印度新媒体产业发展的实态、要因及趋势研究
摘要
多年来，我们一直更多地关注和研究世界发达国家经济的发展，而印度这个在我们、乃至欧美发达国家眼中经济落后、人口众多、生活贫困的发展中国家，却在我们不经意间，摇身一变，成为了世界第四大经济体，年轻人口最多，拥有繁荣的中产阶级，33家印度私企发展出世界级的规模和竞争力，这些正是这个发展迅速的国家赶超中国的利器1。印度还吸引了众多的外商投资，这些外商将工厂设在印度，使它成为外国投资的第二大目的地2，全球最大的加工厂。当今印度新媒体产业的发展也同样令世界震惊，它拥有令世界瞩目的互联网产业，拥有世界第二大用户群的手机产业，拥有发展前景光明的网络游戏产业，还拥有最具潜力并在不断赶超国际水平的动漫产业。是什么使这个曾经落后的发展中国家在新媒体产业方面发展如此迅速？取得如此大的成就？这是需要我们深入探讨的问题。
在我国，对印度新媒体产业方面的研究比较少，一般都是对发展实态的报道或者是对实态进行简单分析，而且大多数都只是选取单个新媒体领域进行分析。本论文主要选取了印度新媒体产业发展的实态、要因及趋势三个层面，结合经济学制度学派理论，对印度新媒体产业中具有代表性、在国际上具有领先水平的印度互联网产业、手机产业和网络游戏产业进行了详细系统地分析，既可以比较全面提供对印度新媒体产业发展的观察视角，也有利于比较深入地聚焦具有启示价值的重要问题。
本研究从对以电视为代表的传统媒体在印度的出现及普及入手，对印度传统媒体的发展进行了系统地梳理，揭示了印度传统媒体的发展为新媒体发展提供了实践经验和技术引进模式，并且在传统媒体的发展过程中，印度政府对媒介产业的管理从最初的国家垄断到走向开放为印度新媒体产业的发展奠定了市场环境。随着发达国家新媒体产业的迅速发展以及印度经济生活水平的提高，印度媒介跟随着全球浪潮走进了新媒体发展的时代。
印度政府针对本国电信业和新媒体产业发展的实态，不断推出开放电信业的新政策，促进新媒体产业自由发展，并且印度政府还对新媒体产业发展采取多元鼓励措施，大力扶持软件业推进新媒体产业内容创新，着力推行有利于培养新媒体产业发展技术人才的教育政策，缩小数字鸿沟确保新媒体产业发展地区平衡，重视女性在使用新媒体中的平等地位。印度政府在制定政策，采取措施的同时还不断地制定电信业发展目标，这些目标的制定，为印度新媒体产业不同阶段的发展指明了发展方向。
通过对印度新媒体产业发展历程的梳理，我们可以看出，印度新媒体产业的发展能够取得今天这样的成就，从历史学、经济学、心理学等学科的角度看，与一些国际和国内的推动力是息息相关的。从国际动力来看，虽然印度新媒体的发展与西方发达国家新媒体的发展还存在着一定的差距，但是发达国家，尤其是美国新媒体产业的发展居世界领先地位，印度政府在新媒体产业方面与美国的合作，使美国新媒体产业的发展大大带动了印度新媒体产业的发展，为印度新媒体产业迅速发展提供了技术保障。英国在印度长达百年的殖民统治，为印度教育业提供了国际化的发展模式，还有英语语言在印度的推广和运用，为今天印度研究和发展新媒体产业提供了语言上的便利。从印度国内的发展动力来看，印度是世界上最大的民主国家，也是民主制度下，等级分化最为严重的国家，孤立的地理环境、长达两百多年的殖民统治，使处于民主制度下、金字塔顶端的印度精英阶层对将印度建设成为世界大国抱有强烈的渴望，这些国际、国内动力都推动着印度一次次地向世界各领域先进水平冲刺，使它成为了一个在世界各国眼中“不可思议”的东方国度。另外，印度本国企业积极适应国际电信业及新媒体产业的发展，将自己的服务范围扩展到世界各地，全力打造国际化印度电信产业。还有近年来，定居海外和归国的印侨也积极投身于家乡新媒体产业的建设，成为印度新媒体产业发展主要的技术和资金后援。
在研究的过程中，我们也可以看到，印度新媒体产业中的手机产业、互联网产业以及网络游戏产业在发展过程中都面临了许多的机遇和挑战，如何抓住机遇，迎接挑战，直接影响着新媒体产业今后在印度的发展。
印度政府对新媒体产业制定具有实用性的有效战略措施，主动引导新媒体产业的发展，悉心打造适应本国新媒体产业发展的产业链，鼓励开放竞争，这些都使得印度新媒体能够在印度政府强权政策下自由的发展，对中国新媒体产业的发展具有积极的启示作用。
For many years,we have been pay more attention to the developed countries ofthe world and research their economic development,but India that a country in our andalso in European developed countries’ eyes that’s a economic backward country,and ithas a large population,living in poverty,when we ignored it,the country suddenlychanged it's identity to be a country that was the fourth-largest economy of theworld,having the most young population and flourishing middle class,33privateenterprises of India developed to be world-class scale and competitiveness,all of thoseare the edge tools it rapidly developed and catch up to China.Additionally,Indiaattracted numerous foreign merchants to invest and located their factories inIndia,make it to be the second largest destination of foreign investment and the largestprocessing plants of the world.Nowadays,the development of the Indian new mediaindustry also makes the world shock,it attracts the world’s eyes on it’s internetindustry,it’s mobile phone industry has the second largest user group of the world,andit’s network games industry has the bright prospect development,it’s animationindustry has the most potential and constantly surpassing the international level of theworld.What makes this ever backward developing country has such a great leap intheir new media industry? This is a question that we need to research.
