转化医学科研组织模式构建的研究
|
摘要
近年来，为了解决基础和临床“两张皮”的困境，提高生物医学科技投资效益，促进向生物医学研究为人类健康服务的原始目的回归，“转化医学”的概念被提出。但转化医学作为生物医学发展的新模式和科技管理的新理念，涉及整个医学科研管理体系的变革，目前发展仍然面临着很多问题。当前有关转化医学科研组织模式研究很少开展且多集中于基础到临床、临床到应用障碍的横断面研究，尚未见到基于转化医学整个发展体系的科研组织模式的系统研究。研究符合转化医学发展特征的科研组织管理模式对推动转化医学的快速发展具有重要意义。
本研究采用文献研究、个人深入访谈、案例研究和问卷调查等方法，在充分了解转化医学发展现状和存在问题的基础上，剖析影响转化医学发展的理论和实践因素，解析转化医学的本质特征及其对科研组织创新的内在要求，比较分析现有转化医学科研组织模式，总结组织管理经验和策略，现场研究调查科研人员对转化医学科研组织模式的认识和意见，创建符合转化医学发展特征的科研组织模式和转化医学中心建设构想，为推动转化医学的进一步发展提供决策依据和管理参考。论文共分七章：
第一章是导论。总结分析转化医学的提出背景、发展现状、面临的挑战、科研组织管理现状，提出本课题的研究意义。通过检索相关文献，归纳国内外对于转化医学、科研组织管理、管理模式、协同创新等的相关概念和理论研究的成果，并阐述研究方法，提出本课题的主要研究内容、研究思路，制定技术路线。
第二章是影响转化医学科研组织模式形成及发展的理论因素研究。提出科学管理理论、系统理论、国家创新体系理论和现代管理理论等管理理论为转化医学科研组织模式的创新提供了理论指导和系统借鉴。总结分析当代生物医学发展影响转化医学发展的实践因素，提出了当代生物医学的发展对科研组织管理创新的新要求，为研究转化医学科研组织模式提供理论支撑和实践依据。
第三章是转化医学内涵本质及其对管理创新影响的研究。对转化医学概念进行了深化和拓展，认为转化医学是一个致力于克服基础研究与临床和公共卫生应用严重失衡的医学发展新模式，其核心是在“健康问题－基础研究－临床应用－人群健康－卫生政策”（T1-T2-T3-T4）之间，建立“连续、双向、开放和循环”的研究促进过程。提出要从4T模式来认识转化医学的观点，并在此基础上阐述了转化医学发展对科研组织模式创新的要求，明确了转化医学科研管理模式构建应重点关注的内容。
第四章是转化医学科研组织管理现状的案例研究。通过中外11个转化医学中心的案例研究，展示国内外转化医学现实运行模式的特征，指出美国已建成“新型医学研究合作的孵化中心”，中国主要是“临床医学研究中心模式”，且尚未建立针对性的管理机制。提出建设转化医学中心是推进转化医学发展的一个有益载体，明确转化医学发展的理念引导、建设途径、政策机制、人才培养等关键问题，为转化医学科研组织模式的构建提供现实参考。
第五章是转化医学科研组织管理模式构建的问卷调查研究。从转化医学的理念、组成要素、管理机制等方面对15个单位360名科技人员问卷调查，重点阐述转化医学的理念普及范围、发展体系主要内容、机制创新和改革重点，并以这三个方面要素为主体内容提出了构建转化医学科研组织模式的设想方案，为转化医学科研组织模式的构建提供基本框架和要素。
第六章是模式构建。明确提出系统化、开放性、质量效益、可行性和指导性是转化医学科研组织模式构建应遵循的基本原则，并依据转化医学发展内涵确定用综合法构建其组织管理模式；用“管理理念＋管理体系＋管理机制”来认识和理解转化医学科研组织模式的构建框架。综合分析前面几部分研究结果，构建了“全维式交叉协同”转化医学科研组织模式，并提出转化医学中心的建设构想方案，为转化医学的组织管理提供了思维范式和方法参考。并在模式构建的基础上，提出对中国转化医学科研组织模式改革的建议。
第七章是全文总结。对全文进行总结和讨论，展望转化医学的发展，总结本研究的创新点和不足之处。
本课题从转化医学的基本特征和内涵本质出发，立足于转化医学提出和发展的特定需求，以整体和系统的理论和观点进行课题设计和思考，研究了基于转化医学整个发展体系的科研组织管理要素，对转化医学科研组织管理的目标进行了准确定位，创新提出转化医学科研组织管理模式和转化医学中心建设构想，为转化医学的快速发展提供决策依据和管理参考，也为丰富和完善转化医学的发展理论作出一定贡献。
Translational medicine was put forth to deal with the awkwardness of “the valley ofdeath” between basic bio-medicine research and clinic practice, improve the interest ofbiomedicine research investment and recall to the ultimate aim of medical research:protecting population health. However, translational medicine, a new mode of bio-medicinedevelopment and the new perception of scientific research management, is facing manychallenges at present. To date, few studies of the scientific research management oftranslational medicine was carried out on the interfaces between basic research, clinicpractice, and population health, and no systematic research has been done in concerningwith its development on the whole. Therefore, to undertake this study on the scientificresearch management in line with the characteristics of transitional medicine may shed lighton remarkable improvement of the development of translational medicine.
The methods taken in this study were literatures review, in-depth interview, case studyand questionnaires. The scientific research management mode of translational medicineand mode of the translational medicine center were proposed to be set up based on fullyunderstanding the development, characteristics and nature of translational medicine,reviewing the theory for health research management and its influencing factors; analyzingthe present scientific research management of the centers of translational medicine homeand abroad and summarizing their managing experiences and strategies, and surveying thecomments for translational research management from the health researchers. Totally thisstudy included7parts as follows:
Part1is the preface. By reviewing the background, development and challenges oftranslational medicine, the current situation of scientific research management, andprevious studies on scientific research management of translational medicine, this prefaceput forward the research aim, methods, content and flow chart of the whole study.
Part2is the introduction of theoretical factors associated with the scientific research management for translational medicine. This part reviewed theories of scientificmanagement, systematic management, National System of Innovation and modernmanagement, to provide the theoretical guidance for innovative scientific researchmanagement mode of translational medicine; summarized the influential factors of modernbio-medical science development on scientific research management; and finally identifiedthe requirement of translational medicine for scientific research management, providingtheoretical support and practical guidance for the new mode of scientific researchmanagement of translational medicine.
Part3is about the characteristics of translational medicine and its influence onscientific research management innovation of translational medicine. This part identifiedthat translational medicine actually is a new mode of medicine, and new conception formedical research management; and enlarged the meanings of translational medicine; anddefined translational medicine as a continue, two-way circle, open process among humanhealth-basic research-clinic practice-population health-health policy（T1-T2-T3-T4）andput forth that the new4T laid at the core of the mode of translational medicine research.Altogether, this part demonstrated the requirements for innovation of the scientific researchmanagement for translational medicine and clarified the key points of constructing ascientific research management mode.
Part4is the case study on the present scientific research management fortranslational medicine home and abroad. In this part, the management and organizationof11translational research centers home and abroad were described in details andanalyzed, and the differences between them were identified; USA established theirtranslational medicine centers as the centers for hatching new research cooperation,however, translational research centers in China were centers for clinic study in fact;the translational medicine center is identified as a good carrier to improve thedevelopment of translational medicine; this part emphasized the importance to enlargeconcept of translational medicine, policy and training of translational researchers,providing crucial evidence for new scientific research management mode oftranslational medicine.
Part5is the survey on the scientific research management of translational medicineresearch. This part covered surveys of360researchers from15medical research units.Results identified the coverage of enlarging concept of translational medicine, key elements of the scientific research management mode for translational medicine; andput forth the main part of management mode for translational medicine, providingcritical evidence for policy making and framework related to translational medicine.
Part6is the development of the management mode for translational medicine. Thispart gave the principles used for scientific research management mode establishment;summarized and analyzed the results from the above5parts; then put forth the mode oforganizing and managing translational medicine research from the view of the researchstrategy and scheme of establishment of translational medicine centers; finally themode graph for translational medicine and graph for specific center of translationalmedicine were given and the comments for translational medicine in China weresummarized
Part7is the conclusion. This part dealt with the conclusion and discussion of thewhole study, drew a blue print for translational medicine, and summarized theinnovation, strengthens and weakness of the whole study.
Taken together, under the guidance of systematic theory on scientific researchmanagement, this study novelly put forth the mode of scientific research management fortranslational medicine and translational medical center in China by understanding thenature and characteristics of translational medicine, investigating key elements for themode of scientific research management for translational medicine, and correctlyretargeting the goal of scientific research management for translational medicine. Inaddition, this study further developed meanings of translational medicine, providingevidence for further policy making and management as well as new concepts of the theoryof translational medicine.
