长白落叶松人工林生态系统碳密度测定与预估
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摘要
森林作为全球陆地生态系统的主体,是陆地碳循环最重要的碳库。人工林是森林生态系统的重要组成类型,是目前陆地碳汇增长最主要的媒介之一。对于人工林而言,掌握其生态系统碳累积现状及时空分布规律,据此评价并预测林分生长发育的动态过程,能为林分进行科学合理的经营管理提供依据。本研究以黑龙江小兴安岭地区朗乡林业局东折棱河林场的长白落叶松(Larix olgensis Henry.)人工林为研究对象,在多年积累的样地调查、标准木解析、生物量实测数据和含碳率测定数据的基础上,应用美国森林资源清查与监测体系(FIM)下圆形整群样地的抽样设计方法进行野外调查,测定了长白落叶松人工林生态系统碳密度。同时,在充分解析美国森林植被模拟系统(FVS)及其林火与可燃物扩展模型(FFE)基础上进行本土化,嵌入长白落叶松林分生长与收获模型,设定相关参数值,调校相关调整系数,模拟了人工经营措施下长白落叶松人工林的生长过程,并有效地预估了生物量和生态系统碳密度。本研究主要得到以下结论：
(1)长白落叶松人工林生物量的估算和碳密度的计算。根据野外调查和实测数据,基于相对生长法建立高预估精度的生物量模型进行植被生物量的估算,基于残体蓄积通过体积密度和腐烂率转化计算残体生物量,得到长白落叶松人工林群落生物量为202.843t.hm-2,包括植被活生物量156.704t·hm-2和残体死生物量46.139t·hm-2,其中乔木生物量136.225t·hm-2,所占比例达67.16%,占据绝对优势。同时,测定生物量不同器官组分的含碳率值,得到长白落叶松群落的平均含碳率为45.8%,其中乔木(47.6%)、枯立木(44.6%)、林下植被(44.1%)、木质残体(41.2%)和凋落物(37.4%)。测定得到土壤平均有机碳含量为19.538g·kg-1。最终研究认为长白落叶松人工林生态系统碳密度随林龄增加而增大,空间分布序列是：土壤(91.847tC·hm-2)>植被(74.451tC·hm-2)>残体(19.029tC·hm-2),平均为185.327tC·hm-2。长白落叶松人工林生态系统年均净固碳量为5.021tC·hm-2·yr-1,乔木的年均净固碳量为3.479tC·hm-2·yr-1。
(2) FFE-FVS系统基本参数、生长与收获模型和生物量估算方法的确定。本研究生成了研究地长白落叶松人工林的位置、林分数据和样木数据三个主要文件,编制了地位指数表和合理经营密度表,为FFE-FVS系统的运行提供地位指数、林分密度指数和树冠竞争因子等参数。构建了包括“胸径-树高”模型,树皮因子模型,胸径、树高和树冠生长模型,林分死亡率模型以及材积模型7个模型在内的长白落叶松生长与收获模型体系。在FFE-FVS系统中,确定可基于树干、干材、树枝、树冠和树根等器官组分生物量方程的乔木生物量估算方法,林下植被生物量以林龄来估算,由林分死亡率模型模拟产生的枯立木的生物量依据材积并通过腐烂率和体积密度转化得到,活立木树冠凋落、枯立木破损倒落和剩余物堆积物是粗细木质物等残体生物量来源,凋落物中L层生物量为每年所有植被凋落叶的总和,而凋落物D层生物量则为各种残体及凋落物L层经分解损失的部分。最终,将长白落叶松生长与收获模型体系与生物量估算方法嵌入FFE-FVS系统,经不断试运行和调试,实现了FFE-FVS系统的本土化。
(3)应用本土化FFE-FVS系统模拟林分生长以及预估森林生物量和碳密度。基于汉化的SUPPOSE窗口操作界面,以现实长白落叶松人工林林分为例,检验FFE-FVS系统模拟林分生长的结果,通过生长量调整系数来调整胸径和树高与实测值存在的差异,保证较好的模拟精度。根据对长白落叶松人工林的实际经营管理,利用FFE-FVS系统模拟林分的生长发育过程,研究认为30%强度、间隔期为10年的下层疏伐是最适合当地长白落叶松人工林的措施。模拟得到的生物量预估值与实测值差异不大,增长趋势基本一致。最终,计算得到的长白落叶松人工林生态系统碳密度预估值与实测值接近,土壤(46.61%)>植被(42.62%)>残体(10.77%)的空间分布序列也与实测结果相近,模拟效果良好。本研究实现了FFE-FVS系统在人工经营措施干扰下的对长白落叶松人工林林分生长的模拟和对生态系统碳密度的连续性动态预估。
本研究依据国内首次引进的美国FIM圆形整群样地技术,提出细致可行的野外调查方法和规范的基础数据处理过程,保证了碳密度预估的精确性和可信度。同时,构建的针对小兴安岭地区长白落叶松的FFE-FVS系统在模拟林分生长时运行顺畅,输出的报表内容丰富、直观,具有可行性、准确性和实用性的特点,能够满足并能指导人工林的生产经营,并预估生物量和碳密度。本研究扩充了小兴安岭地区长白落叶松人工林生态系统生物量和碳密度研究的基础资料,对其它人工林生态系统碳密度的现状和动态预估的研究具有重要的借鉴作用,以期为逐步为完善我国生物量和碳储量监测体系提供参考。