In our country,the research about Indian new media industry is veryless,generally,the content of these reports are the development of the real states oranalyse the states simply,and most of these reports are just choose only one field ofIndian new media to analyze.This paper mainly selected three levels,that are thestates,essensial factors and the trends of the development of Indian new mediaindustry,combined the economics system school theory and mainly selected theInternet industry,the mobile industry and the online game industry of India toresearch,because all of them are the representatives of Indian new media industry andthe leading level in the internation.This research not only can provide comprehensive perspective to the development of Indian new media industry,but also in favor offocus on the important problem of revelation more in depth.
This study starts from the emergence and popularity of the television as arepresentative of the traditional media in India,then carding development of thetraditional media industry of india,reveals that the development of the traditionalmedia provided practical experience and technology import mode for the new mediadevelopment in India and in the development process of the traditional media,theIndian government managed the media industry from the state monopoly initial toopen,that established the market environment for the new media industry.Along withthe new media industry developed fast in developed countries and Indian economyliving standard improved,Indian traditional media accompany with globaltide,developed into the new media period.
The Indian government aim at the real situation of it’s telecoms industry and newmedia industry,inacted new policies to open the telecom industry and promoted thenew media industry developed freely and the Indian government take multipleencourage measures in new media industry development,strive to develop thesoftware industry to innovated the content in the new media industry,focused on carryout the education policies that available to cultivate technical personnel for new mediaindustry development,narrowing digital divide to ensure that new media industrydeveloped balance in city and town,values the equal status of women using the newmedia.In the meantime that the Indian government making policies and takingactions,it also constantly sets development goals of telecom industry,these targets senda sign for the new media industry of India in different stages of development.
By means of carding the course of development of new media industry in Indiaand from the history,economics,psychology and other disciplines point of view,we cansee that the development of new media industry succeed in India today has someinternational and domestic impetus,from the international impetus,we can see thatalthough there still exist a long distance in development of the new media between India and western developed countries,but the developed countries,especially the newmedia industry of American is the leadership in the world,the Indian governmentcooperated with the United States in the new media industry area makes thedevelopment of new media industry in the United States greatly contributed to thedevelopment of the new media industry in India,it provides the technical guarantee fornew media industry rapidly developed in India.Britain colonial rule in India as long astwo hundred years provided the international developmental mode for Indianeducation,and it’s convenience for researching and developing the new media industryin India,because the English language having been used and extended in India.Fromthe domestic impetus,we can see that India is the largest democracy country in theworld,it’s also a country that polarization seriously under the democraticsystem,isolated geographic environment,as long as two hundred years of colonialdomination,making the elite under the democratic system and at the top of thepyramid in India have strong desire to build the India to be a world powers,thesedriving India sprint to the advanced level of the world again and again,make India tobe a "amazing country" in all countries of the world’s eyes.In addition,the domesticenterprises of India actively adapt to the development of the internationaltelecommunications and new media industry,extending their own service scope to allover the world,trying their best to build international telecommunications industry inIndia.In recent years,the Indian people who settled overseas and return to India alsoactively constructed the new media industry of their hometown,they are become themain technical and financial backing in new media industry development in India.
In the process of research,we can see that in developmental course of new mediaindustry in India,all of the mobile industry,internet industry and the Internet networkgame industry are facing many opportunities and challenges,how to seize theopportunities and rise to the occasion are directly impact on the future development ofthe new media industry in India.
The Indian government makes practical and effective policies and measures to leads development of new media industry and to build a reasonable industrial chain ofnew media industry initiatively,encouraging open competition,all of these are theactive enlightenment to the new media industry development in China.
在我国，对印度新媒体产业方面的研究比较少，一般都是对发展实态的报道或者是对实态进行简单分析，而且大多数都只是选取单个新媒体领域进行分析。本论文主要选取了印度新媒体产业发展的实态、要因及趋势三个层面，结合经济学制度学派理论，对印度新媒体产业中具有代表性、在国际上具有领先水平的印度互联网产业、手机产业和网络游戏产业进行了详细系统地分析，既可以比较全面提供对印度新媒体产业发展的观察视角，也有利于比较深入地聚焦具有启示价值的重要问题。
本研究从对以电视为代表的传统媒体在印度的出现及普及入手，对印度传统媒体的发展进行了系统地梳理，揭示了印度传统媒体的发展为新媒体发展提供了实践经验和技术引进模式，并且在传统媒体的发展过程中，印度政府对媒介产业的管理从最初的国家垄断到走向开放为印度新媒体产业的发展奠定了市场环境。随着发达国家新媒体产业的迅速发展以及印度经济生活水平的提高，印度媒介跟随着全球浪潮走进了新媒体发展的时代。
印度政府针对本国电信业和新媒体产业发展的实态，不断推出开放电信业的新政策，促进新媒体产业自由发展，并且印度政府还对新媒体产业发展采取多元鼓励措施，大力扶持软件业推进新媒体产业内容创新，着力推行有利于培养新媒体产业发展技术人才的教育政策，缩小数字鸿沟确保新媒体产业发展地区平衡，重视女性在使用新媒体中的平等地位。印度政府在制定政策，采取措施的同时还不断地制定电信业发展目标，这些目标的制定，为印度新媒体产业不同阶段的发展指明了发展方向。
通过对印度新媒体产业发展历程的梳理，我们可以看出，印度新媒体产业的发展能够取得今天这样的成就，从历史学、经济学、心理学等学科的角度看，与一些国际和国内的推动力是息息相关的。从国际动力来看，虽然印度新媒体的发展与西方发达国家新媒体的发展还存在着一定的差距，但是发达国家，尤其是美国新媒体产业的发展居世界领先地位，印度政府在新媒体产业方面与美国的合作，使美国新媒体产业的发展大大带动了印度新媒体产业的发展，为印度新媒体产业迅速发展提供了技术保障。英国在印度长达百年的殖民统治，为印度教育业提供了国际化的发展模式，还有英语语言在印度的推广和运用，为今天印度研究和发展新媒体产业提供了语言上的便利。从印度国内的发展动力来看，印度是世界上最大的民主国家，也是民主制度下，等级分化最为严重的国家，孤立的地理环境、长达两百多年的殖民统治，使处于民主制度下、金字塔顶端的印度精英阶层对将印度建设成为世界大国抱有强烈的渴望，这些国际、国内动力都推动着印度一次次地向世界各领域先进水平冲刺，使它成为了一个在世界各国眼中“不可思议”的东方国度。另外，印度本国企业积极适应国际电信业及新媒体产业的发展，将自己的服务范围扩展到世界各地，全力打造国际化印度电信产业。还有近年来，定居海外和归国的印侨也积极投身于家乡新媒体产业的建设，成为印度新媒体产业发展主要的技术和资金后援。
在研究的过程中，我们也可以看到，印度新媒体产业中的手机产业、互联网产业以及网络游戏产业在发展过程中都面临了许多的机遇和挑战，如何抓住机遇，迎接挑战，直接影响着新媒体产业今后在印度的发展。
印度政府对新媒体产业制定具有实用性的有效战略措施，主动引导新媒体产业的发展，悉心打造适应本国新媒体产业发展的产业链，鼓励开放竞争，这些都使得印度新媒体能够在印度政府强权政策下自由的发展，对中国新媒体产业的发展具有积极的启示作用。