本研究采用文献研究、个人深入访谈、案例研究和问卷调查等方法，在充分了解转化医学发展现状和存在问题的基础上，剖析影响转化医学发展的理论和实践因素，解析转化医学的本质特征及其对科研组织创新的内在要求，比较分析现有转化医学科研组织模式，总结组织管理经验和策略，现场研究调查科研人员对转化医学科研组织模式的认识和意见，创建符合转化医学发展特征的科研组织模式和转化医学中心建设构想，为推动转化医学的进一步发展提供决策依据和管理参考。论文共分七章：
第一章是导论。总结分析转化医学的提出背景、发展现状、面临的挑战、科研组织管理现状，提出本课题的研究意义。通过检索相关文献，归纳国内外对于转化医学、科研组织管理、管理模式、协同创新等的相关概念和理论研究的成果，并阐述研究方法，提出本课题的主要研究内容、研究思路，制定技术路线。
第二章是影响转化医学科研组织模式形成及发展的理论因素研究。提出科学管理理论、系统理论、国家创新体系理论和现代管理理论等管理理论为转化医学科研组织模式的创新提供了理论指导和系统借鉴。总结分析当代生物医学发展影响转化医学发展的实践因素，提出了当代生物医学的发展对科研组织管理创新的新要求，为研究转化医学科研组织模式提供理论支撑和实践依据。
第三章是转化医学内涵本质及其对管理创新影响的研究。对转化医学概念进行了深化和拓展，认为转化医学是一个致力于克服基础研究与临床和公共卫生应用严重失衡的医学发展新模式，其核心是在“健康问题－基础研究－临床应用－人群健康－卫生政策”（T1-T2-T3-T4）之间，建立“连续、双向、开放和循环”的研究促进过程。提出要从4T模式来认识转化医学的观点，并在此基础上阐述了转化医学发展对科研组织模式创新的要求，明确了转化医学科研管理模式构建应重点关注的内容。
第四章是转化医学科研组织管理现状的案例研究。通过中外11个转化医学中心的案例研究，展示国内外转化医学现实运行模式的特征，指出美国已建成“新型医学研究合作的孵化中心”，中国主要是“临床医学研究中心模式”，且尚未建立针对性的管理机制。提出建设转化医学中心是推进转化医学发展的一个有益载体，明确转化医学发展的理念引导、建设途径、政策机制、人才培养等关键问题，为转化医学科研组织模式的构建提供现实参考。
第五章是转化医学科研组织管理模式构建的问卷调查研究。从转化医学的理念、组成要素、管理机制等方面对15个单位360名科技人员问卷调查，重点阐述转化医学的理念普及范围、发展体系主要内容、机制创新和改革重点，并以这三个方面要素为主体内容提出了构建转化医学科研组织模式的设想方案，为转化医学科研组织模式的构建提供基本框架和要素。
第六章是模式构建。明确提出系统化、开放性、质量效益、可行性和指导性是转化医学科研组织模式构建应遵循的基本原则，并依据转化医学发展内涵确定用综合法构建其组织管理模式；用“管理理念＋管理体系＋管理机制”来认识和理解转化医学科研组织模式的构建框架。综合分析前面几部分研究结果，构建了“全维式交叉协同”转化医学科研组织模式，并提出转化医学中心的建设构想方案，为转化医学的组织管理提供了思维范式和方法参考。并在模式构建的基础上，提出对中国转化医学科研组织模式改革的建议。
第七章是全文总结。对全文进行总结和讨论，展望转化医学的发展，总结本研究的创新点和不足之处。
本课题从转化医学的基本特征和内涵本质出发，立足于转化医学提出和发展的特定需求，以整体和系统的理论和观点进行课题设计和思考，研究了基于转化医学整个发展体系的科研组织管理要素，对转化医学科研组织管理的目标进行了准确定位，创新提出转化医学科研组织管理模式和转化医学中心建设构想，为转化医学的快速发展提供决策依据和管理参考，也为丰富和完善转化医学的发展理论作出一定贡献。
Translational medicine was put forth to deal with the awkwardness of “the valley ofdeath” between basic bio-medicine research and clinic practice, improve the interest ofbiomedicine research investment and recall to the ultimate aim of medical research:protecting population health. However, translational medicine, a new mode of bio-medicinedevelopment and the new perception of scientific research management, is facing manychallenges at present. To date, few studies of the scientific research management oftranslational medicine was carried out on the interfaces between basic research, clinicpractice, and population health, and no systematic research has been done in concerningwith its development on the whole. Therefore, to undertake this study on the scientificresearch management in line with the characteristics of transitional medicine may shed lighton remarkable improvement of the development of translational medicine.
The methods taken in this study were literatures review, in-depth interview, case studyand questionnaires. The scientific research management mode of translational medicineand mode of the translational medicine center were proposed to be set up based on fullyunderstanding the development, characteristics and nature of translational medicine,reviewing the theory for health research management and its influencing factors; analyzingthe present scientific research management of the centers of translational medicine homeand abroad and summarizing their managing experiences and strategies, and surveying thecomments for translational research management from the health researchers. Totally thisstudy included7parts as follows:
Part1is the preface. By reviewing the background, development and challenges oftranslational medicine, the current situation of scientific research management, andprevious studies on scientific research management of translational medicine, this prefaceput forward the research aim, methods, content and flow chart of the whole study.
Part2is the introduction of theoretical factors associated with the scientific research management for translational medicine. This part reviewed theories of scientificmanagement, systematic management, National System of Innovation and modernmanagement, to provide the theoretical guidance for innovative scientific researchmanagement mode of translational medicine; summarized the influential factors of modernbio-medical science development on scientific research management; and finally identifiedthe requirement of translational medicine for scientific research management, providingtheoretical support and practical guidance for the new mode of scientific researchmanagement of translational medicine.
Part3is about the characteristics of translational medicine and its influence onscientific research management innovation of translational medicine. This part identifiedthat translational medicine actually is a new mode of medicine, and new conception formedical research management; and enlarged the meanings of translational medicine; anddefined translational medicine as a continue, two-way circle, open process among humanhealth-basic research-clinic practice-population health-health policy（T1-T2-T3-T4）andput forth that the new4T laid at the core of the mode of translational medicine research.Altogether, this part demonstrated the requirements for innovation of the scientific researchmanagement for translational medicine and clarified the key points of constructing ascientific research management mode.
Part4is the case study on the present scientific research management fortranslational medicine home and abroad. In this part, the management and organizationof11translational research centers home and abroad were described in details andanalyzed, and the differences between them were identified; USA established theirtranslational medicine centers as the centers for hatching new research cooperation,however, translational research centers in China were centers for clinic study in fact;the translational medicine center is identified as a good carrier to improve thedevelopment of translational medicine; this part emphasized the importance to enlargeconcept of translational medicine, policy and training of translational researchers,providing crucial evidence for new scientific research management mode oftranslational medicine.
Part5is the survey on the scientific research management of translational medicineresearch. This part covered surveys of360researchers from15medical research units.Results identified the coverage of enlarging concept of translational medicine, key elements of the scientific research management mode for translational medicine; andput forth the main part of management mode for translational medicine, providingcritical evidence for policy making and framework related to translational medicine.
Part6is the development of the management mode for translational medicine. Thispart gave the principles used for scientific research management mode establishment;summarized and analyzed the results from the above5parts; then put forth the mode oforganizing and managing translational medicine research from the view of the researchstrategy and scheme of establishment of translational medicine centers; finally themode graph for translational medicine and graph for specific center of translationalmedicine were given and the comments for translational medicine in China weresummarized
Part7is the conclusion. This part dealt with the conclusion and discussion of thewhole study, drew a blue print for translational medicine, and summarized theinnovation, strengthens and weakness of the whole study.
Taken together, under the guidance of systematic theory on scientific researchmanagement, this study novelly put forth the mode of scientific research management fortranslational medicine and translational medical center in China by understanding thenature and characteristics of translational medicine, investigating key elements for themode of scientific research management for translational medicine, and correctlyretargeting the goal of scientific research management for translational medicine. Inaddition, this study further developed meanings of translational medicine, providingevidence for further policy making and management as well as new concepts of the theoryof translational medicine.
引文
1. Mckinney GR，Stavely HE．From bench to bedside: the biologist in drug development.Bioscience,1966,16:683-687.
2. Choi DW. Bench to bedside: the glutamate connection. Science,1992,258(5080):241-243.
3. Geraghty J. Adenomatous polyposis coli and translational medicine. Lancet,1996,17:348-422.
4. Zerhouni E. The NIH Roadmap. Science.2003;302(5642):63-72.
5.陈发明,金岩,施松涛,赵铱民.转化医学:十年回顾与展望.实用口腔医学杂志.2011,27（1）:5-11.
6. Krontiris TG, Rubenson D.Matchmaking, metrics and money: a pathway to progress intranslational research. Bioessays.2008;30(10):1025-9.
7.易学明.推进转化医学研究,建设转化型医院.医学研究生学报,2011,24（3）:225-227.
8.现代医学体系. http://baike.baidu.com/view/5144377.htm.
9.肖振山.二十世纪医学成就.老年人.2000,26:27.
10.李鲁.《社会医学》第二版.2006.人民卫生出版社.
11.王济,王琦。中医体质研究与4P医学的实施。中国中西医结合杂志,2012;5:20-23.
12.刘景水。浅析现代管理理论的发展。探索争鸣,2009;20:50-51.
13.张大庆、程之范、彭瑞骢。20世纪医学：回顾与思考。医学与哲学,2001;6:60-62.
14. Rubio DM, Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, PlattLD, Baez A, Esposito K. Defining Translational Research: Implications for Training.Acad Med.2010March;85(3):470–475.
15. Lehmann CU, Altuwaijri MM, Li YC, Ball MJ, Haux R. Translational research inmedical informatics or from theory to practice. Methods Inf Med,2008,47(1):123.
16. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ.Cancer statistics,2007. Cancer JCl in,2007,57:43266.
17.来茂德。转化医学:从理论到实践。浙江大学学报(医学版),2008;5:429-431.
18. Butler D.Translational research: crossing the valley of death. Nature.2008;453(7197):840-2.
19. Pozen R, Kline H. Defining success for translational research organizations. Sci TranslMed.2011;3(94):94.
20. Edrtarial. Phagocytes and the“bench-bedside interface”. N Engl J Med1968;278:1014-1016.
21. Wolf S．The real gap between bench and bedside．N Engl J Med，1974，290:802-803.
22. Merz B. Nobelists take genetics from bench to bedside．JAMA1985;254:3161.
23. Browman GP, Levine MN, Roberts RS. Bench-to-bedside research and the humantumor stem-cell assay—bridging the credibility gap. J Clin Oncol1986;4:1730-1731.
24. Minna JD，Gazdar AF. Translational research comes of age. Nat Med,1996,2:974-975.
25. Rustgi AK．Translational research: What is it? Gastroenterology1999;116:1285.
26. Zerhouni EA．Translational and clinical science-Time for a new vision．N Engl J Med2005;353:1621-1623.
27. Zerhouni EA，Alving B．Clinical and Translational Science Awards: a framework for anational research agenda. Transl Res2006;148:4-5.
28. Zerhouni EA. Translational research: Moving discovery to practice. Clin PharmacolTher，2007;81:126-128.
29. Littman BH，Di Mario L，Plebani M. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci2007;112:217-227.
30. Woolf SH. The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA2008;299:211-213
31.方福德,程书钧,田玲。建设研究型医院促进转化医学发展。中国卫生政策研究,2009;7:16-19
32. The NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences: How Will It Work? 33. Avorn J. The NIH translational research center might trade public risk for privatereward. Nat Med17:1176.
34. Portilla LM, Evans G, Eng B.Advancing translational research collaborations. SciTransl Med.2010Dec22;2(63):63.
35.蔡红兵,李欣,孙学刚.加强推进力度，促进转化医学发展。南方医科大学学报,2011；31（5）：741-743.