As main part of global terrestrial ecosystem, forest is a momentous carbon (C) stock of C cycle. While forest plantation is an important part of forest ecosystem, and is one of the most vital mediums for global increaseing C sink so far. For plantation ecosystem, knowing its C accumulation condition and spatial-temporal distribution law well can help assessing and forecasting the dynamic process of forest stand growth and development, which can provide sufficient theory and practice basis for scientific and rational stand management in future. Base on field inventory, stem analysis and biomass measurement data, we estimated the whole ecosystem C density of Larix olgensis Henry.plantation in Langxiang bureau (in Lesser Khingan Mountains, Heilongjiang, northeast of China), with cluster-plots sampleing method from Forest Inventory and Analyse (FIA) under American Forest Inventory Monitoring system (FIM) and C concentration determinated by a Multi CN Analyzer (ELEMENTAR Vario EL III, Germany). Meanwhile, Larix olgensis growth and yield model was embedded in to FFE-FVS after deeply analysis about its construction, also we set and adjusted some related parameters or coefficients, then triggered the FFE-FVS to simulated the growth process of plantation and putout estimations of community biomass and ecosystem C density, which experimented forest management and other disturbs as windstorm. The following three conclusions were obtained:
(1) The counting of biomass and C density of Larix olgensis plantation were estimated. On the account of relative growth theory, we built high predicting accuracy biomass model to estimate vegetation biomass, and volume accumulation of down dead materials (DDM) was converted to biomass via bulk density and decay rate. We figured out the biomass of Larix olgensis plantation community was202.843t·hm-2, including vegetation live biomass156.704t·hm-2and DDM biomass46.139t·hm-2, in which arbor biomass was in the absolute dominance position with accounting of136.225t·hm-2and corresponding proportion of67.16%. Meanwhile. we determinated C concentrations of different organs and/or components of biomass. and the average C concentrations of Larix olgensis plantation community was45.8%, which was calculated from weighted averages of arbor47.6%, snag44.6%, understory vegetation44.1%, down woody material41.2%and forest floor37.4%. Soil organic C was19.538g·kg-1. Sum of all these pools, the total C density of Larix olgensis ecosystem was185.327t C·hm-2on average, which increased with stand age and the spacial distribution was arrayed as:soil (91.847t·C·hm-2)> vegetation (74.450t·C·hm-2)> down dead materials (19.029t·C·hm-2). The annual net C increment of Larix olgensis ecosystem was5.021t C·hm-2·yr-1, and that of trees was3.479tC·hm-2·yr-1.