For many years,we have been pay more attention to the developed countries ofthe world and research their economic development,but India that a country in our andalso in European developed countries’ eyes that’s a economic backward country,and ithas a large population,living in poverty,when we ignored it,the country suddenlychanged it's identity to be a country that was the fourth-largest economy of theworld,having the most young population and flourishing middle class,33privateenterprises of India developed to be world-class scale and competitiveness,all of thoseare the edge tools it rapidly developed and catch up to China.Additionally,Indiaattracted numerous foreign merchants to invest and located their factories inIndia,make it to be the second largest destination of foreign investment and the largestprocessing plants of the world.Nowadays,the development of the Indian new mediaindustry also makes the world shock,it attracts the world’s eyes on it’s internetindustry,it’s mobile phone industry has the second largest user group of the world,andit’s network games industry has the bright prospect development,it’s animationindustry has the most potential and constantly surpassing the international level of theworld.What makes this ever backward developing country has such a great leap intheir new media industry? This is a question that we need to research.
In our country,the research about Indian new media industry is veryless,generally,the content of these reports are the development of the real states oranalyse the states simply,and most of these reports are just choose only one field ofIndian new media to analyze.This paper mainly selected three levels,that are thestates,essensial factors and the trends of the development of Indian new mediaindustry,combined the economics system school theory and mainly selected theInternet industry,the mobile industry and the online game industry of India toresearch,because all of them are the representatives of Indian new media industry andthe leading level in the internation.This research not only can provide comprehensive perspective to the development of Indian new media industry,but also in favor offocus on the important problem of revelation more in depth.
This study starts from the emergence and popularity of the television as arepresentative of the traditional media in India,then carding development of thetraditional media industry of india,reveals that the development of the traditionalmedia provided practical experience and technology import mode for the new mediadevelopment in India and in the development process of the traditional media,theIndian government managed the media industry from the state monopoly initial toopen,that established the market environment for the new media industry.Along withthe new media industry developed fast in developed countries and Indian economyliving standard improved,Indian traditional media accompany with globaltide,developed into the new media period.
The Indian government aim at the real situation of it’s telecoms industry and newmedia industry,inacted new policies to open the telecom industry and promoted thenew media industry developed freely and the Indian government take multipleencourage measures in new media industry development,strive to develop thesoftware industry to innovated the content in the new media industry,focused on carryout the education policies that available to cultivate technical personnel for new mediaindustry development,narrowing digital divide to ensure that new media industrydeveloped balance in city and town,values the equal status of women using the newmedia.In the meantime that the Indian government making policies and takingactions,it also constantly sets development goals of telecom industry,these targets senda sign for the new media industry of India in different stages of development.
By means of carding the course of development of new media industry in Indiaand from the history,economics,psychology and other disciplines point of view,we cansee that the development of new media industry succeed in India today has someinternational and domestic impetus,from the international impetus,we can see thatalthough there still exist a long distance in development of the new media between India and western developed countries,but the developed countries,especially the newmedia industry of American is the leadership in the world,the Indian governmentcooperated with the United States in the new media industry area makes thedevelopment of new media industry in the United States greatly contributed to thedevelopment of the new media industry in India,it provides the technical guarantee fornew media industry rapidly developed in India.Britain colonial rule in India as long astwo hundred years provided the international developmental mode for Indianeducation,and it’s convenience for researching and developing the new media industryin India,because the English language having been used and extended in India.Fromthe domestic impetus,we can see that India is the largest democracy country in theworld,it’s also a country that polarization seriously under the democraticsystem,isolated geographic environment,as long as two hundred years of colonialdomination,making the elite under the democratic system and at the top of thepyramid in India have strong desire to build the India to be a world powers,thesedriving India sprint to the advanced level of the world again and again,make India tobe a "amazing country" in all countries of the world’s eyes.In addition,the domesticenterprises of India actively adapt to the development of the internationaltelecommunications and new media industry,extending their own service scope to allover the world,trying their best to build international telecommunications industry inIndia.In recent years,the Indian people who settled overseas and return to India alsoactively constructed the new media industry of their hometown,they are become themain technical and financial backing in new media industry development in India.
In the process of research,we can see that in developmental course of new mediaindustry in India,all of the mobile industry,internet industry and the Internet networkgame industry are facing many opportunities and challenges,how to seize theopportunities and rise to the occasion are directly impact on the future development ofthe new media industry in India.
The Indian government makes practical and effective policies and measures to leads development of new media industry and to build a reasonable industrial chain ofnew media industry initiatively,encouraging open competition,all of these are theactive enlightenment to the new media industry development in China.
引文
1潘松.我们向印度学什么:印度超一流企业的崛起与启示.北京：机械工业出版社，2010.
2马塾君.中国对印度直接投资研究.北京：中国财政经济出版社，2009.
3许剑波.谁掌握了未来21世纪的社会主义与资本主义:印度这大象.深圳：海天出版社，2010，3页.
4林毅夫.经济发展与转型，北京大学出版社，2008年，第3页.