36. Marc Shuman.怎样在临床实现转化医学理念。协和医学杂志，2011；4（2）：310-312.
37.刘正午。美国医改注重转化医学。医药经济报，2011。http://www. biotech. org.cn/information/86359
38.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网, http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
39. National institute for health research. http://www. Nihr. Ac. uk/infrastructure/Pages/infrastructure_biomedical_research_units．aspx2010-10-12.
40. Federal Ministry of Education and Research．http://www. Bmbf. de/en/1237. php.
41. Sebastian Staubert，Alfred Winter，Ronald Speer，Markus Loffler. Designing a Conceptfor an IT---Infrastructure for an Integrated Research and Treatment Center. Studies inhealth technology and informatics.2010,160:1319-23.
42. Brandt T. Zwergal A. Jahn K. Strupp M．Institutional profile: integrated center forresearch and treatment of vertigo, balance and ocular motor disorders. Restorativeneurology and neuroscience,2010,28(1):135-43.
43. About UQDI。http://www.di.uq.edu.au/about-us.
44. Three Renowned Clinician Scientists receive STaR awards to do Translational andClinical Research in Singapore．http://www. Duke-nus. Edu. sg/web/pdf/Media%20Release%20_STaR%20-2009_2%20Nov. pdf．
45. Wang X, Wang E, Marincola FM.Translational Medicine is developing in China: a newvenue for collaboration. J Transl Med.2011;9:3.
46.陈竺。推动转化医学发展应对人民健康挑战。中国科技奖励2011;3:06-07.
47.赵玉沛。借转化医学促进医学模式转变。健康报，2011-03-09.
48.刘小荣,张笠,王勇平,陈根元.转化医学在国内外的发展现状.国际检验医学杂志2011;32:2095.
49.苏格兰将启动全球首个转化医学合作研究中心. http://www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/show.php? id=33870.
50.北京大学医学部一密歇根大学医学院“转化医学与临床研究联合研究所”成立。北京大学学报：医学版，2010;42:660.
51. Mankoff SP, B rander C, Ferrone S, et a.l Lost in transla tion: Obstacles to translationalm ed ic ine. J TranslM ed,2004,2(1):14.
52.杨春喜,殷宁,戴魁戎。转化医学。中华医学杂志,2010,90(7):499-502.
53. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C.Translational research: from benchside tobedside[J]. Injury.2008;39(6):643-50.
54.苏格兰将启动全球首个转化医学合作研究中心。http://www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/show.php? id=33870.
55. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIHroadmap. JAMA.2007;297(4):403-6.
56. Zucker DR.What is needed to promote translational research and how do we get it? JInvestig Med.2009;57(2):468-70.
57. Pober JS, Neuhauser CS, Pober JM.Obstacles facing translational research in academicmedical centers. FASEB J.2001;15(13):2303-13.
58. Airong Luo, Kai Zh, Bhavnani,Collexis MW, Gunter DW.Institutional Infrastructure toSupport Translational Research,2010;49-56.
59. Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Vogel SN, Renshaw SA, Whyte MK, Dower SK.Identifyingand hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nat Rev Immunol.2007;7(1):77-82.
60. Sung NS, Crowley WF Jr, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB,Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA, Slavkin H, DobsA, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D.Central challenges facing the nationalclinical research enterprise. JAMA.2003;289(10):1278-87.
61. Kahn K, Ryan G, Beckett M, Taylor S, Berrebi C, Cho M, Quiter E, Fremont A,PincusH. Bridging the gap between basic science and clinical practice: a role forcommunity clinicians. Implement Sci.2011;6:34.
62. Fontanarosa PB, DeAngelis CD. Basic science and translational research in JAMA.JAMA.2002;287(13):1728.
63.夏征农，陈至立.《辞海》（第六版），上海辞书出版社，2010.
64.法约尔。《工业管理与一般管理》,中国社会科学出版社,1998版, P：2、2-5.
65.赵娟。理决策理论的创始人:赫伯特·西蒙。施工企业管理,2007;1:83.
66.周三多,陈传明.《管理学》.北京：高等教育出版社，2000.
67.曹菊兰。浅谈如何提高科技管理水平。新疆石油科技，2011,3:66-68.
68. Harrison, Norma, and Danny Samson. Technology Management: Text andInternational Cases. McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2001.
69. Harrison, Tarek. Management of Technology. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math,1999.
70. Rivas, Rio, and David H. Gobeli."Accelerating Innovation at Hewlett-Packard."Research-Technology Management2005,32.
71. COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK FOR STATE AID FOR RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION. Official Journal of the European Union,2006;12:1-26http://eur-lex.europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2006:323:0001:0026:EN:PDF.
72.刘国瑜。关于大学科研组织建设的思考。国家教育行政学院学报，2007；7:74-77.
73.周毅。跨世纪的国略：可持续发展。山西青年管理干部学院学报，1979,4:1-2.
74.孙瑞华，齐松仁。科研管理模式的探讨。中华现代中西医杂志，2003；1（4）：380-381.
75.郑陶、赵慧芬。浅谈科研管理的作用。中华医学科研管理杂志，2004；2:76-77.
76.傅文华。论医学科研管理中的科学决策。中华医学科研管理杂志，2002;15(3):148-150.
77.刘海林，姚书印。《医学科研管理学》，北京:人民卫生出版社，1991，63.
78.郝登峰。略论我国高校科研组织管理。科技创业月刊，2007,4:127-129.
79. NA Salingaros. Christopher Alexander. http://www.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/Chris.text.html.
80.刘金荣、单春晓。大学生创业孵化基地主要管理模式分析。中国成人教育，2009；2:25-26.
81. H.伊戈尔·安索夫(H. Igor Ansoff)。《战略管理》。机械工业出版社.
82.全利平，蒋晓阳。协同创新网络组织实现创新协同的路径选择.科技进步与对策,2011;9:17-20.
83.约瑟夫.熊彼特。《经济发展理论》。何畏译.北京：商务印书馆，1990.
84.雍兰利,叶微波。简论技术创新以及非技术创新。科技进步与对策，2006;11:159-161.
85.陈劲，阳银娟。协同创新的理论基础与内涵。科学学研究，2012；2：161-164.
86. Peter A. Gloor. Swarm Creativity:Competitive Advantage through CollaborativeInnovation Networks. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.2006.
87.张力。产学研协同创新的战略意义和政策走向。教育研究，2011;7:18-21.
88.熊励，孙友霞，蒋定福，刘文。协同创新研究综述---基于实现途径视角。科技管理研究,2011;14:15-18.
89.金荣华。转化医学是深刻革命。中国医院院长.2012, Z1:封面报道..
90.张宏家,刘欧,李艺影。转化医学理念下的医学研究生科研能力培养。临床和实验医学杂志。2012,11(2):157-158.
91.全利平，蒋晓阳。协同创新网络组织实现创新协同的路径选择，科技进步与对策，32011，28（9）15-18.
1.金荣华。转化医学是深刻革命。中国医院院长.2012, Z1:封面报道.
2.张宏家,刘欧,李艺影。转化医学理念下的医学研究生科研能力培养。临床和实验医学杂志，2012：11(2):157-158.
3.弗雷德里克.温斯洛.泰勒:《科学管理原理》。北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981.
4.李新春,胡晓红。科学管理原理：理论反思与现实批判.管理学报,2012;5:658-670.
5.宋婷霆。泰勒的科学管理理论以及对当代中国实践的启迪。商品与质量，2011；10：29.
6.周成仓。泰勒的科学管理思想对现代管理理论的重要影响。青海师范大学民族师范学院学报，2006；12：58-59.
7.余明威。泰勒的管理思想及其对管理理论的贡献。经济师.2012，1：40-41.
8.周文芳,范丰龙。论知识组织的系统论原理。情报资料工作,2007;6:50-51,61.
9.权威。论系统科学方法在科研中的指导作用。现代教育科学，2010；1：218.
10.盛四辈,宋伟。基于战略群视角的我国国家创新体系构建及演进研究。科学学与科学技术管理，2011（1）：73-77.
11.谢海波,林书兵。系统科学对教育与教育科研的影响及启示。高教探索，2009；5：73-76
12.魏迎新。关于对质量管理体系中过程方法和管理的系统方法的理解。http://emie.ciqcid.com/?id=285&news.
13.丁长栋,张晓东。国家创新体系理论综述。科技咨询,2006；14：233.
14.何树全。试论我国国家创新体系的框架、问题与思路。中国科技论坛，2005；5：54-58
15. LundvallB.National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation andInteractive Learning. Pinter, London,1992.
16.石定寰。《国家创新系统:现状与未来》。北京:经济管理出版社,1999.
17.吴晓松,段万春。国家创新体系中的互动关联分析。科技创新导报，2009；17：252
18.刘景水。浅析现代管理理论的发展。探索争鸣，2009；2：50-51.
19.郭咸纲。《西方管理思想史》。北京:经济管理出版社，2004.
20.王智丽。现代管理理论发展趋势及其启示。百家论坛，2007；6：43-44.
21.吴兆春,吴勇。走出管理理论的丛林-基于管理哲学的视角。科技管理研究。2011,5:229-232.
22.更生。生命科学。国防科技,2004， http://jpkc.jnxy.edu.cn/eduit/EduitDoc/45/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6.pdf.
23.许智宏。关于21世纪的生物医学。河南大学学报(社会科学版),2001；1-7.
24.卢大儒。21世纪的生物医学。中国考试(高考版），2002；6-7.
25.生命科学发展趋势。 MBA管理百科, http://www.yeewe.com,2012.
26.范江涛,闫惠青。现代医学的回顾和发展趋势。广西医科大学学报,2007,24:32-33.13.
27.罗长坤。生物医学发展前沿对管理创新的影响。医学与哲学，2001；43-46.
28. Aderem A. Systems biology: its pract ice and challenges [J]. Cell.2002,121(4):511-513.
29.《技术预测与国家关键技术选择》研究组。生命科学与生物技术领域组.生命科学发展趋势。中国社会科学院院报,2003.
30. Mabry PL, Olster DH, Morgan GD, Abrams DB.Interdisciplinarity and systems scienceto improve population health: a view from the NIH Office of Behavioral and SocialSciences Research. Am J Prev Med.2008Aug;35(2Suppl):S211-24.
31. Rebbeck TR, Paskett E, Sellers TA.Fostering transdisciplinary science. CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev.2010May;19(5):1149-50.
