不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄生长特性及对Cd胁迫响应的差异
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摘要
葡萄是世界上栽培最广泛的果树之一。葡萄砧木最初应用的目的是为了抵御根瘤蚜的危害,在生产中,人们还经常利用砧木来调节栽培品种的生长势、提高产量、调剂成熟期和改善品质。目前,由于工业污染、污水灌溉、污泥以及农药化肥的施用,我国农田土壤镉污染问题日趋严重,对食物安全和生态安全构成了严峻的挑战。随着果品在人们膳食结构中比例的升高,果品安全问题也日益得到重视,因此,如何最大限度地降低果品中镉的吸收和积累已成为当前农业生产的重要课题。据报道,植物对镉的耐性及镉在植株不同部位器官中的积累和分布存在着显著的种间及品种间差异,筛选镉积累量低的品种为保证果品的生产安全提供了重要途径。目前有关重金属方面的研究是一个热点,但多数研究都集中在农作物方面,在果树上的研究不多,有关不同砧木嫁接葡萄植株对土壤镉胁迫响应差异的研究还未见报道。因此本试验以7种常用的砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’(Yatomi Rosa [Y]),在盆栽条件下观察不同砧木对其生长和果实品质的影响,并以7种砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄为材料,研究了葡萄植株对土壤镉胁迫响应的差异,并在此基础上利用筛选出的生长状况良好、果实镉含量存在差异的两个砧木品种在组培条件下进行镉处理试验,更进一步地明确了不同砧木品种对镉胁迫响应的差异,主要研究内容如下：
一、不同砧木对‘矢富罗莎’葡萄生长状况和果实品质的影响
通过7个砧木对‘矢富罗莎’葡萄生长状况和果实品质影响的研究表明,不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄的根系生长状况存在显著差异。根系总长度以Y/110R最长；根系平均直径以Y/巨峰较大。根系表面积和根尖数均以Y/110R最大。光合作用的测定结果表明：矢富罗莎嫁接苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化基本呈双峰型曲线。不同葡萄植株叶片净光合速率日变化存在差异,Y/99R和Y/华佳8号明显高于其它植株和对照(‘矢富罗莎’自根苗)；叶片气孔导度(Gs)值Y/110R、Y/99R和Y/华佳8号较高；Y/99R、Y/华佳8号和Y/110R表现出较高的的蒸腾速率(Tr)。结果母枝率的统计结果表明：Y/110R的结果母枝率最高,Y/5BB、Y/巨峰和Y/8B居中,Y/99R、Y/SO4和Y/华佳8号较低。果实粒重和纵横径均以Y/5BB、Y/8B和Y/99R较大,除Y/S04外其它葡萄植株果实可溶性固形物(TSS)含量均显著高于对照,Y/110R果实可滴定酸(TA)含量最低,花青苷含量以Y/5BB、Y/110R和Y/8B最高。总的来说,嫁接改善了‘矢富罗莎’的根系生长状况,提高了净光合速率、结果母枝率和果实品质。从整体来看,110R较适宜为‘矢富罗莎’的砧木,5BB、8B和99R次之,华佳8号、巨峰和S04较差。
二、不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄对土壤Cd胁迫响应的差异研究
以3年生的7种不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄为材料,在盆栽试验条件下,外源加入Cd(15mgkg-1)进行处理,研究不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄土壤中Cd形态分布及葡萄植株Cd含量和分配的差异。结果表明：不同砧木影响种植‘矢富罗莎’葡萄土壤可交换态Cd的含量,除种植Y/巨峰葡萄植株的土壤外,种植其它葡萄植株的土壤可交换态Cd的含量均低于对照(种植‘矢富罗莎’自根苗的土壤),以种植Y/5BB和Y/8B葡萄的土壤含量较低,分别为对照的43.1%和66.0%。铁锰氧化态以种植Y/5BB、 Y/110R和Y/S04葡萄植株的土壤含量最低。残渣态含量以对照最低,种植Y/5BB.Y/110R和Y/99R葡萄植株的土壤含量较高,分别为4.52、4.51和4.45mgkg-1在所有的土壤Cd形态中,以有机结合态Cd的含量最低,占土壤Cd总量的7.66-11.34%。Cd在不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄各器官的含量由高到低顺序均为：根系>茎>叶片>果实,嫁接降低了葡萄植株各器官对土壤Cd的吸收,不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄植株Cd的积累存在显著的差异。在所有的葡萄植株中,以Y/5BB葡萄植株器官的Cd含量最低,Y/巨峰最高。
对不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄果实的Cd含量和果品品质的研究结果表明：不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄植株Cd含量和果实品质存在显著的差异。所有葡萄果实Cd积累浓度均低于我国绿色食品Cd限量标准(0.03mgkg-1FW),嫁接葡萄果实的Cd积累浓度均显著低于自根葡萄果实的Cd积累浓度(0.028mgkg-1FW), Y/华佳8号、Y/SO4和Y/5BB葡萄果实的Cd积累浓度较低,分别为0.005、0.006和0.009mgkg-1FW。嫁接降低了葡萄果实中Cd的积累浓度,从一定程度上减轻了人类的Cd暴露风险。
不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄果实的品质存在差异。Y/华佳8号组合葡萄果实的平均单果重最大(6.14g),果实纵横径以Y/华佳8号和Y/SO4最大；嫁接提高了葡萄果实的TSS (Y/SO4除外)和花青苷含量,降低了TA含量。以Y/5BB和Y/110R葡萄果实的TSS最高,分别为13.32°Brix和12.84°Brix, Y/5BB和Y/巨峰葡萄果实的TA含量较低,Y/110R和Y/华佳8号葡萄果实花青苷含量最高。