5[美]丹斯坦博克（Dan Steinbock）.移动革命,岳蕾，周兆鑫，译.北京：电子工业出版社，2006.
6印度电信局TRAI数据报告.
7印度I-cube IMRB数据报告
8龙锦.日本发展新媒介产业的动因及战略研究,2011.
9[印]拉玛拜贾珀卡(Rama Bijapurkar).占领印度市场:如何在全球最后一个决胜全局的市场中成功，2009,
10S.C.鲍普莱主编.印度1947——1950年亚洲事务文件选集，第2卷，牛津大学出版社，1959，第51页,
11张讴.印度文化产业（世界文化产业丛书）.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2007.
12林承节.独立后的印度史.北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
13对印度运用计划手段的基本原理的精彩解释，见Chakravarty(1987)以及Halan(1992).
14《人民日报海外版》http://gb.cri.cn/7212/2005/04/30/1165@533692.htm
15IMRB辛迪加研究报告.
16I cube2008, IMRB Syndication[C].
17I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
18Williams2007,http://www.directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id=2395&trv=1
19I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
20李怀亮.新媒体：竞合与共赢.北京：中国传媒大学出版社，2008
21[印]米拉坎达著.印度星球——快速发展给世界带来的影响.黄悦,译.北京：生活读书新知三联书店，2009.
22许剑波.谁掌握了未来21世纪的社会主义与资本主义:印度这大象.深圳：海天出版社，2010，244页.
23张讴.印度文化产业（世界文化产业丛书）.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2007，269页.
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26Geoff Hiscock.India’s Store Wars:Retail Revlution and the Battle for the next500Million Shoppers[M],2008.
27Social Network IndyaRocks Raises Strategic Investment From ValueFirst，on May19th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-social-network-indyarocks-raises-strategic-investment-from-valuefirst/
28India’s Broadband Wireless Auction Ends; Operator&Circlewise Results，on June11th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-indias-broadband-wireless-auction-ends-operator-circlewise-results/
29Tata Indicom May Suspend Or Terminate Unlimited Broadband Accounts If Used Beyond Limits，on March4th,2009，http://www.medianama.com/2009/03/223-tata-indicom-suspend-terminate-broadband/
30Symbian Developer Network February2008http://developer.symbian.com/main/downloads/papers/LBS/Introduction_to_Location-Based_Services_on_Symbian_OS.pdf
31Future of Cyber Cafes in India,on10Oct2009, http://www.bloggernews.net/122583
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35What’s New About The New Orkut; To Open Mobile API，on November16th,2009.http://www.medianama.com/2009/11/223-whats-new-about-the-new-orkut-to-open-mobile-api/
36印度独立60周年：电信业助经济梦想变为现实，人民邮电报，2007.8.31.
37[美]丹斯坦博克（Dan Steinbock）.移动革命,岳蕾，周兆鑫，译.北京：电子工业出版社，2006.
38[印度]Amitabh Kumar著,刘荣科孔亚萍崔竞飞译,移动电视：DVB-H、DMB、3G系统和富媒体应用,机械工业出版社，85页.
39March2010: India Added At Least13.94Million GSM Connections; Reliance Telecom? on April22nd,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/04/223-march-2010-india-added-at-least-13-94-million-gsm-connections-reliance-telecom/
40[印度]Amitabh Kumar著,刘荣科孔亚萍崔竞飞译,移动电视：DVB-H、DMB、3G系统和富媒体应用,机械工业出版社，114页.
41Mauj Takes FHM Mobile，on December4th,2008，http://www.medianama.com/2008/12/223-mauj-takes-fhm-mobile/
42[印度]Amitabh Kumar著,刘荣科孔亚萍崔竞飞译,移动电视：DVB-H、DMB、3G系统和富媒体应用,机械工业出版社，283页.
43[印度]Amitabh Kumar著,刘荣科孔亚萍崔竞飞译,移动电视：DVB-H、DMB、3G系统和富媒体应用,机械工业出版社，85页。85页.
44The Online Games Market in India is Starting to Heat Up Due to an Increase in Internet Users and BroadbandPenetration[J]，April,2006.
45Synqua Games To Develop Games On Amar Chitra Katha, Tinkle; Rights To Mythological Characters?[J] April,2009.
46BWA Auction, Pan-India Price On Day14Is7x Base Price,73.1%3G Price，on June10th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-bwa-auction-pan-india-price-on-day-14-is-7x-base-price-73-1-3g-price/
47张讴.印度文化产业（世界文化产业丛书）.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2007，249页.
48印度电信业走向开放竞争[J]，2009年4月2日.
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51许剑波.谁掌握了未来21世纪的社会主义与资本主义:印度这大象.深圳：海天出版社，2010，117页.
52许剑波.谁掌握了未来21世纪的社会主义与资本主义:印度这大象.深圳：海天出版社，2010，123页.
53The Price Of Mobile Number Portability In India; New Telcos Vs Old，on August11th,2009，http://www.medianama.com/2009/08/223-the-price-of-mobile-number-portability-in-india-new-telcos-vs-old/
54Ibibo Integrates Telco Billing For Micro-transactions In “Great Indian Parking Wars”， on May17th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-ibibo-integrates-teleco-billing-for-micro-transactions-in-great-indian-parking-wars/
55Social Network IndyaRocks Raises Strategic Investment From ValueFirst，on May19th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-social-network-indyarocks-raises-strategic-investment-from-valuefirst/
56Ad Network Komli Media Raises$6Million In Funding For AsiaPac Expansion，on July14th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/07/223-ad-network-komli-media-raises-6-million-in-funding-for-asiapac-expansion/
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62I-Cube Report2008[C].
63I-Cube Report2009[C].