32.范江涛,闫惠青。现代医学的回顾和发展趋势。广西医科大学学报，2007；24：32-33
33.罗若愚,李亦学。系统生物学中建模方法的研究现状及展望.生命科学,2007,19:301-305.
34. Blanpied, W, Bond, JS，Irvine, J. Megascience projects an emerging issue for the21stcentury, in Equipping Science for the21st Century,1992，London: Elgar Press.
35.高宏生。系统生物学。国外医学卫生学分册,2007,34(6):392-393.
36.张宁,罗长坤。“会聚技术”及其对科技管理的影响。研究与发展管理。2005,17（5）:97-99.
37.罗长坤。当前生物医学发展趋势与特征。医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)，2011；32（2）：1-4.
38.四大技术会聚，世界将会怎样---NBIC会聚技术将实现21世纪科学技术新的复兴。世界科学,2004-05-10.
39.陈超、周玉红、王静波、党倩娜、潘俊、吴卓群、杨荣斌、张毅菁。四大技术会聚世界将会怎样。文汇报,2004;5:26-29.
40.张宁,罗长坤。当前生物医学发展的几个主要特征及其对医学科研管理的影响。中华科研管理杂志,2005,18（1）:13-15.
41. Zerhouni E. The NIH Roadmap. Science.2003;302(5642):63-72.
42.何晓。当我们进入转化医学时代。中国医药科学.2012,2(1):6.
43.王汝宽。生物医学发展趋势和生物医学发展战略（上）。医学情报工作，2000；21（3）：1-4.
44.中国卫生产业编辑部。科技创新助推跨越发展。中国卫生产业，2012,9(1):1.
45.王济，王琦。中医体质研究与4P医学的实施,中国中西医结合杂志,2012；5：3，693-695.
46.姚云清。新技术革命对现代医学发展的影响.西北医学教育.2004,12：1-3.
47.胡大一。现代医学发展探寻多学科整合之路。医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)，2009；30（2）：8-9,13.
48.钟世镇。对转化医学与人才培养的感受。中华关节外科杂志:电子版，2011，5(2):208-210.
49.秦守哲，于国艺。世纪之交的现代医学交叉学科及其发展。山东医科大学学报社会科学版1998；1：16-21.
50.来茂德。转化医学:从理论到实践。浙江大学学报(医学版)，2008；5:429-431.
51.孙明贵。日本的卫生医疗政策、现状、特征与改革。中国公共卫生管理，2012,28(1):8-12.
52. Dougherty D, Conway PH. The “3T's” road map to transform US health care: the“how” of high-quality care. JAMA.2008;299(19):2319-21.
1. Butler D．Translational research:crossing the valley of death．Nature，2008，453(7197):840-842.
2. Mckinney GR，Stavely HE． From bench to bedside: the biologist in drug development[J]. Bioscience，1966，16:683-687.
3. Editorial from The New England Journal of Medicine. Phagocytes and the benchbedside interface. N Engl J Med, l968,278(18):1014-1016.
4.刘志学。专家倡议:由“证据”向“政策”过渡,推动我国医学转化进程。中国医药导报2012；12：4
5. Choi DW. Bench to bedside: the glutamate connection. Science,1992,258(5080):241-243.
6. Geraghty J．Adenomatous polyposis coli and translationalmedicine．Lancet，1996，348(9025):422.
7. Zerhouni E．The NIH Roadmap．Science，2003，302(5642):63-72.
8. Marincola FM．Translational Medicine:A two-way road．J Transl Med，2003，1(1):1-2.
9.谢松城。转化医学与临床工程。《2011年浙江省医学会医学工程学分会第九届学术年会论文汇编》。2011-09-15http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZJKX201109002005.htm.
10.姜波.转化医学-需要积极关注的新领域.新疆医学,2010；12（25）：105-107.
11.李平，唐启盛。转化医学理念与中医药发展新机遇。北京中医药大学学报(中医临床版)，2012；1（5）：5-9.
12.转化医学的概念和阶段划分。中国全科医学，2012（11）：1208.
13.全球卫生组织。转化医学通讯. http://www.chinacts.org/pdf/GlobalMD%20newsletter%20110221. pdf.
14. Sung NS, Crowley WF Jr, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB,Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA, Slavkin H, DobsA, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D.Central challenges facing the nationalclinical research enterprise. JAMA.2003;289(10):1278-87
15. Woolf SH.The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA.2008;299(2):211-3.
16. Fontanarosa PB, DeAngelis CD. Basic science and translational research inJAMA.JAMA.2002;287(13):1728.
17. McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J The quality of health care delivered toadults in theUnited States. N Engl J Med.2003;348(26):2635-2645.
18. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L.Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIHroadmap. JAMA.2007;297(4):403-6.
19. Dougherty D, Conway PH. The "3T's" road map to transform US health care: the"how" of high-quality care. JAMA.2008;299(19):2319-21.
20. Drolet BC, Lorenzi NM.Translational research: understanding the continuum frombench to bedside. Transl Res.2011;157(1):1-5.
21.蒋学武。哈佛大学医学院转化医学实践的启示。中华医学，2010；22:1519-1521.
22. About Harvard Catalyst。http://catalyst.harvard.edu/.
23.转化医学话题：令人担心的转化医学。http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0807/21/1547893_228913097.shtml.
24. Tufts CTSI. http://www.tuftsctsi.org/.
25. Khoury MJ，Gwinn M，Yoon PW． The continuum of translation research in genomicmedicine: how can we accelerate the appropriate integration of human genomediscoveries into health care and disease prevention. Genet Med，2007，9:665-674.
26.曹雪涛.在第三军医大学的学术报告《研究生的创新培养》，2012.6.
27.陈发明，金岩，施松涛，赵铱民。转化医学:十年回顾与展望。实用口腔医学杂志，2011；27（1）：5-11.
28. Krontiris TG, Rubenson D.Matchmaking, metrics and money: a pathway to progress intranslational research. Bioessays.2008;30(10):1025-9.
29.来茂德.转化医学:从理论到实践.浙江大学学报(医学版,2008;5:429-431.
30. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV.Translationalresearch: from benchside to bedside. Injury.2008;39(6):643-50. Epub2008May.
31. Pozen R, Kline H. Defining success for translational research organizations. Sci TranslMed.2011;3(94):94.
32. Zucker DR.What is needed to promote translational research and how do we get it? JInvestig Med.2009;57(2):468-70.
33. Pober JS, Neuhauser CS, Pober JM.Obstacles facing translational research in academicmedical centers. FASEB J.2001;15(13):2303-13.
34. Airong L，Kai Zh，Bhavnani S，Collexis MW，Gunter DW.Institutional Infrastructureto Support Translational Research.2010;49–56.
35. Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Vogel SN, Renshaw SA, Whyte MK, Dower SK.Identifyingand hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nat Rev Immunol.2007;7(1):77-82.
36.黄敏。转化医学与医院科研管理。医学与哲学，2011；32（7）:6-9.
37. Kahn K, Ryan G, Beckett M, Taylor S, Berrebi C, Cho M, Quiter E, Fremont A,PincusH. Bridging the gap between basic science and clinical practice: a role forcommunity clinicians. Implement Sci.2011;6:34.
38. Mankoff SP, Brander C, Ferrone S, Marincola FM: Lost in Translation: Obstacles toTranslational Medicine. J Transl Med2004,2:14.
39. Ioannidis JP: Materializing research promises: opportunities, priorities and conflicts intranslational medicine. J Transl Med2004,2:5.
40.宇传华，胡樱。转化医学研究特点及其对目前医学发展的挑战。中华临床医师杂志，2012，6(5):1110-1112.
41. Albani S, Prakken B.The advancement of translational medicine-from regionalchallenges to global solutions. Nat Med.2009;15(9):1006-9.
42.钟世镇。对转化医学与人才培养的感受．中华关节外科杂志:电子版，2011，5(2):208-210.
43.田玲，张宏梁，马凌飞。国内外转化医学发展现状与展望。医学研究杂志，2011；40（1）：17-20.
44.夏青，郭超，沈如群。科研管理促进转化医学的发展。《中华医学科研管理杂志》2011；24（1）：2-4,7.
45.张力。产学研协同创新的战略意义和政策走向。教育研究，2011；7：18-21.
46.王江。构筑转化医学研究体系,促进交叉学科蓬勃发展。科技传播，2010-09-23.
47.华中科技大学教育科学研究院课题组;刘献君，彭安臣。高校跨学科科研组织的有效管理---多案例实证研究。高等工程教育研究，2008；6:82-86.
48.侯自新，王处辉。对高校科研组织改革与创新的建议。中国高等教育，2005；7:13-15.
49.赵劲松，叶建平。大学跨学科科研组织的体制困境与突破。科研管理，2008；17-20.
50. Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU). http://www.cdrewu.edu/
51. Translational research. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_research.
1. Wynsberghe Van, Khan S. Redefining case study. International Journal of QualitativeMethods2007,6(2)：80-94.
2. Johansson Rolf. Case Study Methodology. A key note speech at the InternationalConference “Methodologies in Housing Research” organised by the Royal Institute oftechnology in cooperation with the International Association of People-EnvironmentStudies, Stockholm,22-24September,2003.
3.唐国军。案例研究方法及其在国内教育研究中的应用述评。教育学术月刊,2011;12：14-17.
4.刘凡丰,沈兰芳。美国州立大学科研组织模式变革.高等教育研究.2007；28（5）:99-103.
5.蔡红兵,李欣,孙学刚,方唯意,张龙城,杨明会,姚开泰。加强推进力度，促进转化医学发展。南方医科大学学报，2011；31（5）：741-743.
6. National Center for Research Resources (Fall2009)."NCRR Fact Sheet: Clinical andTranslational Science Awards" http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications/pdf/ctsa_factsheet.pdf.
7. The NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences: How Will It Work? 8.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网。http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
9. About UQDI。http://www.di.uq.edu.au/about-us.
10. Wang X, Wang E, Marincola FM.Translational Medicine is developing in China: a newvenue for collaboration. J Transl Med.2011Jan4;9:3.
11.陈竺。推动转化医学发展应对人民健康挑战.中国科技奖励,2011;3:06-07.
12. UCSF. http://ctsi.ucsf.edu/about-us.
13.全球卫生组织。转化医学通讯。 http://www.chinacts.org/pdf/GlobalMD%20newsletter%20110221. pdf.
14.王键。美国科研体制对中国的启示。科学文化评论,2006;6:87-96.