(2) The procedure of the determining basic parameters, building of growth and yield model and estimation method of biomass in FFE-FVS system were finished. This research provided the three main data documents, including location file, stand data and sampling tree data. We also established site index table and reasonable density table to provide site index, stand density index and crown competition factor and other parameters for the operation of FFE-FVS system. The growth and yield model system construction of Larix olgensis completed, which consist of seven models followed by:DBH-height model, bark factor model, DBH growth model, height growth model, canopy growth model, stand mortality model and volume equation. Of FEE-FVS system, the arbor biomass was estimated by biomass equations of organ and components as trunk, stem, branch, canopy, root, etc. Understory vegetation biomass was estimated directly by stand age. Snag was created by stand mortality model, and its biomass was converted from volume as described above. Canopy falling, snag loss and residual piles after harvest were all origins for coarse woody debris and other types of DWM. To the forest floor, the litter layer was the sum of falling foliages of vegetation, and duff layer was transformed from the decay part of all DWM. Done with all these preparing work, we embedded the growth and yield models and biomass algorithm in original FFE-FVS, and finished the design and localization work of FFE-FVS after testing run and debugging for several times.
(3) The simulator of forest growth process and estimations of biomass and C density of Larix olgensis plantation were finished by localized FFE-FVS system. Based on the chinesization window operating interface of SUPPOSE, we took simulation result of one stand as an example to check the simulator system, then reconciled the differences between estimators and true values via growth parameters, to improve the simulation accuracy. According to practical forest managements, we simulated the growth of plantation under human disturbance, and confirmed that the below thinning practice with30%intension and 10-year-interval was suitable for Larix olgensis plantation here. Meanwhile, biomass estimation was close to measured values, both had similar increase tend. Correspondingly, ecosystem C density calculations were similar to true values, and the spacial array of occupied portion for the three main pools as soil (46.61%)> vegetation (42.62%)> DDM (10.77%) with minor differences compared to true values.
Our study was the first introduction of FIA cluster-plots sampling method in China, and proposed meticulous feasible field investigation methods and standard data analysing process, enhanced the accuracy and reliability of C density estimation. Meanwhile, the localized FFE-FVS simulation system for simulating stand develepment operated smoothly, with plenty of output information. It had also been proved that this sinicized simulator system was feasibile, accurate and practical, which was useful for plantation management, and estimation of biomass and C density. This study extends based materials about biomass and C density of Larix olgensis plantation in Lesser Khingan Mountains, also is important in reference to other current studies, and would help to improve monitoring system of C storage in China.
(1)长白落叶松人工林生物量的估算和碳密度的计算。根据野外调查和实测数据,基于相对生长法建立高预估精度的生物量模型进行植被生物量的估算,基于残体蓄积通过体积密度和腐烂率转化计算残体生物量,得到长白落叶松人工林群落生物量为202.843t.hm-2,包括植被活生物量156.704t·hm-2和残体死生物量46.139t·hm-2,其中乔木生物量136.225t·hm-2,所占比例达67.16%,占据绝对优势。同时,测定生物量不同器官组分的含碳率值,得到长白落叶松群落的平均含碳率为45.8%,其中乔木(47.6%)、枯立木(44.6%)、林下植被(44.1%)、木质残体(41.2%)和凋落物(37.4%)。测定得到土壤平均有机碳含量为19.538g·kg-1。最终研究认为长白落叶松人工林生态系统碳密度随林龄增加而增大,空间分布序列是：土壤(91.847tC·hm-2)>植被(74.451tC·hm-2)>残体(19.029tC·hm-2),平均为185.327tC·hm-2。长白落叶松人工林生态系统年均净固碳量为5.021tC·hm-2·yr-1,乔木的年均净固碳量为3.479tC·hm-2·yr-1。