64Give TRAI’s Broadband Plan a Hand–Ajit Balakrishnan, on July1st,2010,http://www.medianama.com/2010/07/223-give-trai%e2%80%99s-broadband-plan-a-hand-ajit-balakrishnan/#more-6158301Times Audience Network To Open Up Its API;“Video Ad Inventory Has To Be Sold By The Publisher”, onMarch16th,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/03/223-times-audience-network-to-open-up-its-api-video-ad-inventory-has-to-be-sold-by-the-publisher/
66IAMAI’s Comments To Standing Committee On The Copyright (Amendment) Bill2010, on June15th,2010,http://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-iamais-comments-to-standing-committee-on-the-copyright-amendment-bill-2010/
67What Exactly Is RCom’s Mobile Jockey Service? on May5th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-what-exactly-is-rcoms-mobile-jockey-service/
68Updated: IPL Supports Rights Holders; vRock Bags IPL Mobile Rights，on March8th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/03/223-vrock-ipl/
69智能手机进村印度手机产业机遇与挑战并存，2008年08月22日，国际电子商情.
70I-cube report2010[C].
71WIN PLC Board Recommends IMI Mobile’s Cash Offer To Shareholders; Why This Deal，on June26th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-win-plc-board-recommends-imi-mobiles-cash-offer-to-shareholders-why-this-deal/#more-18241
72May2010:9.24M Broadband Connections In India;16.39M Mobile Additions，on July1st,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/07/223-may-2010-9-24-m-broadband-connections-in-india-16-39m-mobile-additions/
73Mobile VAS Co Spice Digital Plans IPO，on July8th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/07/223-mobile-vas-co-spice-digital-plans-ipo/
74Telenity website，www.telenity.com
7571Million People Claimed to have used Internet in2009,on April5,2010,http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/internet/2010040547312.htm
76I cube2008, IMRB Syndication[C].
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79MTS Has5M Mobile, Over100k Mobile Broadband Subs; Russia To Invest$677M For20%Stake，on June23rd,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-mts-has-5m-mobile-over-100k-mobile-broadband-subs-russia-to-invest-677m-for-20-stake/
80OnMobile Global Standalone Net Profit Up22.2%; Content Costs Down，on July26th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/07/223-onmobile-global-standalone-net-profit-up-22-2-content-costs-down/
81OnMobile Global FY10Revenues Up To Rs.4.54Bn; Profit Down To Rs.423M，May3rd,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-onmobile-global-fy10-revenues-up-to-rs-4-54bn-profit-down-to-rs-423m/
82Mobile India2010: No Innovation In VAS; Why G1, Nexus One Weren’t Launched In India，on January11th,2010，on February17th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/02/223-mwc-2010-advertising-analytics-telenity-omniture-shazam-mocean-openwave/
83Symbian Developer Network[M] February2008, Williams2007, Indoor LBS2007.
84Planning Commission2003,http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/restruc/stdy_rsturc_ch1.pdf
85http://location.net.in/india/2008/conference/Ashulbskp.ppt
86http://www.gisdevelopment.net/interview/previous/ev0124mark.htm
87http://www.tech2.com/biz/india/news/communication/indian-blackberry-users-may-face-govtblackout/20921/0, http://www.bbhub.com/2006/12/28/and-the-1-blackberry-market-in-india-is/
88Pande, ibid[C].
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92Trai March2008[C].
93FMCG Majors Offer Mobile Applications To Reel In Users，on July30th,2009，http://www.medianama.com/2009/07/223-fmcg-majors-offer-mobile-applications-to-reel-in-users/
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95FutureGroup In Talks To Acquire Digital Services Co; Plans Mobile, Kiosk Initiatives，on May18th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-futuregroup-in-talks-to-acquire-digital-services-co-plans-mobile-kiosk-initiatives/
96Desai2006[C].
97http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206904955
98Noam1995[C].
99See Marks and Williamson,2007for a detailed discussion of the issues involved in the role of the marketin spectrum allocation[M].
100Results Digest: TV Today Q1-10Net Profit Plunges79.5%; Deccan Chronicle Q1-10Profit Rs.770M, on August4th,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/08/223-results-digest-tv-today-q1-10-net-profit-plunges-795-deccan-chronicle-q1-10-profit-rs-770m/
101I—Cube2009[C].
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105Goldman Sachs reports[C].
106Goldman Sachs reports[C].
107I-Cube2007[C].There was42million people who have experienced Internet in one form or other in2007.
108On Integration Of Maps With Social Networks, Events, News&More, on November23rd,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/11/223-on-integration-of-maps-with-social-networks-events-news-more/
109Ibibo Integrates Telco Billing For Micro-transactions In “Great Indian Parking Wars”, on May17th,2010,http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-ibibo-integrates-teleco-billing-for-micro-transactions-in-great-indian-parking-wars/
110Microsoft India’s Free Trial Of Online Services For SMBs; No ERP, on July21st,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/07/223-microsoft-indias-free-trial-of-online-services-for-smbs-no-erp/
111IMBR report[C].
11271Million People Claimed to have used Internet in2009,on April5,2010,http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/internet/2010040547312.htm
115I—Cube2009[C].
117Saregama Net Profits Up42.4%On Flat Revenues; Revenues From Film Down, on January20th,2010,http://www.medianama.com/2010/01/223-saregama-net-profits-up-42-4-on-flat-revenues-revenues-from-film-down/
118注：基于2009年384万声称互联网使用者.
119I-Cube2007[C].
120Please refer to get a list of companies that are GAP certified.,http://www.whoisagap.com/companies/
12111th annual Salary Increase Survey conducted by Hewitt Associates[M].
122Progress and status of different Telecom development parameters[J],April2009.
123Marks P, B.Williamson,Spectrum allocation, spectrum commons and public goods:the role of the market[C],MPRA paper No.6785,2007. http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen. de/6785/1/MPRA_paper_6785.pdf.
124Medianama.com
125I-cube2007[C]、I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
126I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
127Business Wire,www.businesswire.com
128IAMAI,IIMRB,关于印度手机增值服务的统计报告.
129BSNL Report[C],www.bsnl.co.in
130Saregama Net Profits Up42.4%On Flat Revenues; Revenues From Film Down, on January20th,2010,http://www.medianama.com/2010/01/223-saregama-net-profits-up-42-4-on-flat-revenues-revenues-from-film-down/
131Source:NRS2006[C].
132No Single Category Contributes More Than10%To Our Revenues–IndiaMart CEO Dinesh Agarwal, onMarch13th,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/03/223-no-single-category-contributes-more-than-10-to-our-revenues-indiamart-ceo-dinesh-agarwal/
133高柏，《中国经济发展模式转型与经济社会学制度学派》，《社会学研究》2008年第4期.
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2)常县宾.关于印度、墨西哥利用外资的比较研究（2009）
3)赵伟红、杨兴礼的《印度崛起的影响因素及战略意义》（2009）
4)孙先民、张玉立的《服务外包经济效应分析：以印度为例》（2010）
5)张敏秋的《中国与印度：龙与象的博弈》
6)《印度电信产业现状及发展态势》（2009）
7)王耀东的《印度报业蓬勃发展迎接新媒体挑战》（2009）
8)马健的《印度文化与软件产业发展》（2008）
9)刘海玲的《英国殖民与印度软件业》（2009）
10)李大薇的《印度经济发展模式研究》（2009）
11)顾海兵、沈继楼、刘玮的《印度国家经济安全的经验与借鉴》（2009）
12)赵伟红杨兴礼《印度崛起的影响因素及战略意义》（2009）
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26) CNN.com—Breaking News,U.S.,World,Weather,Entertainment&Video News
27) CBS.com—Official Site of CBS
28) LA Phil Presents Hollywood Bow/HOME
29) Discovery Channel
30) The History Channel—Home Page
31) YouTube—Broadcast Yourself.
32) National Geographic Magazine
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34) Alpha Magazine—Mad About Sport
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36) India’s economy/Articles By Subject/Economist.com
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38) BBC—Homepage
39) News
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4林毅夫.经济发展与转型，北京大学出版社，2008年，第3页.
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6印度电信局TRAI数据报告.
7印度I-cube IMRB数据报告
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10S.C.鲍普莱主编.印度1947——1950年亚洲事务文件选集，第2卷，牛津大学出版社，1959，第51页,
11张讴.印度文化产业（世界文化产业丛书）.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2007.
12林承节.独立后的印度史.北京：北京大学出版社，2005.
13对印度运用计划手段的基本原理的精彩解释，见Chakravarty(1987)以及Halan(1992).
14《人民日报海外版》http://gb.cri.cn/7212/2005/04/30/1165@533692.htm
15IMRB辛迪加研究报告.
16I cube2008, IMRB Syndication[C].
17I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
18Williams2007,http://www.directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id=2395&trv=1
19I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
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25[美]伊斯曼等.媒介COO——广播、电视、网络运营实务.李德刚，何玉，译.北京：华夏出版社，2004.
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27Social Network IndyaRocks Raises Strategic Investment From ValueFirst，on May19th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-social-network-indyarocks-raises-strategic-investment-from-valuefirst/
28India’s Broadband Wireless Auction Ends; Operator&Circlewise Results，on June11th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-indias-broadband-wireless-auction-ends-operator-circlewise-results/
29Tata Indicom May Suspend Or Terminate Unlimited Broadband Accounts If Used Beyond Limits，on March4th,2009，http://www.medianama.com/2009/03/223-tata-indicom-suspend-terminate-broadband/
30Symbian Developer Network February2008http://developer.symbian.com/main/downloads/papers/LBS/Introduction_to_Location-Based_Services_on_Symbian_OS.pdf
31Future of Cyber Cafes in India,on10Oct2009, http://www.bloggernews.net/122583
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56Ad Network Komli Media Raises$6Million In Funding For AsiaPac Expansion，on July14th,2010，http://www.medianama.com/2010/07/223-ad-network-komli-media-raises-6-million-in-funding-for-asiapac-expansion/
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62I-Cube Report2008[C].
63I-Cube Report2009[C].
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74Telenity website，www.telenity.com
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105Goldman Sachs reports[C].
106Goldman Sachs reports[C].
107I-Cube2007[C].There was42million people who have experienced Internet in one form or other in2007.
108On Integration Of Maps With Social Networks, Events, News&More, on November23rd,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/11/223-on-integration-of-maps-with-social-networks-events-news-more/
109Ibibo Integrates Telco Billing For Micro-transactions In “Great Indian Parking Wars”, on May17th,2010,http://www.medianama.com/2010/05/223-ibibo-integrates-teleco-billing-for-micro-transactions-in-great-indian-parking-wars/
110Microsoft India’s Free Trial Of Online Services For SMBs; No ERP, on July21st,2009,http://www.medianama.com/2009/07/223-microsoft-indias-free-trial-of-online-services-for-smbs-no-erp/
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115I—Cube2009[C].
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118注：基于2009年384万声称互联网使用者.
119I-Cube2007[C].
120Please refer to get a list of companies that are GAP certified.,http://www.whoisagap.com/companies/
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124Medianama.com
125I-cube2007[C]、I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
126I-cube2008[C]、I-cube2009[C].
127Business Wire,www.businesswire.com
128IAMAI,IIMRB,关于印度手机增值服务的统计报告.
129BSNL Report[C],www.bsnl.co.in
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131Source:NRS2006[C].
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133高柏，《中国经济发展模式转型与经济社会学制度学派》，《社会学研究》2008年第4期.
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15)[印]库马，Amitabh Kumar.移动电视:DVB-H、DMB、3G系统和富媒体应用.(国际信息工程先进技术译丛).刘荣科，孔亚萍，崔竞飞译.北京：机械工业出版社，2009.