15.贺德方。美国、英国、日本三国政府科研机构经费管理比较研究。中国软科学，2007；7:87-96.
16.王晓锋。树立大科学观---创新跨学科科研组织模式。中国高等教育,2011；2:24-26.
17. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV.Translationalresearch: from benchside to bedside. Injury.2008Jun;39(6):643-50.
1.孙瑞华，齐松仁。科研管理模式的探讨。中华现代中西医杂志，2003；1（4）：380-381.
2. Sonntag KC.Implementations of translational medicine. J Transl Med.2005Aug30;3:33.
3. About Harvard Catalyst。http://catalyst.harvard.edu/.
4. Duke Clinical and Translational Research. https://www.dtmi.duke.edu/.
5.全球卫生组织.转化医学通讯. http://www.chinacts.org/pdf/GlobalMD%20newsletter%20110221. pdf.
6. Woolf SH.The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA.2008;299(2):211-3.
7.桂永浩。转化医学:用多学科交叉策略推动医学发展.复旦教育论坛,2007,5(6):86-87
8.张力。产学研协同创新的战略意义和政策走向.教育研究.2011；7：18-21.
9. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV.Translationalresearch: from benchside to bedside. Injury.2008Jun;39(6):643-50.
10.钟世镇。对转化医学与人才培养的感受.中华关节外科杂志:电子版，2011，5(2):208－210.
11.陈治亚,蒋琦玮,冯芬玲,刘文丰。学科交叉条件下的研究生创新能力培养模式研究.科技和产业，2010；8：114-116.
12.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网。http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
13.史红兵,夏文莉,钱秀,红邵鼎。研究型大学科研组织的发展思考。中国高教研究,2011;2:56-58.
14.熊励,孙友霞,蒋定福,刘文。协同创新研究综述--基于实现途径视角.科技管理研究，2011；14：15-18.
1. Heylighen F.:"Principles of Systems and Cybernetics: an evolutionary perspective", in:Cybernetics and Systems '92, R. Trappl (ed.),(World Science, Singapore)1992. P：3-10.
2.陈金春,李军。论高校德育工作的开放性原则。辽宁教育研究,2006；8：95.
3.卢胜军。坚持质量效益原则推进政治工作创新发展。国防大学学报,2006；10：56-57.
4. DM Driesen. The Feasibility Principle http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Feasibility_407.pdf.
5. David M. Driesen. Distributing the Costs of Environmental, Health, and SafetyProtection: The Feasibility Principle, Cost-Benefit Analysis, and Regulatory Reform。http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1106&context.
6. NA Salingaros. Christopher Alexander. http://www.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/Chris. text.html.
7. PKJ Tobin. Research methodology. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.2006;1-25http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07302006-065725/unrestricted/05chapter5.pdf.
8.弗雷德里克.温斯洛.泰勒。科学管理原理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981.
9.李新春,胡晓红。科学管理原理：理论反思与现实批判。管理学报,2012;5:658-670
10. H COOPER. L. HEDGES Research synthesis as a scientific process. http://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/Cooper_Hedges_2d_Chap1_0.pdf.
11.权威。论系统科学方法在科研中的指导作用。现代教育科学,2010;1:218.
12.盛四辈,宋伟。基于战略群视角的我国国家创新体系构建及演进研究。科学学与科学技术管理,2011（1）:73-77.
13.刘景水。浅析现代管理理论的发展。魅力中国,2009;2:50-51.
14.陈劲,阳银娟。协同创新的理论基础与内涵.科学学研究,2012;30(2):1-3.
1.现代医学体系。http://baike.baidu.com/view/5144377.htm.
2.肖振山。二十世纪医学成就。老年人，2000；26:27.
3.张大庆、程之范、彭瑞骢。20世纪医学：回顾与思考。医学与哲学,2001;6:60-62.
4. Lehmann CU, Altuwaijri MM, Li YC, Ball MJ, Haux R. Translational research inmedical informatics or from theory to practice. Methods Inf Med,2008,47(1):123.
5. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ.Cancer statistics,2007. Cancer JCl in,2007,57:43266.
6.来茂德。转化医学:从理论到实践.浙江大学学报(医学版),2008;5:429-431.
7. Butler D.Translational research: crossing the valley of death. Nature.2008Jun12;453(7197):840-2.
8.王敏,刘妮波,张燕舞,张玢,李阳,许培扬。从文献分析角度聚焦国际转化医学研究发展及现状。基础医学与临床2011；1168-1175.
9. Pozen R, Kline H. Defining success for translational research organizations. Sci TranslMed.2011;3(94):94.
10. Edrtarial.Phagocytes and the“bench-bedside interface”．N Engl J Med1968;278:1014-1016.
11. Wolf S．The real gap between bench and bedside．N Engl J Med，1974，290:802-803.
12. Merz B. Nobelists take genetics from bench to bedside．JAMA1985;254:3161.
13. Browman GP，Levine MN，Roberts RS． Bench-to-bedside research and the humantumor stem-cell assay—bridging the credibility gap. J Clin Oncol1986;4:1730-1731.
14. Minna JD，Gazdar AF. Translational research comes of age．Nat Med，1996,2:974-975.
15. Rustgi AK. Translational research: What is it? Gastroenterology1999;116:1285.
16. Zerhouni EA. Translational and clinical science-Time for a new vision．N Engl J Med2005;353:1621-1623.
17. Zerhouni EA，Alving B．Clinical and Translational Science Awards: a framework for anational research agenda. Transl Res2006;148:4-5.
18. Zerhouni EA. Translational research: Moving discovery to practice. Clin PharmacolTher，2007;81:126-128.
19. Littman BH，Di Mario L，Plebani M. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci2007;112:217-227.
20. Woolf SH．The meaning of translational research and why it matters．JAMA2008;299:211-213.
21.苏格兰将启动全球首个转化医学合作研究中心. http://www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/show.php?id=33870.
22.国际转化医学学会（ISTM）成立。http://www.wiki8.com/History_446.html.
23. Clinical and translational science awards. http://www. ctsaweb. org/index. cfm?fuseaction=homeshow Part Inst List.
24.蔡红兵，李欣，孙学刚。加强推进力度，促进转化医学发展[J].南方医科大学学报，2011；31（5）：741-743.
25. Marc Shuman.怎样在临床实现转化医学理念。协和医学杂志，2011；4（2）：310-312.
26. National institute for health research．http://www．nihr．ac．uk/infrastructure/Pages/infrastructure_biomedical_research_units．aspx2010-10-12.
27.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网。 http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
28. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. http://www. Bmbf. de/en/1237. php.
29. Sebastian Staubert，Alfred Winter，Ronald Speer，Markus Loffler．Designing a Conceptfor an IT-Infrastructure for an Integrated Research and Treatment Center．Studies inhealth technology and informatics．2010，160:1319-23.
30. Brandt T. Zwergal A. Jahn K. Strupp M．Institutional profile: integrated center forresearch and treatment of vertigo，balance and ocular motor disorders. Restorativeneurology and neuroscience，2010，28(1):135-43.
31. About UQDI。http://www.di.uq.edu.au/about-us.
32. Wang X, Wang E, Marincola FM.Translational Medicine is developing in China: a newvenue for collaboration. J Transl Med.2011;9:3.
33.赵玉沛。借转化医学促进医学模式转变。健康报，2011-03-09.
34.陈竺。推动转化医学发展应对人民健康挑战。中国科技奖励，2011；3:06-07.
35.刘小荣;张笠;王勇平;陈根元.转化医学在国内外的发展现状.国际检验医学杂志,2011;32(18):2093.
36. Mankoff SP, B rander C, Ferrone S.L ost in translation: Obstacles to translationalmedicine. J Transl Med,2004,2(1):14.
37. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIHroadmap. JAMA.2007;297(4):403-6.
38. Zucker DR.What is needed to promote translational research and how do we get it? JInvestig Med.2009;57(2):468-70.
39. Pober JS, Neuhauser CS, Pober JM.Obstacles facing translational research in academicmedical centers. FASEB J.2001;15(13):2303-13.
40. Airong Luo, Kai Zh, Bhavnani,Collexis MW, Gunter DW.Institutional Infrastructure toSupport Translational Research,2010;49-56.
41. Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Vogel SN, Renshaw SA, Whyte MK, Dower SK.Identifyingand hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nat Rev Immunol.2007;7(1):77-82.
42. Sung NS, Crowley WF Jr, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB,Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA, Slavkin H, DobsA, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D.Central challenges facing the nationalclinical research enterprise. JAMA.2003;289(10):1278-87.
2. Choi DW. Bench to bedside: the glutamate connection. Science,1992,258(5080):241-243.
3. Geraghty J. Adenomatous polyposis coli and translational medicine. Lancet,1996,17:348-422.
4. Zerhouni E. The NIH Roadmap. Science.2003;302(5642):63-72.
5.陈发明,金岩,施松涛,赵铱民.转化医学:十年回顾与展望.实用口腔医学杂志.2011,27（1）:5-11.
6. Krontiris TG, Rubenson D.Matchmaking, metrics and money: a pathway to progress intranslational research. Bioessays.2008;30(10):1025-9.
7.易学明.推进转化医学研究,建设转化型医院.医学研究生学报,2011,24（3）:225-227.
8.现代医学体系. http://baike.baidu.com/view/5144377.htm.
9.肖振山.二十世纪医学成就.老年人.2000,26:27.
10.李鲁.《社会医学》第二版.2006.人民卫生出版社.
11.王济,王琦。中医体质研究与4P医学的实施。中国中西医结合杂志,2012;5:20-23.
12.刘景水。浅析现代管理理论的发展。探索争鸣,2009;20:50-51.
13.张大庆、程之范、彭瑞骢。20世纪医学：回顾与思考。医学与哲学,2001;6:60-62.
14. Rubio DM, Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, PlattLD, Baez A, Esposito K. Defining Translational Research: Implications for Training.Acad Med.2010March;85(3):470–475.
15. Lehmann CU, Altuwaijri MM, Li YC, Ball MJ, Haux R. Translational research inmedical informatics or from theory to practice. Methods Inf Med,2008,47(1):123.
16. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ.Cancer statistics,2007. Cancer JCl in,2007,57:43266.
17.来茂德。转化医学:从理论到实践。浙江大学学报(医学版),2008;5:429-431.
