土壤生态系统对典型有机肥的响应及机制研究
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摘要
随着大量化肥支持的农田土壤出现的土壤退化、贫瘠化新动向,有机肥施用成为国内外维持土壤健康和肥力水平的新宠,然而,人们把更多焦点放在有机肥的肥力效果上,而不同有机肥的施用可能对农田土壤系统的碳库、氮库、微生物及温室气体排放等过程产生不同的影响,进而对土壤生态系统的稳定和健康产生不同的影响,而对这些方面的关注还远不够系统。因此,本文以猪粪堆肥(PMC)、污泥堆肥(SMC)和饼肥(CM)为典型有机肥,以无机肥(IF)和不施肥对照(CK)为参照,通过温室大棚的盆栽试验,考察了不同有机肥对植物生长和土壤pH值和电导率的影响动态、探讨了土壤碳库、氮库对有机肥施用的响应情况、比较了有机肥对土壤微生物活性、功能多样性以及土壤细菌群落结构多样性的影响,并分析了土壤-植物系统CO2和CH4排放通量对有机肥的响应。获得的主要研究结果包括：
1、通过小青菜(Brassica Chinensis)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)种子的发芽试验和有机肥对植物生物量的影响研究发现,经过堆制的猪粪堆肥和污泥堆肥对两种供试植物无明显的植物毒性,且能促进小青菜的生长,使生物量增加；而未经腐熟的饼肥有机肥对小青菜和黑麦草都表现出明显的毒性效应,其发芽指数(GI)和小青菜的生物量均显著低于CK对照。
2、施肥对土壤pH和EC值的影响研究结果表明,CM处理和无机肥IF处理都会导致土壤pH值在短期内的明显下降,25天后趋于稳定,试验结束时的第35天,两种处理对应的pH值分别下降了1.18和1.42个单位；SMC处理土壤的pH值基本在7.0左右稳定波动,表明其对土壤pH值没有影响；而PMC处理也会导致土壤pH值的短期下降,但在第25天后出现缓慢回升,到第35天时只比第1天时下降0.58个单位。表明CM和IF施用会导致土壤的酸化,而污泥堆肥不会,猪粪堆肥短期会使土壤酸化,但随时间会部分恢复。各施肥处理均可明显提高土壤电导率值,不同处理电导率平均值从大到小依次为IF>PMC>SMC>CM。
3、施肥对土壤碳库的影响研究表明,各施肥处理土壤中总碳(TC)和有机碳(SOC)含量均明显高于CK对照,各处理的TC和SOC含量从高到低依次都是PMC≈SMC>CM>IF>CK,它们随时间变化都在相对稳定的水平内小幅波动。而各施肥处理土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在试验初期呈快速上升趋势,经过大约14天的稳定期后开始下降,在试验结束的第35天时,CM、SMC和PMC处理分别是初始值的7.06倍、5.19和5.08倍,CM处理下降到第27天后进入下一个相对稳定期。外源有机肥和无机肥的施用都会增加土壤的碳库水平,其原因,一方面肥料本身碳的输入,另一方面肥料促进植物生长和根分泌物的增加以及土壤微生物生物量的增长等促使土壤有机碳含量增加。
4、各施肥处理的土壤总氮(TN)和总可溶性氮(TDN)的平均水平从大到小依次都是CM>IF>PMC>SMC>CK,各处理TN随时间也均呈波形变化趋势。而各施肥处理TDN的变化趋势不同,CK对照和SMC处理呈缓慢下降趋势,PMC处理在前20天内较稳定,之后缓慢下降；CM处理和IF处理则分别经过13天和11天的稳定期后迅速上升到一个较高水平,直到30天后才开始下降。各施肥处理土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)随时间变化都呈持续下降趋势,并在30天左右时降到CK的水平；而各施肥处理土壤的硝态氮(NO3--N)含量呈波形变化,IF处理和CM处理在第25天出现增长并开始明显高于PMC处理和SMC处理。各施肥处理土壤中可溶性有机氮(DON)与TDN含量变化趋势相似。可见,无机肥和饼肥可在较短的时间内释放可溶性氮,而两种堆肥的释放速度相对较缓慢。
5、各施肥处理土壤中微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均高于CK对照,MBC先持续增长到第29天后逐渐趋于平稳；而MBN始终呈波形变化规律。在试验后期,CM处理的MBC含量明显高于PMC处理和SMC处理,而PMC和SMC之间无明显差异；IF处理呈不规则起伏变化规律并无明显增幅。各处理之间的土壤呼吸速率无明显差异,总体都呈现先增加后降低趋势,从初始阶段缓慢增加到第21天后急剧上升,27天出现峰值后急剧下降,33天后趋于稳定,但在培养结束时均仍高于初始值。各处理土壤的微生物代谢商(q(C02))分别在第1天到第7天、第27天到第31天出现两次阶梯式下降规律,各处理之间没有表现出明显差异。可见,有机肥处理不仅可促进土壤中微生物量的增长,而且可激励微生物的活性。
6、通过BIOLOG ECO微平板分析了不同肥料对土壤微生物碳源利用功能的影响,研究表明,各有机肥处理都可以增强土壤微生物碳源利用功能,而无机肥则使土壤微生物碳源利用功能明显减弱,但各处理微生物碳源利用功能之间的差异随时间变化逐渐缩小,有明显的回归趋势。利用Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson旨数对土壤微生物群落碳源利用功能多样性的研究表明,在试验第35天时各处理土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数的大小排序为SMC>PMC>CM>CK>IF,而到第75天时变为CM>PMC>SMC>CK>IF.从第35天到第75天,SMC处理的Simpson指数从显著高于变为显著低于PMC处理和CM处理。在第35天和第75天时,PMC和CM的McIntosh指数都显著低于SMC。表明,不同有机肥施用对微生物群落优势度和均匀性的影响存在差异。IF处理不仅降低了微生物群落碳源利用功能,其功能多样性也显著降低。各施肥处理AWCD值的主成分分析表明,随时间变化,土壤pH值都为酸性的PMC和CM处理的碳源利用功能多样性表现出相似性；IF处理与有机肥处理之间差异逐渐明显,而与CK对照之间的差异逐渐缩小
7、采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析技术对有机肥施用的土壤细菌群落结构多样性进行了研究。结果表明,不同有机肥处理的土壤细菌群落结构多样性均高于CK对照处理,在试验初期,以CM处理的Shannon指数和种群丰富度最高,而两种堆肥处理的种群丰富度随时间而增大,到试验结束时,SMC处理的多样性指数最高。说明,有机肥有利于细菌群落多样性增长。主成分分析表明,两种堆肥处理土壤中细菌群落结构的相似性随时间而降低,PMC与CM处理的相似性增加,而IF和CK之间的差异逐渐缩小。土壤pH值可能是影响微生物群落结构变化的重要因素。
8、采用静态箱法考察了不同施肥处理对土壤-植物系统CO2和CH4排放通量的影响。结果发现,各施肥处理土壤-植物系统都表现为CO2的吸收汇,Pearson相关性分析表明,相比较于微生物量、无机态氮等影响因素,各施肥处理系统CO2净通量的变化主要受控于温度变化。各施肥处理系统CH4呈现源与汇的不规则波动,且主要表现为CH4吸收汇。有机肥对CH4的排放和吸收同时具有激励作用。各施肥处理系统CO2和CH4的排放通量的变化都呈相似的变化规律,彼此之间无明显差异。