16)[美]马克·杜茨.释放印度的创新潜力:实现可持续性和包容性增长.张传良，译.北京：中信出版社，2009
17)[美]拉斐奇多萨尼(Rafiq Dossani).印度来了:经济强国如何重新定义全球贸易.张美霞，薛露然，译.北京：东方出版社，2009
18)[印]拉玛拜贾珀卡(Rama Bijapurkar).占领印度市场:如何在全球最后一个决胜全局的市场中成功，2009
19)徐滇庆,柯睿思，李昕.终结贫穷之路中国和印度发展战略比较.北京：机械工业出版社，2009
20)袁志刚，万广华.发展中大国的竞争——中国和印度谁将胜出.上海：复旦大学出版社，2009
21)马塾君.中国对印度直接投资研究.北京：中国财政经济出版社，2009
22)赵干城.印度:大国地位与大国外交.上海：上海人民出版社，2007
23)[美]G·T·加勒特.印度的遗产.上海：上海人民出版社，2007
24)马yin.当代印度外交.上海：上海人民出版社，2007
25)[美]史蒂芬罗奇.未来的亚洲:新全球化时代的机遇与挑战.束宇，马萌，译.北京：中信出版社，2009
26)张力群.印度经济增长研究.南京：东南大学出版社，2009
27)许剑波.谁掌握了未来21世纪的社会主义与资本主义:印度这大象.深圳：海天出版社，2010
28)潘松.我们向印度学什么:印度超一流企业的崛起与启示.北京：机械工业出版社，2010
29)“金砖四国”联合统计手册:巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国.中国国家统计局，2010
30)杨冬云著.印度经济改革与发展的制度分析.北京：经济科学出版社，2006
31)马加力著.关注印度——崛起中的大国.天津：天津人民出版社，2002
32)郑瑞祥著.印度的崛起于中印关系，当代世界出版社，2006
33)吴永年等著.21世纪印度外交新论.上海：上海译文出版社，2004
34)张敏秋主编.跨越喜马拉雅障碍——中国寻求了解印度.重庆：重庆出版社，2006
35)王德华，吴扬主编.龙与象：21世纪中印崛起的比较.上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2003
36)赵蔚文著.印美关系爱恨录：半个多世纪的回顾与展望.北京：时事出版社，2003
37)谭中.CHINDIA/中印大同：理想与现实.银川：宁夏人名出版社，2007
38)左学金等主编.龙象共舞——对中国和印度两个复兴大国的比较研究.上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2007
39)李连庆著.我在印度当大使.上海：上海辞书出版社，2007
40)戴永红著.印度软件企业国际化研究.巴蜀书社，2008
41)任佳著.印度发展方式比较研究——中国与印度经济发展比较.社会科学院出版社，2008
42)刘建，朱明忠，葛维钧著.印度文明（修订插图本）.福建：福建教育出版社，2008
43)袁南生著.感受印度.北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007
44)葛宁著.印度笔记.北京：京华出版社，2007
45)任佳，陆德明，张荐华著.中国与印度经贸合作战略（中国云南省与印度经贸和科教合作研究）——南亚书系.昆明：云南人民出版社，2003
46)赵鸣歧著.印度之路——印度工业化道路探析.北京：学林出版社，2005
47)葛维钧，孙士海著.印度.北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003
48)[印]威奈莱,[美]威廉·L·西蒙.思考印度.宣晓凤，汤凤云，译.上海：上海大学出版社，2010
49)[美]史密斯著，丁德良译.龙象之争：中国、印度语世界新秩序.北京：当代中国出版社，2007
50)[印]杰伦·兰密施著，蔡枫，董方峰译.理解CHINDIA——关于中国与印度的思考.银川：宁夏人民出版社，2006
51)索尔孟著，吴志中，王思为译.印度制造探索现代印度的文明精神与智慧.允晨文化事业股份有限公司，2009
52)哈姆著,赵雪译.印度虎：印度高科技企业Wipro如何重写国际竞争法则.北京：电子工业出版社，2007
53)姜石景，苏茉译.去印度的多多.北京：人民文学出版社，2005
54)[英]V.S.奈保尔，李永平译.幽黯国度记忆与现实交错的印度之旅.生活·读书·新知三联书店，2003
55)张金鹏.莲花之上——印度行游书.北京：中国青年出版社，2007
56)[印]阿马蒂亚·森，刘建译.惯于争鸣的印度人：印度人的历史文化与身份论集，2007
57)[印]马宗达，赖乔杜里，达塔著，谢澎霖等译，《高级印度史》，上下册，商务印书馆，1986
58)[印]辛哈，班纳吉著，张若达，冯金辛译，《印度通史》，1——4册，商务印书馆，1973
59)[印]潘尼迦著，吴立椿，欧阳采薇译，《印度简史》，三联书店，1957
60)[苏]安东诺娃，戈尔德别尔格，奥西波夫主编，北京编译社译，吴长福，杨德友校，《印度近代史》，三联书店，1978
61)[印]拉·杜特著，陈洪进译，《英属印度经济史》，上下册，三联书店，1965
62)[德]皮尔尼.龙象：印度中国如何改变世界.国际文化出版公司，2008.
