则最低。通过对可持续利用5个目标以及综合评价指数的聚类分析得出结论：南部低山区乡镇土地利用可持续利用能力明显高于北部乡镇。
第四,土地细碎化与可持续利用的关联性研究。对所取得的细碎化指数与可持续利用评价指标用定性与定量相结合的方法进行关联度研究。研究结果表明：土地利用的可持续能力与土地利用的细碎度呈显著的负相关,土地利用的细碎化越大,区域土地可持续利用的能力越弱。同时,土地可持续能力受地块破碎度指数的支配影响最强烈,破碎度每提高1个单位,土地可持续指数则下降3.166个单位；而被认为是衡量土地细碎化最重要的指标——平均地决面积的大小,对土地可持续利用能力的支配影响较弱,平均地块面积增加1个单位,土地可持续利用能力仅增加0.01个单位。
Land use can be considered as a purposefully social-economy activity during human history, and interacted with human conducts, gradually the huge land use system shaped, which refers to all the aspects of society, economy and nature. In China, due to the huge number of the population, the conflict between the population and relatively limited land resources especially the farmland resources, as well as the requirement for developing the economic and improving the condition of production and living standards, the research on land-use has higher realistic Significance.
Land fragmentation, in which a household operates more than one separate plot of land, is a common phenomenon in many countries all over the world, especially in developing countries, including China. With the implementation of house responsibility system (HRS) at the beginning of the eighties of the20th century, the farmland system of our country is turned into collectives possession, peasant household management from collective possession, collectives management, i. e. individual land of peasant household's management replace production-team's collective management. On one hand, the rural land reform promoted China's agricultural development and increased peasants's income, on the other hand, the rural land reform made of our country farmland divide in small, scattered, and fragmented. Agricultural landholdings in China have an average size of only0.368hectares and are divided over six different plots on average. some regions, land fragmentation is in even higher degree.
With the review to the researches of land fragmentation, the results shows that, land fragmentation can have both beneficial and adverse side-effects on agricultural. For instance, it can reduce agricultural production risk through diversification; it may enable household to allocate their own labor over the season; land fragmentation in certain degree is likely to impose important constraints to current government policies aimed at supporting the incomes of rural households, raising domestic grain production, and promoting the overall production capacity of agricultural sector in order to meet the challenges posed by foreign competition. Land fragmentation, however, is still often believed to be one of the major obstacles existing in rural land management. Land fragmentation wasted cultivated land resources due to ridge of field, and increased production cost for multiple travel among land plots, and reduced the efficiency of agriculture machine and economies of scale, and prevented the realization of mechanization modernization, and increased negative effect of agricultural production. Thus, land fragmentation induces the social efficiency.
Land fragmentation which is one of land-use patterns, and land sustainable utilization, which is the ultimate goal of land-use, are both important sub-topics in land-use research, as well as the relationship between them should be a important part in land fragmentation research. Therefore, this study taking Fenyi county as an example, by collecting interpreted maps from remote sensing images, land use maps for different years, a series of non-spatial attribute data, and socio-economic statistics, it constructs a spatial database of land use for Fenyi County. In support of the database, this study using the method based on landscape pattern analysis, analyzes evolution of land fragmentation, the state of land fragmentation in different regions, and the sustainable capability of land use in different regions, aims to find out the relationship between land fragmentation and land sustainable use, as well as the impacts from land fragmentation on the every goals of land sustainable use. The main content of the statements and conclusions are as follows:
First, research on the evolution of land fragmentation in Fenyi County. In this part, the indicators and methods reflecting the state of land fragmentation at county level are selected to analyze land-use pattern in different periods and the changes of land-use character, as well as pattern and changes of land fragmentation for different land-use types. The result shows that, affected by China Land Reform——implementation of house responsibility system (MRS), from the year1988to1995, land fragmentation degree was aggravated in Fenyi County. In the1990s, because of collective land had be already divided into each agricultural landholdings, the trend of land fragmentation was eased, and the pattern of land use was relative stability. The result also shows that, different types of land had varying fragmentation degree, and also different ranges of land patter change in the past17years. The patterns of paddy fields and forest land were stable, at the same time, the pattern of dry land and rural residential land were changed obviously, which had a lowest degree in land fragmentation, and much more regular and simple plots in the year2005.
Second, research on different regions'land fragmentation pattern in Fenyi County. In this part, we used indicators and methods reflecting the state of land fragmentation at smaller range level to analyze the status quo of different towns'land fragmentation patterns in the year2004, as well as to analyze the differences of the spatial site among main land-use types. The results shows that, the indicators from landscape pattern analysis were been confirmed appropriate for meso-scale land-use researches. If on the more or less same background, such as land use form, land management policies, the factors of topography, geomorphology and the latitude, etc, were significant important to impact the degree of land fragmentation. Through, if topography, geomorphology and the latitude were similar, land use fragmentation was affected significantly by the factors of economic development and land use form. The result of different types of land use zoning study shows that, paddy field and dry land, both of those land use types had the highest fragmentation pattern degree in southern low mountains area of Fenyi County, followed by the central plain area, while the lowest level was at the northern hilly area. But for the use type of forest, the land on the central plain area had the highest fragmentation pattern degree, while the land on the southern low mountains area and northern hilly area had a much lower fragmentation degree; for the use type of rural residential, the land on central plain area was higher than the land on southern low mountains area, which was higher than the land on northern hilly.
Third, the study of influence mechanism of land fragmentation to sustainability of land utilization, and evaluation index system. Learning from the experience and the results of previous studies, this paper analyzed the reasons of the formation of land fragmentation, the influence mechanism of land fragmentation to sustainability of land utilization, and constructed the index system for evaluating the sustainability of land utilization on the pattern of fragmentation, and then, took empirical analysis.
The results show that, land fragmentation can have both beneficial and adverse side-effects on sustainable land use, it can be summed up as follows:such as by reducing the productivity of farmland, reducing the ability of crop yields, reducing ecological sensitivity, increasing the difficulty of irrigation, and so on, land fragmentation had17negative impact on land use, at the same time, by reducing agricultural production risk through the promotion of diversification, improving biodiversity, improving the utilization of labor resources, land fragmentation had4positive impact on land use. The impact of different influence mechanism on the5goals of sustainable land use objectived different results. The result of the evaluation of10towns in Fenyi County showed that, Qianshan town had a highest land sustainability score, followed by was Fenyi town, while Gaolan country was the lowest. Through the sustainable use of5goals, as well as comprehensive evaluation index of cluster analysis, the conclusion could be summarized as it had a higher land fragmentation degree in the southern mountain villages than in the northern villages.
Fourth, the study on the relevance of land fragmentation and sustainable land utilization. Based on the results of previous study in this paper, we researched the associated relationship between land fragmentation and sustainable land utilization, by a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The result shows that, the degree of land fragmentation had significant negative impact on the sustainability of land use. That means, the higher degree of land fragmentation corresponding a lower sustainability of land-use. At the same time, the sustainability of land use affected by the index of plot fragmentation was much stronger, when a unit increased of the index of plot fragmentation, the sustainability of land-use reduced3.166units as follow. Though, the index of average area of the plot is considered to be most important indicators in the previous research on land fragmentation, and has been widely used to measure the degree of fragmentation, but, this indicator had the lowest impact on land use sustainability according to the research, with an average increase of one unit of the indicator of average plot area, the sustainability of land-use increased only0.01units as follow.
引文
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