(2) FFE-FVS系统基本参数、生长与收获模型和生物量估算方法的确定。本研究生成了研究地长白落叶松人工林的位置、林分数据和样木数据三个主要文件,编制了地位指数表和合理经营密度表,为FFE-FVS系统的运行提供地位指数、林分密度指数和树冠竞争因子等参数。构建了包括“胸径-树高”模型,树皮因子模型,胸径、树高和树冠生长模型,林分死亡率模型以及材积模型7个模型在内的长白落叶松生长与收获模型体系。在FFE-FVS系统中,确定可基于树干、干材、树枝、树冠和树根等器官组分生物量方程的乔木生物量估算方法,林下植被生物量以林龄来估算,由林分死亡率模型模拟产生的枯立木的生物量依据材积并通过腐烂率和体积密度转化得到,活立木树冠凋落、枯立木破损倒落和剩余物堆积物是粗细木质物等残体生物量来源,凋落物中L层生物量为每年所有植被凋落叶的总和,而凋落物D层生物量则为各种残体及凋落物L层经分解损失的部分。最终,将长白落叶松生长与收获模型体系与生物量估算方法嵌入FFE-FVS系统,经不断试运行和调试,实现了FFE-FVS系统的本土化。
(3)应用本土化FFE-FVS系统模拟林分生长以及预估森林生物量和碳密度。基于汉化的SUPPOSE窗口操作界面,以现实长白落叶松人工林林分为例,检验FFE-FVS系统模拟林分生长的结果,通过生长量调整系数来调整胸径和树高与实测值存在的差异,保证较好的模拟精度。根据对长白落叶松人工林的实际经营管理,利用FFE-FVS系统模拟林分的生长发育过程,研究认为30%强度、间隔期为10年的下层疏伐是最适合当地长白落叶松人工林的措施。模拟得到的生物量预估值与实测值差异不大,增长趋势基本一致。最终,计算得到的长白落叶松人工林生态系统碳密度预估值与实测值接近,土壤(46.61%)>植被(42.62%)>残体(10.77%)的空间分布序列也与实测结果相近,模拟效果良好。本研究实现了FFE-FVS系统在人工经营措施干扰下的对长白落叶松人工林林分生长的模拟和对生态系统碳密度的连续性动态预估。
本研究依据国内首次引进的美国FIM圆形整群样地技术,提出细致可行的野外调查方法和规范的基础数据处理过程,保证了碳密度预估的精确性和可信度。同时,构建的针对小兴安岭地区长白落叶松的FFE-FVS系统在模拟林分生长时运行顺畅,输出的报表内容丰富、直观,具有可行性、准确性和实用性的特点,能够满足并能指导人工林的生产经营,并预估生物量和碳密度。本研究扩充了小兴安岭地区长白落叶松人工林生态系统生物量和碳密度研究的基础资料,对其它人工林生态系统碳密度的现状和动态预估的研究具有重要的借鉴作用,以期为逐步为完善我国生物量和碳储量监测体系提供参考。
As main part of global terrestrial ecosystem, forest is a momentous carbon (C) stock of C cycle. While forest plantation is an important part of forest ecosystem, and is one of the most vital mediums for global increaseing C sink so far. For plantation ecosystem, knowing its C accumulation condition and spatial-temporal distribution law well can help assessing and forecasting the dynamic process of forest stand growth and development, which can provide sufficient theory and practice basis for scientific and rational stand management in future. Base on field inventory, stem analysis and biomass measurement data, we estimated the whole ecosystem C density of Larix olgensis Henry.plantation in Langxiang bureau (in Lesser Khingan Mountains, Heilongjiang, northeast of China), with cluster-plots sampleing method from Forest Inventory and Analyse (FIA) under American Forest Inventory Monitoring system (FIM) and C concentration determinated by a Multi CN Analyzer (ELEMENTAR Vario EL III, Germany). Meanwhile, Larix olgensis growth and yield model was embedded in to FFE-FVS after deeply analysis about its construction, also we set and adjusted some related parameters or coefficients, then triggered the FFE-FVS to simulated the growth process of plantation and putout estimations of community biomass and ecosystem C density, which experimented forest management and other disturbs as windstorm. The following three conclusions were obtained:
(1) The counting of biomass and C density of Larix olgensis plantation were estimated. On the account of relative growth theory, we built high predicting accuracy biomass model to estimate vegetation biomass, and volume accumulation of down dead materials (DDM) was converted to biomass via bulk density and decay rate. We figured out the biomass of Larix olgensis plantation community was202.843t·hm-2, including vegetation live biomass156.704t·hm-2and DDM biomass46.139t·hm-2, in which arbor biomass was in the absolute dominance position with accounting of136.225t·hm-2and corresponding proportion of67.16%. Meanwhile. we determinated C concentrations of different organs and/or components of biomass. and the average C concentrations of Larix olgensis plantation community was45.8%, which was calculated from weighted averages of arbor47.6%, snag44.6%, understory vegetation44.1%, down woody material41.2%and forest floor37.4%. Soil organic C was19.538g·kg-1. Sum of all these pools, the total C density of Larix olgensis ecosystem was185.327t C·hm-2on average, which increased with stand age and the spacial distribution was arrayed as:soil (91.847t·C·hm-2)> vegetation (74.450t·C·hm-2)> down dead materials (19.029t·C·hm-2). The annual net C increment of Larix olgensis ecosystem was5.021t C·hm-2·yr-1, and that of trees was3.479tC·hm-2·yr-1.