光合作用的研究结果表明,在所有的嫁接组合中,Y/99R和Y/8B表现出较高的Pn;嫁接提高了叶片叶绿素含量,除Y/99R外,所有葡萄植株叶片的叶绿素含量均显著高于对照。抗氧化系统和膜脂肪过氧化程度的研究表明：Y/99R和Y/5BB的SOD和CAT活性(分别为9.35Ug-1FW和13.27Ug-1min-1FW,8.42Ug-1FW和9.92U g-1min-1FW)显著高于对照和其它葡萄植株,Y/110R、Y/99R和Y/8B表现出较高的POD活性,Y/华佳8号和Y/5BB居中,Y/巨峰和Y/S04最低。Y/110R葡萄植株叶片的MDA含量最低,仅为对照植株的35%。在Cd胁迫条件下,不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄的光合作用和抗氧化系统清除能力方面均存在显著的差异,Y/8B和Y/5BB表现出较强的耐Cd特性,Y/99R和Y/110R居中,Y/巨峰、Y/华佳8号和Y/SO4较差,与自根苗相比,嫁接提高了葡萄植株的耐Cd特性。
在组培条件下,设置0、1、3和5mg L-14个Cd处理水平,研究了不同处理浓度对两个不同葡萄砧木品种(5BB和99R)的生长特性及Cd含量和分配的差异。结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,两个葡萄砧木品种的生物量、株高、根系长度和表面积均表现出下降的趋势,且99R的下降幅度显著高于5BB。随着Cd处理浓度的增加,两个葡萄砧木品种Cd含量明显增加,在试验设置的所有Cd水平下,5BB地上部和根系Cd含量低于99R。两个葡萄砧木品种对Cd胁迫的反应虽然总体趋势一致,但5BB的生物量、株高和根系形态指标的下降幅度显著低于99R,表现出较强的耐Cd特性,进一步验证了不同葡萄砧木品种对Cd胁迫响应的差异。
The grapevine is undoubtedly the most ubiquitous of all fruits. The grapevine rootstocks were originally used to resist the damage by root louse phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). And the subsequent researches found that rootstocks influence scion cultivar's horticultural attributes, including tree vigor, precocity, yield, and fruit quality. Cadmium (Cd) pollution of croplands of China has been shown seriously due to the increasing Cd released from industrial contamination, sewage water irrigation, application of sewage sludge and Cd-containing pesticides and fertilizers, which caused critical challenge to food security and ecological safety. With the proportion of fruit in diet becomes higher and higher, more and more human pay attention to its security, therefore, how to maximumly decrease Cd absorbed and accumulation in fruit become an important task of current agricultural production. It was reported that Cd tolerance and its accumulation and distribution in plants showed dramaticly difference among different species and different genotypes within same species, selection cultivar with low Cd accumulation provide approach to ensure fruit security. Presently, study on heavy metals is a hot spot. However, most of the previous investigations have focused on crops and vegetables. Very little information is available on Cd accumulation in orchard soils and fruits. Research on genotype difference in responses to soil Cd stress of different scion-rootstock combinations grapevine seedlings have not been reported in literature. Therefore, the pot experiment was conducted to investigation the growth and fruit quality of 'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine grafted on seven different