18. Butler D.Translational research: crossing the valley of death. Nature.2008;453(7197):840-2.
19. Pozen R, Kline H. Defining success for translational research organizations. Sci TranslMed.2011;3(94):94.
20. Edrtarial. Phagocytes and the“bench-bedside interface”. N Engl J Med1968;278:1014-1016.
21. Wolf S．The real gap between bench and bedside．N Engl J Med，1974，290:802-803.
22. Merz B. Nobelists take genetics from bench to bedside．JAMA1985;254:3161.
23. Browman GP, Levine MN, Roberts RS. Bench-to-bedside research and the humantumor stem-cell assay—bridging the credibility gap. J Clin Oncol1986;4:1730-1731.
24. Minna JD，Gazdar AF. Translational research comes of age. Nat Med,1996,2:974-975.
25. Rustgi AK．Translational research: What is it? Gastroenterology1999;116:1285.
26. Zerhouni EA．Translational and clinical science-Time for a new vision．N Engl J Med2005;353:1621-1623.
27. Zerhouni EA，Alving B．Clinical and Translational Science Awards: a framework for anational research agenda. Transl Res2006;148:4-5.
28. Zerhouni EA. Translational research: Moving discovery to practice. Clin PharmacolTher，2007;81:126-128.
29. Littman BH，Di Mario L，Plebani M. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci2007;112:217-227.
30. Woolf SH. The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA2008;299:211-213
31.方福德,程书钧,田玲。建设研究型医院促进转化医学发展。中国卫生政策研究,2009;7:16-19
32. The NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences: How Will It Work?
34. Portilla LM, Evans G, Eng B.Advancing translational research collaborations. SciTransl Med.2010Dec22;2(63):63.
35.蔡红兵,李欣,孙学刚.加强推进力度，促进转化医学发展。南方医科大学学报,2011；31（5）：741-743.
36. Marc Shuman.怎样在临床实现转化医学理念。协和医学杂志，2011；4（2）：310-312.
37.刘正午。美国医改注重转化医学。医药经济报，2011。http://www. biotech. org.cn/information/86359
38.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网, http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
39. National institute for health research. http://www. Nihr. Ac. uk/infrastructure/Pages/infrastructure_biomedical_research_units．aspx2010-10-12.
40. Federal Ministry of Education and Research．http://www. Bmbf. de/en/1237. php.
41. Sebastian Staubert，Alfred Winter，Ronald Speer，Markus Loffler. Designing a Conceptfor an IT---Infrastructure for an Integrated Research and Treatment Center. Studies inhealth technology and informatics.2010,160:1319-23.
42. Brandt T. Zwergal A. Jahn K. Strupp M．Institutional profile: integrated center forresearch and treatment of vertigo, balance and ocular motor disorders. Restorativeneurology and neuroscience,2010,28(1):135-43.
43. About UQDI。http://www.di.uq.edu.au/about-us.
44. Three Renowned Clinician Scientists receive STaR awards to do Translational andClinical Research in Singapore．http://www. Duke-nus. Edu. sg/web/pdf/Media%20Release%20_STaR%20-2009_2%20Nov. pdf．
45. Wang X, Wang E, Marincola FM.Translational Medicine is developing in China: a newvenue for collaboration. J Transl Med.2011;9:3.
46.陈竺。推动转化医学发展应对人民健康挑战。中国科技奖励2011;3:06-07.
47.赵玉沛。借转化医学促进医学模式转变。健康报，2011-03-09.
48.刘小荣,张笠,王勇平,陈根元.转化医学在国内外的发展现状.国际检验医学杂志2011;32:2095.
49.苏格兰将启动全球首个转化医学合作研究中心. http://www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/show.php? id=33870.
50.北京大学医学部一密歇根大学医学院“转化医学与临床研究联合研究所”成立。北京大学学报：医学版，2010;42:660.
51. Mankoff SP, B rander C, Ferrone S, et a.l Lost in transla tion: Obstacles to translationalm ed ic ine. J TranslM ed,2004,2(1):14.
52.杨春喜,殷宁,戴魁戎。转化医学。中华医学杂志,2010,90(7):499-502.
53. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C.Translational research: from benchside tobedside[J]. Injury.2008;39(6):643-50.
54.苏格兰将启动全球首个转化医学合作研究中心。http://www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/show.php? id=33870.
55. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIHroadmap. JAMA.2007;297(4):403-6.
56. Zucker DR.What is needed to promote translational research and how do we get it? JInvestig Med.2009;57(2):468-70.
57. Pober JS, Neuhauser CS, Pober JM.Obstacles facing translational research in academicmedical centers. FASEB J.2001;15(13):2303-13.
58. Airong Luo, Kai Zh, Bhavnani,Collexis MW, Gunter DW.Institutional Infrastructure toSupport Translational Research,2010;49-56.
59. Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Vogel SN, Renshaw SA, Whyte MK, Dower SK.Identifyingand hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nat Rev Immunol.2007;7(1):77-82.
60. Sung NS, Crowley WF Jr, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB,Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA, Slavkin H, DobsA, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D.Central challenges facing the nationalclinical research enterprise. JAMA.2003;289(10):1278-87.
61. Kahn K, Ryan G, Beckett M, Taylor S, Berrebi C, Cho M, Quiter E, Fremont A,PincusH. Bridging the gap between basic science and clinical practice: a role forcommunity clinicians. Implement Sci.2011;6:34.
62. Fontanarosa PB, DeAngelis CD. Basic science and translational research in JAMA.JAMA.2002;287(13):1728.
63.夏征农，陈至立.《辞海》（第六版），上海辞书出版社，2010.
64.法约尔。《工业管理与一般管理》,中国社会科学出版社,1998版, P：2、2-5.
65.赵娟。理决策理论的创始人:赫伯特·西蒙。施工企业管理,2007;1:83.
66.周三多,陈传明.《管理学》.北京：高等教育出版社，2000.
67.曹菊兰。浅谈如何提高科技管理水平。新疆石油科技，2011,3:66-68.
68. Harrison, Norma, and Danny Samson. Technology Management: Text andInternational Cases. McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2001.
69. Harrison, Tarek. Management of Technology. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math,1999.
70. Rivas, Rio, and David H. Gobeli."Accelerating Innovation at Hewlett-Packard."Research-Technology Management2005,32.
71. COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK FOR STATE AID FOR RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION. Official Journal of the European Union,2006;12:1-26http://eur-lex.europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2006:323:0001:0026:EN:PDF.
72.刘国瑜。关于大学科研组织建设的思考。国家教育行政学院学报，2007；7:74-77.
73.周毅。跨世纪的国略：可持续发展。山西青年管理干部学院学报，1979,4:1-2.
74.孙瑞华，齐松仁。科研管理模式的探讨。中华现代中西医杂志，2003；1（4）：380-381.
75.郑陶、赵慧芬。浅谈科研管理的作用。中华医学科研管理杂志，2004；2:76-77.
76.傅文华。论医学科研管理中的科学决策。中华医学科研管理杂志，2002;15(3):148-150.
77.刘海林，姚书印。《医学科研管理学》，北京:人民卫生出版社，1991，63.
78.郝登峰。略论我国高校科研组织管理。科技创业月刊，2007,4:127-129.
79. NA Salingaros. Christopher Alexander. http://www.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/Chris.text.html.
80.刘金荣、单春晓。大学生创业孵化基地主要管理模式分析。中国成人教育，2009；2:25-26.
81. H.伊戈尔·安索夫(H. Igor Ansoff)。《战略管理》。机械工业出版社.
82.全利平，蒋晓阳。协同创新网络组织实现创新协同的路径选择.科技进步与对策,2011;9:17-20.
83.约瑟夫.熊彼特。《经济发展理论》。何畏译.北京：商务印书馆，1990.
84.雍兰利,叶微波。简论技术创新以及非技术创新。科技进步与对策，2006;11:159-161.
85.陈劲，阳银娟。协同创新的理论基础与内涵。科学学研究，2012；2：161-164.
86. Peter A. Gloor. Swarm Creativity:Competitive Advantage through CollaborativeInnovation Networks. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.2006.
87.张力。产学研协同创新的战略意义和政策走向。教育研究，2011;7:18-21.
88.熊励，孙友霞，蒋定福，刘文。协同创新研究综述---基于实现途径视角。科技管理研究,2011;14:15-18.
89.金荣华。转化医学是深刻革命。中国医院院长.2012, Z1:封面报道..
90.张宏家,刘欧,李艺影。转化医学理念下的医学研究生科研能力培养。临床和实验医学杂志。2012,11(2):157-158.
91.全利平，蒋晓阳。协同创新网络组织实现创新协同的路径选择，科技进步与对策，32011，28（9）15-18.
1.金荣华。转化医学是深刻革命。中国医院院长.2012, Z1:封面报道.
2.张宏家,刘欧,李艺影。转化医学理念下的医学研究生科研能力培养。临床和实验医学杂志，2012：11(2):157-158.
3.弗雷德里克.温斯洛.泰勒:《科学管理原理》。北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981.
4.李新春,胡晓红。科学管理原理：理论反思与现实批判.管理学报,2012;5:658-670.
5.宋婷霆。泰勒的科学管理理论以及对当代中国实践的启迪。商品与质量，2011；10：29.
6.周成仓。泰勒的科学管理思想对现代管理理论的重要影响。青海师范大学民族师范学院学报，2006；12：58-59.
7.余明威。泰勒的管理思想及其对管理理论的贡献。经济师.2012，1：40-41.
8.周文芳,范丰龙。论知识组织的系统论原理。情报资料工作,2007;6:50-51,61.
9.权威。论系统科学方法在科研中的指导作用。现代教育科学，2010；1：218.
10.盛四辈,宋伟。基于战略群视角的我国国家创新体系构建及演进研究。科学学与科学技术管理，2011（1）：73-77.
11.谢海波,林书兵。系统科学对教育与教育科研的影响及启示。高教探索，2009；5：73-76
12.魏迎新。关于对质量管理体系中过程方法和管理的系统方法的理解。http://emie.ciqcid.com/?id=285&news.
13.丁长栋,张晓东。国家创新体系理论综述。科技咨询,2006；14：233.
14.何树全。试论我国国家创新体系的框架、问题与思路。中国科技论坛，2005；5：54-58
15. LundvallB.National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation andInteractive Learning. Pinter, London,1992.
16.石定寰。《国家创新系统:现状与未来》。北京:经济管理出版社,1999.