(2) The procedure of the determining basic parameters, building of growth and yield model and estimation method of biomass in FFE-FVS system were finished. This research provided the three main data documents, including location file, stand data and sampling tree data. We also established site index table and reasonable density table to provide site index, stand density index and crown competition factor and other parameters for the operation of FFE-FVS system. The growth and yield model system construction of Larix olgensis completed, which consist of seven models followed by:DBH-height model, bark factor model, DBH growth model, height growth model, canopy growth model, stand mortality model and volume equation. Of FEE-FVS system, the arbor biomass was estimated by biomass equations of organ and components as trunk, stem, branch, canopy, root, etc. Understory vegetation biomass was estimated directly by stand age. Snag was created by stand mortality model, and its biomass was converted from volume as described above. Canopy falling, snag loss and residual piles after harvest were all origins for coarse woody debris and other types of DWM. To the forest floor, the litter layer was the sum of falling foliages of vegetation, and duff layer was transformed from the decay part of all DWM. Done with all these preparing work, we embedded the growth and yield models and biomass algorithm in original FFE-FVS, and finished the design and localization work of FFE-FVS after testing run and debugging for several times.
(3) The simulator of forest growth process and estimations of biomass and C density of Larix olgensis plantation were finished by localized FFE-FVS system. Based on the chinesization window operating interface of SUPPOSE, we took simulation result of one stand as an example to check the simulator system, then reconciled the differences between estimators and true values via growth parameters, to improve the simulation accuracy. According to practical forest managements, we simulated the growth of plantation under human disturbance, and confirmed that the below thinning practice with30%intension and 10-year-interval was suitable for Larix olgensis plantation here. Meanwhile, biomass estimation was close to measured values, both had similar increase tend. Correspondingly, ecosystem C density calculations were similar to true values, and the spacial array of occupied portion for the three main pools as soil (46.61%)> vegetation (42.62%)> DDM (10.77%) with minor differences compared to true values.
Our study was the first introduction of FIA cluster-plots sampling method in China, and proposed meticulous feasible field investigation methods and standard data analysing process, enhanced the accuracy and reliability of C density estimation. Meanwhile, the localized FFE-FVS simulation system for simulating stand develepment operated smoothly, with plenty of output information. It had also been proved that this sinicized simulator system was feasibile, accurate and practical, which was useful for plantation management, and estimation of biomass and C density. This study extends based materials about biomass and C density of Larix olgensis plantation in Lesser Khingan Mountains, also is important in reference to other current studies, and would help to improve monitoring system of C storage in China.
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