rootstocks. At the same time, a pot experiment was carried to study the Cd genotype responses by using seven different scion-rootstcok combinations under Cd addition. In the basis of that, a tissue cultured experiment was conducted under Cd addition with two rootstock varities,5BB (low fruit Cd concentration) and99R (high fruit Cd concentration). The aim of the tissue cultured experiment was to further specify the genotype difference in responses to Cd stress. The main results were as follows:
1. Effects of different grapevine rootstocks on the growth and fruit quality of'Yatomi Rosa'
The pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rootstocks (Kyoho, Huajia No.8,5BB,8B, SO4,99R, and110R) on the growth and fruit qualities of grapevine ('Yatomi Rosa'['Y']), and the results showed that root length, average diameter, root surface area and root tip numbers varied significantly among the rootstock with a same cultivar as the scion. Y/110R had the longest total root length (6842.8cm); Y/Kyoho had the greatest average root diameter. The largest root surface area and root tips numbers were observed from Y/110R. The results of photosynthesis showed the diurnal variation patterns of net photosynthetic rate appeared as a typical bimodal curve. Diurnal course of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was affected by the rootstocks, Y/99R and Y/HuajiaNO.8gave high net photosynthetic rate (Pn). Y/110R, Y/99R and Y/HuajiaNo.8gave high stomatal conductance (Gs); the peak value appearing at9:00was7.0,6.5and5.5doubles respectively more than own-rooted seedlings. The values of transpiration rate (Tr) from plants on Y/99R, Y/HuajiaNO.8and Y/110R were significantly higher than those on other combinations, and Y/Kyoho and Y/8B gave intermediate values. All blossom clusters on each vine were counted and the results show that Y/110R has higer percentage of bearing base shoot, followed by Y/5BB, Y/Kyoho and Y/8B, finally in Y/99R, Y/SO4and Y/Huajia No.8. Y/5BB, Y/8B and Y/99R showed higher berry weight, length and diameter. Total soluble solids (TSS) in grape berry in all scion-rootstock combinatons were significant higher than that of self-rooted grapevine, except for Y/SO4. Y/110R gave the lowesr Titratable acid (TA) contents in grape berry. Y/5BB, Y/110R and Y/8B yielded the highest anthocyanin contents. In summary, grafting had a significant promotion on root growth, photosynthesis and fruit quality in 'Yatomi Rosa' scion-rootstock combinations. Considering all parameters together,110R were considered as optimum rootstocks for 'Yatomi Rosa' grape, followed by5BB,8B and99R, finally in Huajia No.8, Kyoho and SO4.