17.吴晓松,段万春。国家创新体系中的互动关联分析。科技创新导报，2009；17：252
18.刘景水。浅析现代管理理论的发展。探索争鸣，2009；2：50-51.
19.郭咸纲。《西方管理思想史》。北京:经济管理出版社，2004.
20.王智丽。现代管理理论发展趋势及其启示。百家论坛，2007；6：43-44.
21.吴兆春,吴勇。走出管理理论的丛林-基于管理哲学的视角。科技管理研究。2011,5:229-232.
22.更生。生命科学。国防科技,2004， http://jpkc.jnxy.edu.cn/eduit/EduitDoc/45/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6.pdf.
23.许智宏。关于21世纪的生物医学。河南大学学报(社会科学版),2001；1-7.
24.卢大儒。21世纪的生物医学。中国考试(高考版），2002；6-7.
25.生命科学发展趋势。 MBA管理百科, http://www.yeewe.com,2012.
26.范江涛,闫惠青。现代医学的回顾和发展趋势。广西医科大学学报,2007,24:32-33.13.
27.罗长坤。生物医学发展前沿对管理创新的影响。医学与哲学，2001；43-46.
28. Aderem A. Systems biology: its pract ice and challenges [J]. Cell.2002,121(4):511-513.
29.《技术预测与国家关键技术选择》研究组。生命科学与生物技术领域组.生命科学发展趋势。中国社会科学院院报,2003.
30. Mabry PL, Olster DH, Morgan GD, Abrams DB.Interdisciplinarity and systems scienceto improve population health: a view from the NIH Office of Behavioral and SocialSciences Research. Am J Prev Med.2008Aug;35(2Suppl):S211-24.
31. Rebbeck TR, Paskett E, Sellers TA.Fostering transdisciplinary science. CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev.2010May;19(5):1149-50.
32.范江涛,闫惠青。现代医学的回顾和发展趋势。广西医科大学学报，2007；24：32-33
33.罗若愚,李亦学。系统生物学中建模方法的研究现状及展望.生命科学,2007,19:301-305.
34. Blanpied, W, Bond, JS，Irvine, J. Megascience projects an emerging issue for the21stcentury, in Equipping Science for the21st Century,1992，London: Elgar Press.
35.高宏生。系统生物学。国外医学卫生学分册,2007,34(6):392-393.
36.张宁,罗长坤。“会聚技术”及其对科技管理的影响。研究与发展管理。2005,17（5）:97-99.
37.罗长坤。当前生物医学发展趋势与特征。医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)，2011；32（2）：1-4.
38.四大技术会聚，世界将会怎样---NBIC会聚技术将实现21世纪科学技术新的复兴。世界科学,2004-05-10.
39.陈超、周玉红、王静波、党倩娜、潘俊、吴卓群、杨荣斌、张毅菁。四大技术会聚世界将会怎样。文汇报,2004;5:26-29.
40.张宁,罗长坤。当前生物医学发展的几个主要特征及其对医学科研管理的影响。中华科研管理杂志,2005,18（1）:13-15.
41. Zerhouni E. The NIH Roadmap. Science.2003;302(5642):63-72.
42.何晓。当我们进入转化医学时代。中国医药科学.2012,2(1):6.
43.王汝宽。生物医学发展趋势和生物医学发展战略（上）。医学情报工作，2000；21（3）：1-4.
44.中国卫生产业编辑部。科技创新助推跨越发展。中国卫生产业，2012,9(1):1.
45.王济，王琦。中医体质研究与4P医学的实施,中国中西医结合杂志,2012；5：3，693-695.
46.姚云清。新技术革命对现代医学发展的影响.西北医学教育.2004,12：1-3.
47.胡大一。现代医学发展探寻多学科整合之路。医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)，2009；30（2）：8-9,13.
48.钟世镇。对转化医学与人才培养的感受。中华关节外科杂志:电子版，2011，5(2):208-210.
49.秦守哲，于国艺。世纪之交的现代医学交叉学科及其发展。山东医科大学学报社会科学版1998；1：16-21.
50.来茂德。转化医学:从理论到实践。浙江大学学报(医学版)，2008；5:429-431.
51.孙明贵。日本的卫生医疗政策、现状、特征与改革。中国公共卫生管理，2012,28(1):8-12.
52. Dougherty D, Conway PH. The “3T's” road map to transform US health care: the“how” of high-quality care. JAMA.2008;299(19):2319-21.
1. Butler D．Translational research:crossing the valley of death．Nature，2008，453(7197):840-842.
2. Mckinney GR，Stavely HE． From bench to bedside: the biologist in drug development[J]. Bioscience，1966，16:683-687.
3. Editorial from The New England Journal of Medicine. Phagocytes and the benchbedside interface. N Engl J Med, l968,278(18):1014-1016.
4.刘志学。专家倡议:由“证据”向“政策”过渡,推动我国医学转化进程。中国医药导报2012；12：4
5. Choi DW. Bench to bedside: the glutamate connection. Science,1992,258(5080):241-243.
6. Geraghty J．Adenomatous polyposis coli and translationalmedicine．Lancet，1996，348(9025):422.
7. Zerhouni E．The NIH Roadmap．Science，2003，302(5642):63-72.
8. Marincola FM．Translational Medicine:A two-way road．J Transl Med，2003，1(1):1-2.
9.谢松城。转化医学与临床工程。《2011年浙江省医学会医学工程学分会第九届学术年会论文汇编》。2011-09-15http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZJKX201109002005.htm.
10.姜波.转化医学-需要积极关注的新领域.新疆医学,2010；12（25）：105-107.
11.李平，唐启盛。转化医学理念与中医药发展新机遇。北京中医药大学学报(中医临床版)，2012；1（5）：5-9.
12.转化医学的概念和阶段划分。中国全科医学，2012（11）：1208.
13.全球卫生组织。转化医学通讯. http://www.chinacts.org/pdf/GlobalMD%20newsletter%20110221. pdf.
14. Sung NS, Crowley WF Jr, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB,Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA, Slavkin H, DobsA, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D.Central challenges facing the nationalclinical research enterprise. JAMA.2003;289(10):1278-87
15. Woolf SH.The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA.2008;299(2):211-3.
16. Fontanarosa PB, DeAngelis CD. Basic science and translational research inJAMA.JAMA.2002;287(13):1728.
17. McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J The quality of health care delivered toadults in theUnited States. N Engl J Med.2003;348(26):2635-2645.
18. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L.Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIHroadmap. JAMA.2007;297(4):403-6.
19. Dougherty D, Conway PH. The "3T's" road map to transform US health care: the"how" of high-quality care. JAMA.2008;299(19):2319-21.
20. Drolet BC, Lorenzi NM.Translational research: understanding the continuum frombench to bedside. Transl Res.2011;157(1):1-5.
21.蒋学武。哈佛大学医学院转化医学实践的启示。中华医学，2010；22:1519-1521.
22. About Harvard Catalyst。http://catalyst.harvard.edu/.
23.转化医学话题：令人担心的转化医学。http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0807/21/1547893_228913097.shtml.
24. Tufts CTSI. http://www.tuftsctsi.org/.
25. Khoury MJ，Gwinn M，Yoon PW． The continuum of translation research in genomicmedicine: how can we accelerate the appropriate integration of human genomediscoveries into health care and disease prevention. Genet Med，2007，9:665-674.
26.曹雪涛.在第三军医大学的学术报告《研究生的创新培养》，2012.6.
27.陈发明，金岩，施松涛，赵铱民。转化医学:十年回顾与展望。实用口腔医学杂志，2011；27（1）：5-11.
28. Krontiris TG, Rubenson D.Matchmaking, metrics and money: a pathway to progress intranslational research. Bioessays.2008;30(10):1025-9.
29.来茂德.转化医学:从理论到实践.浙江大学学报(医学版,2008;5:429-431.
30. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV.Translationalresearch: from benchside to bedside. Injury.2008;39(6):643-50. Epub2008May.
31. Pozen R, Kline H. Defining success for translational research organizations. Sci TranslMed.2011;3(94):94.
32. Zucker DR.What is needed to promote translational research and how do we get it? JInvestig Med.2009;57(2):468-70.
33. Pober JS, Neuhauser CS, Pober JM.Obstacles facing translational research in academicmedical centers. FASEB J.2001;15(13):2303-13.
34. Airong L，Kai Zh，Bhavnani S，Collexis MW，Gunter DW.Institutional Infrastructureto Support Translational Research.2010;49–56.
35. Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Vogel SN, Renshaw SA, Whyte MK, Dower SK.Identifyingand hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nat Rev Immunol.2007;7(1):77-82.
36.黄敏。转化医学与医院科研管理。医学与哲学，2011；32（7）:6-9.
37. Kahn K, Ryan G, Beckett M, Taylor S, Berrebi C, Cho M, Quiter E, Fremont A,PincusH. Bridging the gap between basic science and clinical practice: a role forcommunity clinicians. Implement Sci.2011;6:34.
38. Mankoff SP, Brander C, Ferrone S, Marincola FM: Lost in Translation: Obstacles toTranslational Medicine. J Transl Med2004,2:14.
39. Ioannidis JP: Materializing research promises: opportunities, priorities and conflicts intranslational medicine. J Transl Med2004,2:5.
40.宇传华，胡樱。转化医学研究特点及其对目前医学发展的挑战。中华临床医师杂志，2012，6(5):1110-1112.
41. Albani S, Prakken B.The advancement of translational medicine-from regionalchallenges to global solutions. Nat Med.2009;15(9):1006-9.
42.钟世镇。对转化医学与人才培养的感受．中华关节外科杂志:电子版，2011，5(2):208-210.
43.田玲，张宏梁，马凌飞。国内外转化医学发展现状与展望。医学研究杂志，2011；40（1）：17-20.
44.夏青，郭超，沈如群。科研管理促进转化医学的发展。《中华医学科研管理杂志》2011；24（1）：2-4,7.
45.张力。产学研协同创新的战略意义和政策走向。教育研究，2011；7：18-21.
46.王江。构筑转化医学研究体系,促进交叉学科蓬勃发展。科技传播，2010-09-23.
47.华中科技大学教育科学研究院课题组;刘献君，彭安臣。高校跨学科科研组织的有效管理---多案例实证研究。高等工程教育研究，2008；6:82-86.
48.侯自新，王处辉。对高校科研组织改革与创新的建议。中国高等教育，2005；7:13-15.
49.赵劲松，叶建平。大学跨学科科研组织的体制困境与突破。科研管理，2008；17-20.
50. Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU). http://www.cdrewu.edu/
51. Translational research. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_research.
1. Wynsberghe Van, Khan S. Redefining case study. International Journal of QualitativeMethods2007,6(2)：80-94.
2. Johansson Rolf. Case Study Methodology. A key note speech at the InternationalConference “Methodologies in Housing Research” organised by the Royal Institute oftechnology in cooperation with the International Association of People-EnvironmentStudies, Stockholm,22-24September,2003.
3.唐国军。案例研究方法及其在国内教育研究中的应用述评。教育学术月刊,2011;12：14-17.
4.刘凡丰,沈兰芳。美国州立大学科研组织模式变革.高等教育研究.2007；28（5）:99-103.
5.蔡红兵,李欣,孙学刚,方唯意,张龙城,杨明会,姚开泰。加强推进力度，促进转化医学发展。南方医科大学学报，2011；31（5）：741-743.
6. National Center for Research Resources (Fall2009)."NCRR Fact Sheet: Clinical andTranslational Science Awards" http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications/pdf/ctsa_factsheet.pdf.
7. The NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences: How Will It Work?
9. About UQDI。http://www.di.uq.edu.au/about-us.
10. Wang X, Wang E, Marincola FM.Translational Medicine is developing in China: a newvenue for collaboration. J Transl Med.2011Jan4;9:3.
11.陈竺。推动转化医学发展应对人民健康挑战.中国科技奖励,2011;3:06-07.
12. UCSF. http://ctsi.ucsf.edu/about-us.
13.全球卫生组织。转化医学通讯。 http://www.chinacts.org/pdf/GlobalMD%20newsletter%20110221. pdf.
14.王键。美国科研体制对中国的启示。科学文化评论,2006;6:87-96.
15.贺德方。美国、英国、日本三国政府科研机构经费管理比较研究。中国软科学，2007；7:87-96.
16.王晓锋。树立大科学观---创新跨学科科研组织模式。中国高等教育,2011；2:24-26.
17. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV.Translationalresearch: from benchside to bedside. Injury.2008Jun;39(6):643-50.
1.孙瑞华，齐松仁。科研管理模式的探讨。中华现代中西医杂志，2003；1（4）：380-381.
2. Sonntag KC.Implementations of translational medicine. J Transl Med.2005Aug30;3:33.
3. About Harvard Catalyst。http://catalyst.harvard.edu/.
4. Duke Clinical and Translational Research. https://www.dtmi.duke.edu/.
5.全球卫生组织.转化医学通讯. http://www.chinacts.org/pdf/GlobalMD%20newsletter%20110221. pdf.
6. Woolf SH.The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA.2008;299(2):211-3.
7.桂永浩。转化医学:用多学科交叉策略推动医学发展.复旦教育论坛,2007,5(6):86-87
8.张力。产学研协同创新的战略意义和政策走向.教育研究.2011；7：18-21.
9. Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV.Translationalresearch: from benchside to bedside. Injury.2008Jun;39(6):643-50.
10.钟世镇。对转化医学与人才培养的感受.中华关节外科杂志:电子版，2011，5(2):208－210.
11.陈治亚,蒋琦玮,冯芬玲,刘文丰。学科交叉条件下的研究生创新能力培养模式研究.科技和产业，2010；8：114-116.
12.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网。http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
13.史红兵,夏文莉,钱秀,红邵鼎。研究型大学科研组织的发展思考。中国高教研究,2011;2:56-58.
14.熊励,孙友霞,蒋定福,刘文。协同创新研究综述--基于实现途径视角.科技管理研究，2011；14：15-18.
1. Heylighen F.:"Principles of Systems and Cybernetics: an evolutionary perspective", in:Cybernetics and Systems '92, R. Trappl (ed.),(World Science, Singapore)1992. P：3-10.
2.陈金春,李军。论高校德育工作的开放性原则。辽宁教育研究,2006；8：95.
3.卢胜军。坚持质量效益原则推进政治工作创新发展。国防大学学报,2006；10：56-57.
4. DM Driesen. The Feasibility Principle http://www.progressivereform.org/articles/Feasibility_407.pdf.
5. David M. Driesen. Distributing the Costs of Environmental, Health, and SafetyProtection: The Feasibility Principle, Cost-Benefit Analysis, and Regulatory Reform。http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1106&context.
6. NA Salingaros. Christopher Alexander. http://www.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/Chris. text.html.
7. PKJ Tobin. Research methodology. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.2006;1-25http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07302006-065725/unrestricted/05chapter5.pdf.
8.弗雷德里克.温斯洛.泰勒。科学管理原理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981.
9.李新春,胡晓红。科学管理原理：理论反思与现实批判。管理学报,2012;5:658-670
10. H COOPER. L. HEDGES Research synthesis as a scientific process. http://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/Cooper_Hedges_2d_Chap1_0.pdf.
11.权威。论系统科学方法在科研中的指导作用。现代教育科学,2010;1:218.
12.盛四辈,宋伟。基于战略群视角的我国国家创新体系构建及演进研究。科学学与科学技术管理,2011（1）:73-77.
13.刘景水。浅析现代管理理论的发展。魅力中国,2009;2:50-51.
14.陈劲,阳银娟。协同创新的理论基础与内涵.科学学研究,2012;30(2):1-3.
1.现代医学体系。http://baike.baidu.com/view/5144377.htm.
2.肖振山。二十世纪医学成就。老年人，2000；26:27.
3.张大庆、程之范、彭瑞骢。20世纪医学：回顾与思考。医学与哲学,2001;6:60-62.
4. Lehmann CU, Altuwaijri MM, Li YC, Ball MJ, Haux R. Translational research inmedical informatics or from theory to practice. Methods Inf Med,2008,47(1):123.
5. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ.Cancer statistics,2007. Cancer JCl in,2007,57:43266.
6.来茂德。转化医学:从理论到实践.浙江大学学报(医学版),2008;5:429-431.
7. Butler D.Translational research: crossing the valley of death. Nature.2008Jun12;453(7197):840-2.
8.王敏,刘妮波,张燕舞,张玢,李阳,许培扬。从文献分析角度聚焦国际转化医学研究发展及现状。基础医学与临床2011；1168-1175.
9. Pozen R, Kline H. Defining success for translational research organizations. Sci TranslMed.2011;3(94):94.
10. Edrtarial.Phagocytes and the“bench-bedside interface”．N Engl J Med1968;278:1014-1016.
11. Wolf S．The real gap between bench and bedside．N Engl J Med，1974，290:802-803.
12. Merz B. Nobelists take genetics from bench to bedside．JAMA1985;254:3161.
13. Browman GP，Levine MN，Roberts RS． Bench-to-bedside research and the humantumor stem-cell assay—bridging the credibility gap. J Clin Oncol1986;4:1730-1731.
14. Minna JD，Gazdar AF. Translational research comes of age．Nat Med，1996,2:974-975.
15. Rustgi AK. Translational research: What is it? Gastroenterology1999;116:1285.
16. Zerhouni EA. Translational and clinical science-Time for a new vision．N Engl J Med2005;353:1621-1623.
17. Zerhouni EA，Alving B．Clinical and Translational Science Awards: a framework for anational research agenda. Transl Res2006;148:4-5.
18. Zerhouni EA. Translational research: Moving discovery to practice. Clin PharmacolTher，2007;81:126-128.
19. Littman BH，Di Mario L，Plebani M. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci2007;112:217-227.
20. Woolf SH．The meaning of translational research and why it matters．JAMA2008;299:211-213.
21.苏格兰将启动全球首个转化医学合作研究中心. http://www.biotech.org.cn/news/news/show.php?id=33870.
22.国际转化医学学会（ISTM）成立。http://www.wiki8.com/History_446.html.
23. Clinical and translational science awards. http://www. ctsaweb. org/index. cfm?fuseaction=homeshow Part Inst List.
24.蔡红兵，李欣，孙学刚。加强推进力度，促进转化医学发展[J].南方医科大学学报，2011；31（5）：741-743.
25. Marc Shuman.怎样在临床实现转化医学理念。协和医学杂志，2011；4（2）：310-312.
26. National institute for health research．http://www．nihr．ac．uk/infrastructure/Pages/infrastructure_biomedical_research_units．aspx2010-10-12.
27.转化医学：各国在行动。科学网。 http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/2/241454.html.
28. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. http://www. Bmbf. de/en/1237. php.
29. Sebastian Staubert，Alfred Winter，Ronald Speer，Markus Loffler．Designing a Conceptfor an IT-Infrastructure for an Integrated Research and Treatment Center．Studies inhealth technology and informatics．2010，160:1319-23.
30. Brandt T. Zwergal A. Jahn K. Strupp M．Institutional profile: integrated center forresearch and treatment of vertigo，balance and ocular motor disorders. Restorativeneurology and neuroscience，2010，28(1):135-43.
31. About UQDI。http://www.di.uq.edu.au/about-us.
32. Wang X, Wang E, Marincola FM.Translational Medicine is developing in China: a newvenue for collaboration. J Transl Med.2011;9:3.
33.赵玉沛。借转化医学促进医学模式转变。健康报，2011-03-09.
34.陈竺。推动转化医学发展应对人民健康挑战。中国科技奖励，2011；3:06-07.
35.刘小荣;张笠;王勇平;陈根元.转化医学在国内外的发展现状.国际检验医学杂志,2011;32(18):2093.
36. Mankoff SP, B rander C, Ferrone S.L ost in translation: Obstacles to translationalmedicine. J Transl Med,2004,2(1):14.
37. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research--"Blue Highways" on the NIHroadmap. JAMA.2007;297(4):403-6.
38. Zucker DR.What is needed to promote translational research and how do we get it? JInvestig Med.2009;57(2):468-70.
39. Pober JS, Neuhauser CS, Pober JM.Obstacles facing translational research in academicmedical centers. FASEB J.2001;15(13):2303-13.
40. Airong Luo, Kai Zh, Bhavnani,Collexis MW, Gunter DW.Institutional Infrastructure toSupport Translational Research,2010;49-56.
41. Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Vogel SN, Renshaw SA, Whyte MK, Dower SK.Identifyingand hurdling obstacles to translational research. Nat Rev Immunol.2007;7(1):77-82.
42. Sung NS, Crowley WF Jr, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB,Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA, Slavkin H, DobsA, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D.Central challenges facing the nationalclinical research enterprise. JAMA.2003;289(10):1278-87.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |