陕西省泾惠渠灌区农业节水对地下水空间分布影响及模拟
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摘要
农业节水对保障中国用水安全、粮食安全、生态安全及农业可持续发展具有非常重要的战略地位和作用，在灌区发展农业节水势在必行。泾惠渠灌区是陕西省渠井结合的大型灌区之一，也是陕西省粮食主产区。随着灌区社会经济的迅速发展，水资源需求量急剧增加，水资源供需矛盾突出，迫使大规模超采地下水，导致灌区地下水环境劣变日益严峻。灌区节水改造工程实施后，地下水位下降趋势得到一定的控制。本文通过灌区水文系统模拟，定量评价了不同农业节水措施对灌区地下水空间分布的影响，寻求适宜的农业节水措施和合理地下水开发利用模式，为灌区水资源科学有效管理提供参考。通过研究，取得如下主要结果：
（1）利用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验法、RS重新标度极差法等，对灌区降水、蒸发、河川径流等水文时间序列趋势进行了分析，近50年灌区降水量经历了“少—多—少”的变化过程，年平均降水量变异的时间大约为1969年、1976年、1984年，在70年代后期灌区年平均降水量产生了突发性的下降变化，下降幅度大约为45.20mm，降水量减少应该是对全球气候变暖背景下季风势力增强的响应。灌区年蒸发量变异的时间大约为1969年、1976年，在70年代灌区年蒸发量产生了突发性的下降变化，下降幅度大约为228.4mm，蒸发量呈递减变化趋势。泾河年径流量从1976年开始出现下降，而1998年开始显著下降，1998年为气温升高转折点，气温升高和降水减少所表现的气候变化可能是年径流减少的主要原因之一。灌区平均气温、最低气温和最高气温呈增加趋势，风速、日照时数和相对湿度呈减少趋势。年降水量和年蒸发量的总体变化呈减少趋势，相对湿度无一致变化趋势。灌区气候呈暖干趋势发展，原因可能是灌区位于西北地区东部的边缘，毗邻华中地区，造成其气候变化与西北地区气候变化的总体趋势有所不同。
（2）灌区渠道衬砌节水改造工程实施后，渠系水利用系数增加，灌区地下水补给量明显下降，对地下水补给减少约16.9%。田间节水措施减少地下水开采量约33.4%。灌区种植结构调整对地下水影响作用甚小。通过对灌区地下水位变化影响因素的主成分分析，认为渠首引水量和田间灌溉用水量的减少、地下水开采量的增加是灌区地下水位下降变化驱动的主要因子，其次井渠灌水比例、灌溉水利用系数、降水量等因子也不同程度影响地下水位变化。
（3）泾惠渠灌区地下水埋深空间相关程度呈减弱趋势，空间异质性增大，主要原因是灌区节水改造工程实施和农业种植结构调整，井渠灌溉出现竞争局面，地下水和渠水管理严重脱节，使得局部地区地下水开采强度空间分布发生较大变化。根据2010年地下
水水质资料分析，表明灌区多数地区地下水属于Ⅳ类水质（45%）和Ⅴ类水质（28%），其中部分地区地下水TDS含量和总硬度已超出生活饮用水标准。
（4）根据灌区钻孔资料利用GMS建立含水层空间结构可视化模型，灌区自西北向东南倾斜，灌区内岩相变化不大，岩性比较单一，主要为第四系松散沉积物，岩性颗粒自西向东由粗变细。灌区南部以粗砂、砂砾石为主，上部亚砂土、亚粘土，局部夹粉细砂，灌区北部以亚粘土、亚砂土为主，局部夹砂砾石层，上覆新黄土、老黄土。
（5）分析灌区水文地质条件的基础上，选择在灌溉面积、渠灌引水量、地下水开采量、工程设施现状等方面具有代表性及其它资料比较完整的10年(2001年11月1日至2009年10月底)，对泾惠渠区地下水资源进行计算评价，计算结果与区内潜水动态变化规律基本一致。水均衡计算分析，近年多年平均总补给量为2.6767亿m3/a，平均开采地下水资源量为1.6139亿m3/a。
（6）综合应用GMS、PMWIN和ArcGIS软件对泾惠渠灌区农业节水对地下水位空间分布的影响进行了模拟分析。灌区田间节水工程可减少18.5%～33.4%的井灌水量，对抑制地下水位下降效果明显；控制地下水位下降的最有效措施是加大田间节水的工程投入来减少井灌水量，其次是通过渠系节水工程增加渠首引水量。农业种植结构合理调整也不容忽视，灌溉水质污染应得到有效控制以提高水资源利用率。
Agricultural water saving has very important strategic position and role to ensure the national watersecurity, food security, ecological security and sustainable development of agriculture, the development ofagricultural water saving irrigation is imperative. Jing Hui Canal Irrigation District is one of channel wellcombined with large-scale irrigation district, and also one of major grain producing areas in shaanxiprovince. with the rapid development of social economy in the irrigation area, water resources demand hasincreased dramatically, the obvious contradiction between supply and demand of water resources appeared,forcing large-scale over-exploited groundwater, which lead to groundwater environmental deterioration inthe irrigation area is more and more serious. After water-saving improvement project carried out, theunderground water level decline have been controlled. This paper through hydrology system simulation inthe irrigation area, to quantitatively evaluated the influence of groundwater spatial distribution on differentagricultural water saving measures in the irrigation area, to seek suitable agricultural water-saving measuresand reasonable development and utilization mode of groundwater, to provide reference for irrigation waterresources scientific and effective management. Through the study, the main results obtained are as follows:
（1）Precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc hydrological time series trend is analyzed by usingMann-Kendall nonparametric trend test, RS rescaled range analysis method and so on in the irrigation area.Nearly50years precipitation in the irrigation area experienced the " less-much-less " change process,annual average precipitation mutation time is about1969,1976,1984, in the late1970s average annualprecipitation produced a sudden drop change, the decline range is about45.20mm, the reduction ofprecipitation should be response on the global climate warming background monsoon forces increased.Annual average evaporation mutation time is approximately1969, and1976, in