2. Study on difference in responses of'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks to soil Cd stress
A pot experiment was conducted to study the difference in fraction of soil Cd, Cd accumulation and distribution of 'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks under Cd stress. Three-year grapevine plants were harvested and Cd concentrations of different organs were determined. The results showed that, fractions of soil Cd of'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine were affected by rootstock, the concentration of soil exchangeable Cd of grafted grapevine except for Y/Kyoho were significant higher than that of self-rooted ones, the lowest concentration were obtained friom Y/5BB and Y/8B, which were43.1%and66.0%of the control, respectively. Y/5BB, Y/110R and Y/SO4had the lowest concentration of soil Fe-Mn oxides Cd, self-rooted grapevine had the lowest concentration of soil residual Cd, while Y/5BB, Y/110R and Y/99R had the highest, which was4.52,4.51and4.45mg kg-1, respectively. The lowest concentration of fraction of soil Cd was OM-Cd, which was7.66-11.34%of the total soil Cd. the order of Cd concentration from high to low in different parts of grapevine is root>shoot>leaf>fruit. Grafting minimizes Cd accumulation of grapevine from soil, and significant difference in Cd uptake and accumulation was observed. In all scion-rootstock combinations, Y/5BB had the lowest Cd concentration, while Y/Kyoho had the highest.
Difference was observed in fruit Cd concentration and quality among 'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine. The Cd concentrations in fruits of grafted grapevines were lower than0.03mg kg-1fresh weight which was the legal limit of Cd concentration in foods of China (0.03mg kg-1FW), and the Cd concentrations in fruits of grafted grapevines were significantly lower than those of self-rooted ones. Y/Huajia NO.8, Y/SO4, and Y/5BB had the lowest fruit Cd concentration, which were0.005,0.006and0.009mg kg-1FW. Fruit quality was significantly influenced by different scion-rootstock combinations under Cd stress. Y/Huajia NO.8yielded the largest berry weight, which was6.14g, Y/Huajia NO.8and Y/SO4had the greatest berry length and diameter; Except for Y/SO4, TSS in all the grafted grapevines was significant higher than that of self-rooted plants), and TA contents in fruits were significant lower in grafted grapevines than those of self-rooted ones. Y/5BB and Y/110R gave the highest TSS, which were13.32°Brix and12.84°Brix. Y/5BB and Y/Kyoho showed the lowest TA contents. The content of anthocyanin in berry skins were significantly increased by grafting, with the highest values were observed on Y/110R and Y/Huajia NO.8than those of self-rooted grapevine. These results indicate that grafting decreases the concentration of fruit Cd accumulation and minimizes the risk of Cd entering the food chain.
The results of photosynthesis showed that the net photosynthetic rate was significant higher in grafted grapevines compared to that of self-rooted ones. The highest values were observed from Y/99R and Y/8B. Compared to the control, chlorophyll contents of grafted plants except for Y/99R were significantly enhanced. Antioxidant enzymes activities in grapevine leaves of different scion-rootstock combinations showed that the activities of SOD and CAT in leaves of'Y/99R'(9.35U g-1FW and13.27U g-1min-1FW, respectively) and'Y/5BB'(8.42U g-1FW and9.92U g-1min-1FW, respectively) were always higher than those of other scion-rootstock combinations. Grafted combinations had a significant effect on the promotion of POD activity, with the highest POD values were observed on Y/110R, Y/99R, and Y/8B, followed by Y/Huajia NO.8, Y/5BB, and finally in Y/Kyoho and Y/SO4in Cd stress. Compared with control (36.05nmol g-1), MDA contents in all grafted combinations (avg.22.12nmol g-1) were significantly decreased exposed to15mg Cd kg-1, and the lowest MDA content was founded in Y/110R, which was about35%of the self-rooted grapevine. Difference were observed in Cd accumulation photosynthesis and elimination ability of antioxidant enzymes among scion-rootstock combinations, Y/8B and Y/5BB showed stronger tolerance for Cd, followed by Y/99R and Y/110R, then Y/Kyoho, Y/Huajia NO.8and Y/SO4. Compared to the control, grafted grapevine seedlings showed stronger tolerance for Cd.
