山地枣树不同生育阶段需水阈值试验研究
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摘要
陕北榆林黄土高原区是我国的红枣优生区，国家实施退耕还林以来，陕北的山地红枣种植产业发展迅速，发挥出良好的生态与经济效益。但榆林年均降水量少，且年内分布极不均衡，尤其在开花坐果期和果实膨大期，往往由于干旱缺水使得枣树产量锐减，经济效益严重受损，灌溉成为增产增效途径。研究山地枣树不同生育阶段的需水阈值，可为黄土高原半干旱丘陵区枣树的精确灌溉提供理论依据和技术指导。
本文以梨枣树为研究对象，于2009年～2011年在榆林市米脂县孟岔村山地微灌枣树示范基地开展小区试验，研究不同土壤水势对枣树生长发育的影响，以探索枣树的需水规律，并结合当地的降水特征提出补灌方法。初步取得的试验结果如下：
（1）揭示了不同生育阶段枣树茎直径的变化规律及与生态因子的关系
枣树茎直径随生育阶段、天气和土壤水势等因子不停波动。白天不断收缩，至下午时达到最小值（MNTD）；之后不断复原、膨胀或生长，至清晨时达到最大值（MXTD）。阴雨天气时，茎直径波动幅度明显减小。
茎直径日最大值（MXTD）、日最小值（MNTD）与土壤水势（WPs）间均存在良好的线性回归关系，土壤水势越高，相关性越好，土壤水势低时相关性较差。茎直径日最大收缩量（MDS）与WPs间的线性相关性较差，说明枣树茎直径每天的收缩幅度不仅受到土壤水分的影响，更受天气及枣树的生长等因素的影响。
枣树茎直径与空气相对湿度（RH）间存在极显著正相关关系，与气温（Ta）存在极显著负相关关系，与太阳辐射（Rs）的相关性不显著，RH和Ta是引起茎直径收缩的两个最主要的气象因子。通径分析WPs、Ta和RH等生态因子对枣树茎直径的影响，认为土壤水势高（-44～-49kPa）时，WPs是最直接因子，其次为RH；WPs低（-316～-385kPa）时，RH是最直接因子，其次为WPs；Ta直接影响茎直径生长的作用较小。
（2）筛选出不同生育阶段枣树的水分信息指标并确定了各阶段适宜的土壤水势阈值
采用方差分析筛选确定了枣树开花期、坐果期和果实膨大期适宜的水分信息指标分别为MDS、MXTD、MXTD。
优先考虑不同土壤水势对枣树开花、坐果和产量的影响，兼顾考虑其对茎直径生长的影响，初步确定了枣树开花期、坐果期和果实膨大期的土壤水势阈值（下限值，上限值）分别为（-152kPa，-40kPa）、（-51kPa，-35kPa）和（-128kPa，-46kPa）。
（3）明确了不同土壤水势条件对枣树源库关系的影响
研究了4个小区的土壤水势条件对枣树源（茎干）与库（果实）的影响，初步明确了当土壤水势从-161kPa逐渐干旱至-461kPa，之后逐渐复水至-40kPa，再逐渐干旱时有利于枣树产果而不利于茎干生长，较适于榆林地区的枣树节水丰产栽培。
（4）提出了枣树需水关键期的适宜灌水量
结合他人观点，认为开花坐果期和果实膨大期为枣树的需水关键期，并根据试验结果，得出600m~3/hm~2为适宜灌水量，840m~3/hm~2为最大灌水量或奢侈灌水量。
（5）得出榆林地区基于降雨特征的枣树灌水量阈值
通过试验明确了枣树在5～9月间的需水规律，并结合榆林地区的降水特征，建议对山地枣树采用滴灌补水，提出在平均降雨量水平年份，滴灌的年最小灌溉量为360m~3/hm~2，最大为795m~3/hm~2，最适范围为630～735m~3/hm~2。
Jujube could adapt to the local climate in the Loess Plateaus and produce high qualityfruit in the north of Shaanxi Province. Since the policy of returning land of farming to forest,the jujube cultivating industry has boosted quickly and has played a significant role inprotecting the local ecological environment. However, the semiarid climate in Yulin city couldnot meet the water requirement of jujube, especially in the flowering-fruit set and fruitswelling stage, which greatly contributed to the yield reduction and income loss, so, irrigationwould be the important mathod to increase the jujube yield. Therefore, it was important thatreserching the water requirement threshold in different growth periods of upland jujube torealize the accurate irrigation.
The experiment was conducted with pear jujube in a jujube demonstration zone orchard,in Mengcha village, Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province, from2009to2011. The effect ofdifferent soil water potential (WPs) were studied on the jujube growth and development tofind the water requirement regular, and propose the suitable irrigation scheduling. The resultsshowed that:
(1) Determining the change regularity of jujube trunk diameter in different growth stagesand the relationships between it and the different ecological factors
Jujube trunk diameter fluctuated with different factors including the growth stage,climate, WPs and so on. In the daytime, the trunk shrank and got the minimum trunk diameter(MNTD) in the afternoon, while it recovered or expanded from the nightfall or night andfinally got the maximum trunk diameter (MXTD) in the dawn. In the cloudy day, themaximum diameter shrink (MDS) was obviously little.