the1970s annual averageevaporation produced a sudden drop change, the decline range is about228.4mm, presented theevaporation decrease trend. Jing river annual runoff began to decline from1976, and started significantly in1998, temperature increase and rainfall decrease performanced by climate change is probable one of themain reasons lead to runoff reduction. The average temperature in the irrigation area, the lowesttemperature and highest temperature is increasing, wind speed, sunshine duration and relative humiditydecreased. The annual precipitation and the annual evaporation decreased overall, relative humidity has noconsistent tendency. The climate drought-affected development trend appeared because of the irrigationarea is located the edge of the east in the northwest area, adjacent to central China, and cause its climatechange and the northwest region of climate change the overall trend is different.
（2）After the implementation of irrigation channel lining water-saving improvement project, canalwater use coefficient increases, the irrigation water supply declined obviously, and the groundwaterrecharge reduced about16.9%. The field water-saving measures to reduce groundwater resources about33.4%. The effect planting structure adjustment on groundwater is very small. Based on principalcomponent analysis groundwater level in the irrigation area change influence factors were analyzed, it is considered that the canal water intake and field irrigation water consumption reduction, the increase ofgroundwater exploitation is the main factors underground water level decline change drive in the irrigationarea, and secondly well canal irrigation water ratio, irrigation water use coefficient, the amount ofprecipitation factors and differently influences on underground water level change.
(3) Groundwater depth spatial correlation degree embedded the weakening trend in Jing hui canalirrigation district, spatial heterogeneity increases, the main reason is the implementation of water-savingimprovement project and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, and the competition situation ofthe well canal irrigation appeared, groundwater and canal water management seriously disrupted, greatchanges of local groundwater exploitation space distribution had taken place. According to analysis ofgroundwater water quality data in2010, show that most of groundwater in the irrigation area belongs to Ⅳclass water quality (45%) and Ⅴ class water quality (28%), some of the region groundwater TDS contentand total hardness is beyond life drinking water standard.
(4) According to the borehole data of the irrigation area, using GMS established visualization model ofaquifer space structure, the irrigation area is the northwest tilt to the southeast, in irrigation area, lithofacieschange is not big, lithology is more onefold, mainly the quaternary unconsolidated sediments, lithologicparticles from the west coarse to the east slim. In southern irrigation area coarse sand, sand gravel is themain part, upper sand loam, and clay, local clamps silty sand, in northern irrigation area the clay, sand loamis the main part, local clamps sandy gravel layer, overlying new loess, old loess.
(5) On the basis of analysis of hydrogeological conditions in the irrigation area, selected canalirrigation water intake, groundwater exploitation quantity, engineering facilities such as present situationhas representative and other material relatively complete10years in irrigation area,(November1,2001tothe end of October2009), groundwater resources evaluation calculated, and the results of calculation andphreatic dynamic change keeps the basic consistent. Throuh water balance calculation and analysis, inrecent years many years average total recharge for267.67million m3/a, average groundwater resources for161.39million m3/a.