The experiment was carried out to study the growth characteristics and the regular of Cd accumulation in roots and shoots by using tissue cultured grapevine rootstocks (5BB and99R) under Cd spiked at0,1,3and5mg L-1. The results showed that biomass, plant height, total length and surface area of two grapevine rootstocks decreases with increaseing the Cd concentration in culture medium, and the effect on99R was more significant than that of5BB. The Cd concentration in grapevine seedling increased significantly with the increase of Cd concentration in culture medium, and the concentration in roots and shoots of5BB was lower than that in99R among all Cd addition levels. The decreased ranges of biomass, plant height and root morphological parameters of5BB under Cd treatments are much smaller than those of99R. These results indicate that5BB has higher ability to tolerate Cd stress than99R, which further specified the genotype difference in responses to Cd stress of different grapevine rootstock.
一、不同砧木对‘矢富罗莎’葡萄生长状况和果实品质的影响
通过7个砧木对‘矢富罗莎’葡萄生长状况和果实品质影响的研究表明,不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄的根系生长状况存在显著差异。根系总长度以Y/110R最长；根系平均直径以Y/巨峰较大。根系表面积和根尖数均以Y/110R最大。光合作用的测定结果表明：矢富罗莎嫁接苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化基本呈双峰型曲线。不同葡萄植株叶片净光合速率日变化存在差异,Y/99R和Y/华佳8号明显高于其它植株和对照(‘矢富罗莎’自根苗)；叶片气孔导度(Gs)值Y/110R、Y/99R和Y/华佳8号较高；Y/99R、Y/华佳8号和Y/110R表现出较高的的蒸腾速率(Tr)。结果母枝率的统计结果表明：Y/110R的结果母枝率最高,Y/5BB、Y/巨峰和Y/8B居中,Y/99R、Y/SO4和Y/华佳8号较低。果实粒重和纵横径均以Y/5BB、Y/8B和Y/99R较大,除Y/S04外其它葡萄植株果实可溶性固形物(TSS)含量均显著高于对照,Y/110R果实可滴定酸(TA)含量最低,花青苷含量以Y/5BB、Y/110R和Y/8B最高。总的来说,嫁接改善了‘矢富罗莎’的根系生长状况,提高了净光合速率、结果母枝率和果实品质。从整体来看,110R较适宜为‘矢富罗莎’的砧木,5BB、8B和99R次之,华佳8号、巨峰和S04较差。
二、不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄对土壤Cd胁迫响应的差异研究
以3年生的7种不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄为材料,在盆栽试验条件下,外源加入Cd(15mgkg-1)进行处理,研究不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄土壤中Cd形态分布及葡萄植株Cd含量和分配的差异。结果表明：不同砧木影响种植‘矢富罗莎’葡萄土壤可交换态Cd的含量,除种植Y/巨峰葡萄植株的土壤外,种植其它葡萄植株的土壤可交换态Cd的含量均低于对照(种植‘矢富罗莎’自根苗的土壤),以种植Y/5BB和Y/8B葡萄的土壤含量较低,分别为对照的43.1%和66.0%。铁锰氧化态以种植Y/5BB、 Y/110R和Y/S04葡萄植株的土壤含量最低。残渣态含量以对照最低,种植Y/5BB.Y/110R和Y/99R葡萄植株的土壤含量较高,分别为4.52、4.51和4.45mgkg-1在所有的土壤Cd形态中,以有机结合态Cd的含量最低,占土壤Cd总量的7.66-11.34%。Cd在不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄各器官的含量由高到低顺序均为：根系>茎>叶片>果实,嫁接降低了葡萄植株各器官对土壤Cd的吸收,不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄植株Cd的积累存在显著的差异。在所有的葡萄植株中,以Y/5BB葡萄植株器官的Cd含量最低,Y/巨峰最高。
对不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄果实的Cd含量和果品品质的研究结果表明：不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄植株Cd含量和果实品质存在显著的差异。所有葡萄果实Cd积累浓度均低于我国绿色食品Cd限量标准(0.03mgkg-1FW),嫁接葡萄果实的Cd积累浓度均显著低于自根葡萄果实的Cd积累浓度(0.028mgkg-1FW), Y/华佳8号、Y/SO4和Y/5BB葡萄果实的Cd积累浓度较低,分别为0.005、0.006和0.009mgkg-1FW。嫁接降低了葡萄果实中Cd的积累浓度,从一定程度上减轻了人类的Cd暴露风险。
不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄果实的品质存在差异。Y/华佳8号组合葡萄果实的平均单果重最大(6.14g),果实纵横径以Y/华佳8号和Y/SO4最大；嫁接提高了葡萄果实的TSS (Y/SO4除外)和花青苷含量,降低了TA含量。以Y/5BB和Y/110R葡萄果实的TSS最高,分别为13.32°Brix和12.84°Brix, Y/5BB和Y/巨峰葡萄果实的TA含量较低,Y/110R和Y/华佳8号葡萄果实花青苷含量最高。
光合作用的研究结果表明,在所有的嫁接组合中,Y/99R和Y/8B表现出较高的Pn;嫁接提高了叶片叶绿素含量,除Y/99R外,所有葡萄植株叶片的叶绿素含量均显著高于对照。抗氧化系统和膜脂肪过氧化程度的研究表明：Y/99R和Y/5BB的SOD和CAT活性(分别为9.35Ug-1FW和13.27Ug-1min-1FW,8.42Ug-1FW和9.92U g-1min-1FW)显著高于对照和其它葡萄植株,Y/110R、Y/99R和Y/8B表现出较高的POD活性,Y/华佳8号和Y/5BB居中,Y/巨峰和Y/S04最低。Y/110R葡萄植株叶片的MDA含量最低,仅为对照植株的35%。在Cd胁迫条件下,不同砧木嫁接‘矢富罗莎’葡萄的光合作用和抗氧化系统清除能力方面均存在显著的差异,Y/8B和Y/5BB表现出较强的耐Cd特性,Y/99R和Y/110R居中,Y/巨峰、Y/华佳8号和Y/SO4较差,与自根苗相比,嫁接提高了葡萄植株的耐Cd特性。
在组培条件下,设置0、1、3和5mg L-14个Cd处理水平,研究了不同处理浓度对两个不同葡萄砧木品种(5BB和99R)的生长特性及Cd含量和分配的差异。结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,两个葡萄砧木品种的生物量、株高、根系长度和表面积均表现出下降的趋势,且99R的下降幅度显著高于5BB。随着Cd处理浓度的增加,两个葡萄砧木品种Cd含量明显增加,在试验设置的所有Cd水平下,5BB地上部和根系Cd含量低于99R。两个葡萄砧木品种对Cd胁迫的反应虽然总体趋势一致,但5BB的生物量、株高和根系形态指标的下降幅度显著低于99R,表现出较强的耐Cd特性,进一步验证了不同葡萄砧木品种对Cd胁迫响应的差异。
The grapevine is undoubtedly the most ubiquitous of all fruits. The grapevine rootstocks were originally used to resist the damage by root louse phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). And the subsequent researches found that rootstocks influence scion cultivar's horticultural attributes, including tree vigor, precocity, yield, and fruit quality. Cadmium (Cd) pollution of croplands of China has been shown seriously due to the increasing Cd released from industrial contamination, sewage water irrigation, application of sewage sludge and Cd-containing pesticides and fertilizers, which caused critical challenge to food security and ecological safety. With the proportion of fruit in diet becomes higher and higher, more and more human pay attention to its security, therefore, how to maximumly decrease Cd absorbed and accumulation in fruit become an important task of current agricultural production. It was reported that Cd tolerance and its accumulation and distribution in plants showed dramaticly difference among different species and different genotypes within same species, selection cultivar with low Cd accumulation provide approach to ensure fruit security. Presently, study on heavy metals is a hot spot. However, most of the previous investigations have focused on crops and vegetables. Very little information is available on Cd accumulation in orchard soils and fruits. Research on genotype difference in responses to soil Cd stress of different scion-rootstock combinations grapevine seedlings have not been reported in literature. Therefore, the pot experiment was conducted to investigation the growth and fruit quality of 'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine grafted on seven different rootstocks. At the same time, a pot experiment was carried to study the Cd genotype responses by using seven different scion-rootstcok combinations under Cd addition. In the basis of that, a tissue cultured experiment was conducted under Cd addition with two rootstock varities,5BB (low fruit Cd concentration) and99R (high fruit Cd concentration). The aim of the tissue cultured experiment was to further specify the genotype difference in responses to Cd stress. The main results were as follows:
1. Effects of different grapevine rootstocks on the growth and fruit quality of'Yatomi Rosa'
The pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rootstocks (Kyoho, Huajia No.8,5BB,8B, SO4,99R, and110R) on the growth and fruit qualities of grapevine ('Yatomi Rosa'['Y']), and the results showed that root length, average diameter, root surface area and root tip numbers varied significantly among the rootstock with a same cultivar as the scion. Y/110R had the longest total root length (6842.8cm); Y/Kyoho had the greatest average root diameter. The largest root surface area and root tips numbers were observed from Y/110R. The results of photosynthesis showed the diurnal variation patterns of net photosynthetic rate appeared as a typical bimodal curve. Diurnal course of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was affected by the rootstocks, Y/99R and Y/HuajiaNO.8gave high net photosynthetic rate (Pn). Y/110R, Y/99R and Y/HuajiaNo.8gave high stomatal conductance (Gs); the peak value appearing at9:00was7.0,6.5and5.5doubles respectively more than own-rooted seedlings. The values of transpiration rate (Tr) from plants on Y/99R, Y/HuajiaNO.8and Y/110R were significantly higher than those on other combinations, and Y/Kyoho and Y/8B gave intermediate values. All blossom clusters on each vine were counted and the results show that Y/110R has higer percentage of bearing base shoot, followed by Y/5BB, Y/Kyoho and Y/8B, finally in Y/99R, Y/SO4and Y/Huajia No.8. Y/5BB, Y/8B and Y/99R showed higher berry weight, length and diameter. Total soluble solids (TSS) in grape berry in all scion-rootstock combinatons were significant higher than that of self-rooted grapevine, except for Y/SO4. Y/110R gave the lowesr Titratable acid (TA) contents in grape berry. Y/5BB, Y/110R and Y/8B yielded the highest anthocyanin contents. In summary, grafting had a significant promotion on root growth, photosynthesis and fruit quality in 'Yatomi Rosa' scion-rootstock combinations. Considering all parameters together,110R were considered as optimum rootstocks for 'Yatomi Rosa' grape, followed by5BB,8B and99R, finally in Huajia No.8, Kyoho and SO4.
2. Study on difference in responses of'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks to soil Cd stress
A pot experiment was conducted to study the difference in fraction of soil Cd, Cd accumulation and distribution of 'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks under Cd stress. Three-year grapevine plants were harvested and Cd concentrations of different organs were determined. The results showed that, fractions of soil Cd of'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine were affected by rootstock, the concentration of soil exchangeable Cd of grafted grapevine except for Y/Kyoho were significant higher than that of self-rooted ones, the lowest concentration were obtained friom Y/5BB and Y/8B, which were43.1%and66.0%of the control, respectively. Y/5BB, Y/110R and Y/SO4had the lowest concentration of soil Fe-Mn oxides Cd, self-rooted grapevine had the lowest concentration of soil residual Cd, while Y/5BB, Y/110R and Y/99R had the highest, which was4.52,4.51and4.45mg kg-1, respectively. The lowest concentration of fraction of soil Cd was OM-Cd, which was7.66-11.34%of the total soil Cd. the order of Cd concentration from high to low in different parts of grapevine is root>shoot>leaf>fruit. Grafting minimizes Cd accumulation of grapevine from soil, and significant difference in Cd uptake and accumulation was observed. In all scion-rootstock combinations, Y/5BB had the lowest Cd concentration, while Y/Kyoho had the highest.