There were good linear regression relationship between the jujube MXTD and WPs,between the MNTD and WPs. The higher the WPs was, the higher the correlation coefficientwas. The poor linear correlation between the MDS and WPs indicated that the shrinkage ofjujube diameter mainly depended on the local climate and the tree itself.
Additionally, jujube trunk diameter (TD) was extremely positive significant with relative humidity (RH), and its relationship with temperature (Ta) was extremely negative significant.However it was not significantly related to solar radiation (Rs). Therefore, RH and Ta werethe two major meteorological factors affecting the jujube trunk diameter. The direct andindirect effect of WPs, RH and Ta on jujube trunk diameter was analyzed by path analysis.The result showed that in high WPs (-44~-49kPa), WPs was the most direct factor andfollowed by RH, while in low WPs (-316~-385kPa), RH was the most direct factor andfollowed by WPs. In all WPs condition, Ta had little impact on the trunk diameter.
(2) Determining the suitable water information indicator and the threshold for WPs indifferent stages
With the method of ANOVA, the jujube MDS and MXTD and MXTD were respectivelyselected as the water-condition-indicator for flowering, fruit set and fruit swelling stage.
All factors WPs had effect on were taken into consideration, including the amount offlower and fruit and yield treated as priority and trunk diameter micro-variation as secondary.The results showed that the lowest and uppest WPs respectively was-152kPa and-40kPa,-51kPa and-35kPa,-128kPa and-46kPa for flowering, fruit set and fruit swelling stage.
(3) Determining the effect of WPs on jujube source-sink relations
Different WPs ranges in four plots were studied on source (trunk) and sink (fruit), theresult showed thar the WPs range (changed from-161kPa to-461kPa then recovered to-40kPa and got drier gradually) was a appropriate choice for the development of water-savingjujube industry, as only fruit could grew well in this WPs but the trunk growth was limited.
(4) Determining the critical water requirement period and the irrigation threshold
Combined with the views of others that jujube was the most sensitive to water in fruit setand fruit swelling stage, called the critical water requirement period. The result showed that600m~3/hm~2was optimum amount of irrigation water and840m~3/hm~2was the maximum orluxurious amount of irrigation water.
(5) Make clear the water requirement threshold of jujube tree based on the rainfallcharacteristic in Yulin
After analyzing, upland jujube water requirement from May to September was madeclear. Based on the rainfall characteristics in Yulin, drip irrigation was suggested to use, and inthe years with the average rainfall, the minimum irrigation in a year was360m~3/hm~2, themaximum was795m~3/hm~2, the optimum range was630～735m~3/hm~2.
本文以梨枣树为研究对象，于2009年～2011年在榆林市米脂县孟岔村山地微灌枣树示范基地开展小区试验，研究不同土壤水势对枣树生长发育的影响，以探索枣树的需水规律，并结合当地的降水特征提出补灌方法。初步取得的试验结果如下：
（1）揭示了不同生育阶段枣树茎直径的变化规律及与生态因子的关系
枣树茎直径随生育阶段、天气和土壤水势等因子不停波动。白天不断收缩，至下午时达到最小值（MNTD）；之后不断复原、膨胀或生长，至清晨时达到最大值（MXTD）。阴雨天气时，茎直径波动幅度明显减小。
茎直径日最大值（MXTD）、日最小值（MNTD）与土壤水势（WPs）间均存在良好的线性回归关系，土壤水势越高，相关性越好，土壤水势低时相关性较差。茎直径日最大收缩量（MDS）与WPs间的线性相关性较差，说明枣树茎直径每天的收缩幅度不仅受到土壤水分的影响，更受天气及枣树的生长等因素的影响。
枣树茎直径与空气相对湿度（RH）间存在极显著正相关关系，与气温（Ta）存在极显著负相关关系，与太阳辐射（Rs）的相关性不显著，RH和Ta是引起茎直径收缩的两个最主要的气象因子。通径分析WPs、Ta和RH等生态因子对枣树茎直径的影响，认为土壤水势高（-44～-49kPa）时，WPs是最直接因子，其次为RH；WPs低（-316～-385kPa）时，RH是最直接因子，其次为WPs；Ta直接影响茎直径生长的作用较小。
（2）筛选出不同生育阶段枣树的水分信息指标并确定了各阶段适宜的土壤水势阈值
采用方差分析筛选确定了枣树开花期、坐果期和果实膨大期适宜的水分信息指标分别为MDS、MXTD、MXTD。
优先考虑不同土壤水势对枣树开花、坐果和产量的影响，兼顾考虑其对茎直径生长的影响，初步确定了枣树开花期、坐果期和果实膨大期的土壤水势阈值（下限值，上限值）分别为（-152kPa，-40kPa）、（-51kPa，-35kPa）和（-128kPa，-46kPa）。
（3）明确了不同土壤水势条件对枣树源库关系的影响
研究了4个小区的土壤水势条件对枣树源（茎干）与库（果实）的影响，初步明确了当土壤水势从-161kPa逐渐干旱至-461kPa，之后逐渐复水至-40kPa，再逐渐干旱时有利于枣树产果而不利于茎干生长，较适于榆林地区的枣树节水丰产栽培。
（4）提出了枣树需水关键期的适宜灌水量
结合他人观点，认为开花坐果期和果实膨大期为枣树的需水关键期，并根据试验结果，得出600m~3/hm~2为适宜灌水量，840m~3/hm~2为最大灌水量或奢侈灌水量。
（5）得出榆林地区基于降雨特征的枣树灌水量阈值
通过试验明确了枣树在5～9月间的需水规律，并结合榆林地区的降水特征，建议对山地枣树采用滴灌补水，提出在平均降雨量水平年份，滴灌的年最小灌溉量为360m~3/hm~2，最大为795m~3/hm~2，最适范围为630～735m~3/hm~2。