(6) The effect simulation of agricultural watersaving to groundwater level spatial distribution wasanalyzed by comprehensive application GMS、PMWIN and ArcGIS software. Irrigation field water-savingprojects can reduced well irrigation water of18.5%~33.4%, to control the ground water levels fall effect isobvious; the most effective measures to control groundwater level decline is to increase the fieldwatersaving projects investment to reduce well irrigation water, the second is through the canalwater-saving irrigation system projects to increase canal water intake. Agricultural planting structurereasonable adjustment also do not allow to ignore, irrigation water pollution should be effective control inorder to improve the utilization ratio of water resources.
（1）利用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验法、RS重新标度极差法等，对灌区降水、蒸发、河川径流等水文时间序列趋势进行了分析，近50年灌区降水量经历了“少—多—少”的变化过程，年平均降水量变异的时间大约为1969年、1976年、1984年，在70年代后期灌区年平均降水量产生了突发性的下降变化，下降幅度大约为45.20mm，降水量减少应该是对全球气候变暖背景下季风势力增强的响应。灌区年蒸发量变异的时间大约为1969年、1976年，在70年代灌区年蒸发量产生了突发性的下降变化，下降幅度大约为228.4mm，蒸发量呈递减变化趋势。泾河年径流量从1976年开始出现下降，而1998年开始显著下降，1998年为气温升高转折点，气温升高和降水减少所表现的气候变化可能是年径流减少的主要原因之一。灌区平均气温、最低气温和最高气温呈增加趋势，风速、日照时数和相对湿度呈减少趋势。年降水量和年蒸发量的总体变化呈减少趋势，相对湿度无一致变化趋势。灌区气候呈暖干趋势发展，原因可能是灌区位于西北地区东部的边缘，毗邻华中地区，造成其气候变化与西北地区气候变化的总体趋势有所不同。
（2）灌区渠道衬砌节水改造工程实施后，渠系水利用系数增加，灌区地下水补给量明显下降，对地下水补给减少约16.9%。田间节水措施减少地下水开采量约33.4%。灌区种植结构调整对地下水影响作用甚小。通过对灌区地下水位变化影响因素的主成分分析，认为渠首引水量和田间灌溉用水量的减少、地下水开采量的增加是灌区地下水位下降变化驱动的主要因子，其次井渠灌水比例、灌溉水利用系数、降水量等因子也不同程度影响地下水位变化。
（3）泾惠渠灌区地下水埋深空间相关程度呈减弱趋势，空间异质性增大，主要原因是灌区节水改造工程实施和农业种植结构调整，井渠灌溉出现竞争局面，地下水和渠水管理严重脱节，使得局部地区地下水开采强度空间分布发生较大变化。根据2010年地下
水水质资料分析，表明灌区多数地区地下水属于Ⅳ类水质（45%）和Ⅴ类水质（28%），其中部分地区地下水TDS含量和总硬度已超出生活饮用水标准。
（4）根据灌区钻孔资料利用GMS建立含水层空间结构可视化模型，灌区自西北向东南倾斜，灌区内岩相变化不大，岩性比较单一，主要为第四系松散沉积物，岩性颗粒自西向东由粗变细。灌区南部以粗砂、砂砾石为主，上部亚砂土、亚粘土，局部夹粉细砂，灌区北部以亚粘土、亚砂土为主，局部夹砂砾石层，上覆新黄土、老黄土。
（5）分析灌区水文地质条件的基础上，选择在灌溉面积、渠灌引水量、地下水开采量、工程设施现状等方面具有代表性及其它资料比较完整的10年(2001年11月1日至2009年10月底)，对泾惠渠区地下水资源进行计算评价，计算结果与区内潜水动态变化规律基本一致。水均衡计算分析，近年多年平均总补给量为2.6767亿m3/a，平均开采地下水资源量为1.6139亿m3/a。
（6）综合应用GMS、PMWIN和ArcGIS软件对泾惠渠灌区农业节水对地下水位空间分布的影响进行了模拟分析。灌区田间节水工程可减少18.5%～33.4%的井灌水量，对抑制地下水位下降效果明显；控制地下水位下降的最有效措施是加大田间节水的工程投入来减少井灌水量，其次是通过渠系节水工程增加渠首引水量。农业种植结构合理调整也不容忽视，灌溉水质污染应得到有效控制以提高水资源利用率。
Agricultural water saving has very important strategic position and role to ensure the national watersecurity, food security, ecological security and sustainable development of agriculture, the development ofagricultural water saving irrigation is imperative. Jing Hui Canal Irrigation District is one of channel wellcombined with large-scale irrigation district, and also one of major grain producing areas in shaanxiprovince. with the rapid development of social economy in the irrigation area, water resources demand hasincreased dramatically, the obvious contradiction between supply and demand of water resources appeared,forcing large-scale over-exploited groundwater, which lead to groundwater environmental deterioration inthe irrigation area is more and more serious. After water-saving improvement project carried out, theunderground water level decline have been controlled. This paper through hydrology system simulation inthe irrigation area, to quantitatively evaluated the influence of groundwater spatial distribution on differentagricultural water saving measures in the irrigation area, to seek suitable agricultural water-saving measuresand reasonable development and utilization mode of groundwater, to provide reference for irrigation waterresources scientific and effective management. Through the study, the main results obtained are as follows:
（1）Precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc hydrological time series trend is analyzed by usingMann-Kendall nonparametric trend test, RS rescaled range analysis method and so on in the irrigation area.Nearly50years precipitation in the irrigation area experienced the " less-much-less " change process,annual average precipitation mutation time is about1969,1976,1984, in the late1970s average annualprecipitation produced a sudden drop change, the decline range is about45.20mm, the reduction ofprecipitation should be response on the global climate warming background monsoon forces increased.Annual average evaporation mutation time is approximately1969, and1976, in the1970s annual averageevaporation produced a sudden drop change, the decline range is about228.4mm, presented theevaporation decrease trend. Jing river annual runoff began to decline from1976, and started significantly in1998, temperature increase and rainfall decrease performanced by climate change is probable one of themain reasons lead to runoff reduction. The average temperature in the irrigation area, the lowesttemperature and highest temperature is increasing, wind speed, sunshine duration and relative humiditydecreased. The annual precipitation and the annual evaporation decreased overall, relative humidity has noconsistent tendency. The climate drought-affected development trend appeared because of the irrigationarea is located the edge of the east in the northwest area, adjacent to central China, and cause its climatechange and the northwest region of climate change the overall trend is different.
（2）After the implementation of irrigation channel lining water-saving improvement project, canalwater use coefficient increases, the irrigation water supply declined obviously, and the groundwaterrecharge reduced about16.9%. The field water-saving measures to reduce groundwater resources about33.4%. The effect planting structure adjustment on groundwater is very small. Based on principalcomponent analysis groundwater level in the irrigation area change influence factors were analyzed, it is considered that the canal water intake and field irrigation water consumption reduction, the increase ofgroundwater exploitation is the main factors underground water level decline change drive in the irrigationarea, and secondly well canal irrigation water ratio, irrigation water use coefficient, the amount ofprecipitation factors and differently influences on underground water level change.
(3) Groundwater depth spatial correlation degree embedded the weakening trend in Jing hui canalirrigation district, spatial heterogeneity increases, the main reason is the implementation of water-savingimprovement project and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, and the competition situation ofthe well canal irrigation appeared, groundwater and canal water management seriously disrupted, greatchanges of local groundwater exploitation space distribution had taken place. According to analysis ofgroundwater water quality data in2010, show that most of groundwater in the irrigation area belongs to Ⅳclass water quality (45%) and Ⅴ class water quality (28%), some of the region groundwater TDS contentand total hardness is beyond life drinking water standard.
(4) According to the borehole data of the irrigation area, using GMS established visualization model ofaquifer space structure, the irrigation area is the northwest tilt to the southeast, in irrigation area, lithofacieschange is not big, lithology is more onefold, mainly the quaternary unconsolidated sediments, lithologicparticles from the west coarse to the east slim. In southern irrigation area coarse sand, sand gravel is themain part, upper sand loam, and clay, local clamps silty sand, in northern irrigation area the clay, sand loamis the main part, local clamps sandy gravel layer, overlying new loess, old loess.
(5) On the basis of analysis of hydrogeological conditions in the irrigation area, selected canalirrigation water intake, groundwater exploitation quantity, engineering facilities such as present situationhas representative and other material relatively complete10years in irrigation area,(November1,2001tothe end of October2009), groundwater resources evaluation calculated, and the results of calculation andphreatic dynamic change keeps the basic consistent. Throuh water balance calculation and analysis, inrecent years many years average total recharge for267.67million m3/a, average groundwater resources for161.39million m3/a.
(6) The effect simulation of agricultural watersaving to groundwater level spatial distribution wasanalyzed by comprehensive application GMS、PMWIN and ArcGIS software. Irrigation field water-savingprojects can reduced well irrigation water of18.5%~33.4%, to control the ground water levels fall effect isobvious; the most effective measures to control groundwater level decline is to increase the fieldwatersaving projects investment to reduce well irrigation water, the second is through the canalwater-saving irrigation system projects to increase canal water intake. Agricultural planting structurereasonable adjustment also do not allow to ignore, irrigation water pollution should be effective control inorder to improve the utilization ratio of water resources.
引文
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