63)汤用彤.印度哲学史略.上海：上海世纪出版集团
64)郑瑞祥.印度的崛起与中印关系.北京：当代世界出版社，2006
65)林承节.殖民统治时期的印度史.北京：北京大学出版社，2004
66)林承节.独立后的印度史.北京：北京大学出版社，2005
67)[英]史密斯.龙象之争：中国、印度与世界新秩序.丁德良，译.北京：当代中国出版社，2007
68)刘建，朱明忠，葛维钧.印度文明.福建：福建教育出版社，2008
69)杨冬云.印度经济改革与发展的制度分析.北京：经济科学出版社,2006
70)[印]杰伦·兰密施.理解CHINDIA——关于中国与印度的思考.蔡枫，董方峰，[36]译.银川：宁夏人民出版社，2006
71)[印]阿玛蒂亚·森，让·德雷兹.印度：经济发展与社会机会.北京：社会科学文献出版社，2006
72)[法]多米尼克·拉皮埃尔，[美]拉里·柯林斯著，周万秀，吴葆璋译，《圣雄甘地》，新华出版社，1986
73)[印]杜危，吴耀宗译，《甘地自传》，商务印书馆，1985
74)[印]张宝芳译，《尼赫鲁自传》，世界知识出版社，1956
75)[印]尼赫鲁著，齐文译，《印度的发现》，世界知识出版社，1956
76)[英]拉·帕·杜德著，黄季芳译，《今日印度》，上下册，世界知识出版社，1953
77)[巴]G·阿拉纳著，袁维学译，《伟大领袖真纳，一个民族的经历》，商务印书馆，1983
78)[英]赫克托·博莱索著，李荣熙译，《巴基斯坦的缔造者真纳传》
79)华中师大，《简明印度史》，湖南出版社，1991
80)闵光沛主编，《殖民地印度综论》，四川民族出版社，1996
81)陈峰君主编，《印度社会述论》，中国社会科学出版社，1991
82)黄思骏，《印度土地制度研究》，中国社会科学出版社，1998
83)黄心川，《印度近现代哲学》，商务印书馆，1989
84)林承节，《印度古代史纲》，北京大学出版社，2000
85)袁南生.感受印度.北京：中国社会科学出版社，2007
86)葛宁.印度笔记.北京：京华出版社，2007
87)任佳，陆德明，张荐华.中国与印度经贸合作战略（中国云南省与印度经贸和科教合作研究）——南亚书系.昆明：云南人民出版社，2003
88)姜石景.与印度的多多.苏末,译.北京：人民文学出版社，2005
89)[英]V.S.奈保尔.幽暗过度记忆与现实交错的印度之旅.北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2003
90)葛维钧，孙士海.印度.北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003
91)[印]阿马蒂亚·森.惯于争鸣的印度人：印度人的历史文化与身份论集.桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007
92)[德]皮尔尼.龙象：印度中国如何改变世界.国际文化出版公司，2008
93)戴永红.印度软件企业国际化研究.巴蜀书社，2008
94)沈开艳.经济发展方式比较研究——中国与印度经济发展比较.北京：社会科学院出版社，2008
95)王德华，吴扬.龙与象：21世纪中印崛起的比较.上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2003
96)马加力.关注印度——崛起中的大国.天津：天津人民出版社，2002
97)姚海根，孔玲君，滕莉.电子出版概论.北京：印刷工业出版社，2003
98)中国传媒大学广告主研究所.新媒体激变——广告2.0时代的新媒体真相.北京：中信出版社,2008
99)喻国明.传媒变革力.广州：南方日报出版社，2009
100)[加]霍斯金斯.媒介经济学——经济学在新媒介与传统媒介中的应用.支庭荣，吴非，译.广州：暨南大学出版社，2005
101)靳智伟，华明，卢锋.南方博弈——全球化语境下的电视竞争策略.广州：南方日报出版社，2006
102)门洪华.中国：软实力方略.杭州：浙江人民出版社，2007
103)[英]道尔.理解传媒经济学.李颖，译.北京：清华大学出版社,2004
104)李怀亮.新媒体：竞合与共赢.北京：中国传媒大学出版社，2008
105)门罗E普莱斯.媒介与主权.北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008
106)[美]保罗莱文森.手机.何道宽，译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004
107)蒋宏，徐剑.新媒体导论.上海：上海交通大学出版社,2006
108)网络电子期刊质量控制研究.北京：北京图书馆出版社,2007
109)赵曙光,耿强.网络媒体经营战略.北京：新华出版社,2002
110)陶然.网络整体策划与设计.北京：新华出版社,2002
111)[印]米拉坎达著.印度星球——快速发展给世界带来的影响.黄悦,译.北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2009.
112)吴信训,金冠军.中国传媒经济研究1949——2004.上海：复旦大学出版社,2004
113)赵化勇,孟建,吴克宇.电视媒介经济学.华夏出版社,2004
114)赵曙光.媒介经济学案例分析.北京：华夏出版社，2004
115)赵曙光，张志安.媒介资本市场.北京：华夏出版社，2004
116)禹建强.媒介战略管理案例分析.北京：华夏出版社，2004
117)吴信训.世界传媒产业评论（第四辑）.北京：中国国际广播出版社,2009
118)崔保国.2009年：中国传媒产业发展报告.北京：社会科学文献出版社，2009
119)[美]艾尔巴兰，[美]陈-奥姆斯特德.全球传媒经济.王越，译.北京：中国传媒大学出版社，2006
120)亚历山大.媒介经济学：理论与实践（第三版）.丁汉青，译.北京：中国人民大学出版社
121)艾尔布兰.传媒经济学：市场、产业与观念：第2版.北京：中国传媒大学出版社，2009
122)[美]伊斯曼等.媒介COO——广播、电视、网络运营实务.李德刚，何玉，译.北京：华夏出版社，2004
123)[美]罗伯特艾伦.重组话语频道——电视与当代批评理论.北京：北京大学出版社,2007
124)[加拿大]文森特莫斯可.传播：在政治和经济的张力下——传播政治经济学.胡正荣等,译.华夏出版社,2000
125)吴信训，金冠军，李海林.现代传媒经济学.上海：复旦大学出版社,2005
126)硬权力与软权力.北京：北京大学出版社
127)孟建，纪华强，钱海红.中国公共关系发展报告蓝皮书2005——2006.太原：山西教育出版社，2006
128)曹月娟.《印度新媒体产业》.北京：中国国际广播出版社，2012
129)苏志武，丁俊杰.亚洲传媒研究.2005.北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2006
130)[美]凯斯R桑斯坦.信息乌托邦:众人如何生产知识.毕竞悦,译.北京：法律出版社，2008
1)刘林鹏、候建森、黄鹭闽.印度经济崛起制约因素分析（2010）
2)常县宾.关于印度、墨西哥利用外资的比较研究（2009）
3)赵伟红、杨兴礼的《印度崛起的影响因素及战略意义》（2009）
4)孙先民、张玉立的《服务外包经济效应分析：以印度为例》（2010）
5)张敏秋的《中国与印度：龙与象的博弈》
6)《印度电信产业现状及发展态势》（2009）
7)王耀东的《印度报业蓬勃发展迎接新媒体挑战》（2009）
8)马健的《印度文化与软件产业发展》（2008）
9)刘海玲的《英国殖民与印度软件业》（2009）
10)李大薇的《印度经济发展模式研究》（2009）
11)顾海兵、沈继楼、刘玮的《印度国家经济安全的经验与借鉴》（2009）
12)赵伟红杨兴礼《印度崛起的影响因素及战略意义》（2009）
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