Jujube could adapt to the local climate in the Loess Plateaus and produce high qualityfruit in the north of Shaanxi Province. Since the policy of returning land of farming to forest,the jujube cultivating industry has boosted quickly and has played a significant role inprotecting the local ecological environment. However, the semiarid climate in Yulin city couldnot meet the water requirement of jujube, especially in the flowering-fruit set and fruitswelling stage, which greatly contributed to the yield reduction and income loss, so, irrigationwould be the important mathod to increase the jujube yield. Therefore, it was important thatreserching the water requirement threshold in different growth periods of upland jujube torealize the accurate irrigation.
The experiment was conducted with pear jujube in a jujube demonstration zone orchard,in Mengcha village, Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province, from2009to2011. The effect ofdifferent soil water potential (WPs) were studied on the jujube growth and development tofind the water requirement regular, and propose the suitable irrigation scheduling. The resultsshowed that:
(1) Determining the change regularity of jujube trunk diameter in different growth stagesand the relationships between it and the different ecological factors
Jujube trunk diameter fluctuated with different factors including the growth stage,climate, WPs and so on. In the daytime, the trunk shrank and got the minimum trunk diameter(MNTD) in the afternoon, while it recovered or expanded from the nightfall or night andfinally got the maximum trunk diameter (MXTD) in the dawn. In the cloudy day, themaximum diameter shrink (MDS) was obviously little.
There were good linear regression relationship between the jujube MXTD and WPs,between the MNTD and WPs. The higher the WPs was, the higher the correlation coefficientwas. The poor linear correlation between the MDS and WPs indicated that the shrinkage ofjujube diameter mainly depended on the local climate and the tree itself.
Additionally, jujube trunk diameter (TD) was extremely positive significant with relative humidity (RH), and its relationship with temperature (Ta) was extremely negative significant.However it was not significantly related to solar radiation (Rs). Therefore, RH and Ta werethe two major meteorological factors affecting the jujube trunk diameter. The direct andindirect effect of WPs, RH and Ta on jujube trunk diameter was analyzed by path analysis.The result showed that in high WPs (-44~-49kPa), WPs was the most direct factor andfollowed by RH, while in low WPs (-316~-385kPa), RH was the most direct factor andfollowed by WPs. In all WPs condition, Ta had little impact on the trunk diameter.
(2) Determining the suitable water information indicator and the threshold for WPs indifferent stages
With the method of ANOVA, the jujube MDS and MXTD and MXTD were respectivelyselected as the water-condition-indicator for flowering, fruit set and fruit swelling stage.
All factors WPs had effect on were taken into consideration, including the amount offlower and fruit and yield treated as priority and trunk diameter micro-variation as secondary.The results showed that the lowest and uppest WPs respectively was-152kPa and-40kPa,-51kPa and-35kPa,-128kPa and-46kPa for flowering, fruit set and fruit swelling stage.
(3) Determining the effect of WPs on jujube source-sink relations
Different WPs ranges in four plots were studied on source (trunk) and sink (fruit), theresult showed thar the WPs range (changed from-161kPa to-461kPa then recovered to-40kPa and got drier gradually) was a appropriate choice for the development of water-savingjujube industry, as only fruit could grew well in this WPs but the trunk growth was limited.
(4) Determining the critical water requirement period and the irrigation threshold
Combined with the views of others that jujube was the most sensitive to water in fruit setand fruit swelling stage, called the critical water requirement period. The result showed that600m~3/hm~2was optimum amount of irrigation water and840m~3/hm~2was the maximum orluxurious amount of irrigation water.
(5) Make clear the water requirement threshold of jujube tree based on the rainfallcharacteristic in Yulin
After analyzing, upland jujube water requirement from May to September was madeclear. Based on the rainfall characteristics in Yulin, drip irrigation was suggested to use, and inthe years with the average rainfall, the minimum irrigation in a year was360m~3/hm~2, themaximum was795m~3/hm~2, the optimum range was630～735m~3/hm~2.
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