Difference was observed in fruit Cd concentration and quality among 'Yatomi Rosa' grapevine. The Cd concentrations in fruits of grafted grapevines were lower than0.03mg kg-1fresh weight which was the legal limit of Cd concentration in foods of China (0.03mg kg-1FW), and the Cd concentrations in fruits of grafted grapevines were significantly lower than those of self-rooted ones. Y/Huajia NO.8, Y/SO4, and Y/5BB had the lowest fruit Cd concentration, which were0.005,0.006and0.009mg kg-1FW. Fruit quality was significantly influenced by different scion-rootstock combinations under Cd stress. Y/Huajia NO.8yielded the largest berry weight, which was6.14g, Y/Huajia NO.8and Y/SO4had the greatest berry length and diameter; Except for Y/SO4, TSS in all the grafted grapevines was significant higher than that of self-rooted plants), and TA contents in fruits were significant lower in grafted grapevines than those of self-rooted ones. Y/5BB and Y/110R gave the highest TSS, which were13.32°Brix and12.84°Brix. Y/5BB and Y/Kyoho showed the lowest TA contents. The content of anthocyanin in berry skins were significantly increased by grafting, with the highest values were observed on Y/110R and Y/Huajia NO.8than those of self-rooted grapevine. These results indicate that grafting decreases the concentration of fruit Cd accumulation and minimizes the risk of Cd entering the food chain.
The results of photosynthesis showed that the net photosynthetic rate was significant higher in grafted grapevines compared to that of self-rooted ones. The highest values were observed from Y/99R and Y/8B. Compared to the control, chlorophyll contents of grafted plants except for Y/99R were significantly enhanced. Antioxidant enzymes activities in grapevine leaves of different scion-rootstock combinations showed that the activities of SOD and CAT in leaves of'Y/99R'(9.35U g-1FW and13.27U g-1min-1FW, respectively) and'Y/5BB'(8.42U g-1FW and9.92U g-1min-1FW, respectively) were always higher than those of other scion-rootstock combinations. Grafted combinations had a significant effect on the promotion of POD activity, with the highest POD values were observed on Y/110R, Y/99R, and Y/8B, followed by Y/Huajia NO.8, Y/5BB, and finally in Y/Kyoho and Y/SO4in Cd stress. Compared with control (36.05nmol g-1), MDA contents in all grafted combinations (avg.22.12nmol g-1) were significantly decreased exposed to15mg Cd kg-1, and the lowest MDA content was founded in Y/110R, which was about35%of the self-rooted grapevine. Difference were observed in Cd accumulation photosynthesis and elimination ability of antioxidant enzymes among scion-rootstock combinations, Y/8B and Y/5BB showed stronger tolerance for Cd, followed by Y/99R and Y/110R, then Y/Kyoho, Y/Huajia NO.8and Y/SO4. Compared to the control, grafted grapevine seedlings showed stronger tolerance for Cd.
The experiment was carried out to study the growth characteristics and the regular of Cd accumulation in roots and shoots by using tissue cultured grapevine rootstocks (5BB and99R) under Cd spiked at0,1,3and5mg L-1. The results showed that biomass, plant height, total length and surface area of two grapevine rootstocks decreases with increaseing the Cd concentration in culture medium, and the effect on99R was more significant than that of5BB. The Cd concentration in grapevine seedling increased significantly with the increase of Cd concentration in culture medium, and the concentration in roots and shoots of5BB was lower than that in99R among all Cd addition levels. The decreased ranges of biomass, plant height and root morphological parameters of5BB under Cd treatments are much smaller than those of99R. These results indicate that5BB has higher ability to tolerate Cd stress than99R, which further specified the genotype difference in responses to Cd stress of different grapevine rootstock.
引文
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