The increasing demand for food intensive farming leads to soil infertility, in order to improve soil fertility, organic fertilizers are widely used all over the world. However, organic fertilizers may have effects on levels of soil carbon and nitrogen, the global soil microorganism, emissions of greenhouse gases in agricultural systems. In this study, typical organic fertilizers including pig manure compost (PMC), sludge manure compost (SMC) and cake manure (CM) were selected as research objects, while both inorganic fertilizer (IF) and control treatment (CK) were as the contrasts. A pot experiment in a greenhouse was carried out to analyze soil carbon and nitrogen pool; to discuss the effects of organic fertilizers on soil microbial activity, functional diversity, the diversity of bacterial community structure, and CO2and CH4fluxes from the plant-soil systems. The responses of soil ecosystems to different organic fertilizers could provide theoretical basis for the application of organic fertilizer in agricultural production. The main findings are as following:
1. Both PMC and SMC didn't show plant toxicity through Brassica Chinensis and Lolium perenne L. seed germination test, and they both increased the biomass of Brassica Chinensis. Cake manure showed obvious plant toxicity on Brassica Chinensis and Lolium perenne L, resulting in the lower biomass of Brassica Chinensis comparing with those for the unfertilized treatment.
In the study, SMC did not change the pH values comparing with those for CK, while PMC, CM and IF exhibited acidification phenomenon, which all decreased pH gradually. The pH values of CM and IF both began to be stable after25days; the pH value of PMC dropped until the25th day and then rose at6.41at the end of the trial. All the fertilized treatments can improve the value of soil EC values following the order IF>PMC>SMC>CM.
2. Soil total carbon (TC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) content for all fertilized treatments, which followed the order PMC≈SMC>CM>IF>CK. The organic fertilizers can cause the soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to increase initially and then to decrease after about13days. On the day35, DOC of CM, SMC and PMC treatments was still7.06,5.19and5.08times than the initials respectively; Meanwhile CM entered into the next equilibrium after27days. It supposed that additional organic matter or the increase of soil microbial biomass could result in the enhancement of soil organic carbon.
3. The average levels of total nitrogen (TN) for treatments followed the order CM>IF>PMC>SMC>CK, which all fluctuated up and down over the study. And total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) levels also the same order as TN for all treatments, among which both CK and SMC slowly declined, PMC began to decline after day20th, both CM and IF increased sharply after equilibrium periods of13and11days respectively following by decreases since day30. Ammonia-N (NH4+-N) for fertilized treatments all declined gradually and arrived at the level of CK; nitrate-N (NO3-N) for all treatments displayed fluctuations in the study. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC) for all treatments kept the similar trends with TDN. These showed both IF and CM could release dissolved nitrogen in a short period, while composts were longer.
4. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) for fertilized treatments all exceeded the level of that for CK; meanwhile microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) all displayed fluctuations over the study. Basal respiration (BR) rates for fertilized treatments have no obvious differences, which followed the processes of increase, decrease and then tend to be stable, and were all still higher than the initials. The metabolic quotients (qCO2) for all treatments experienced twice declines, among which were no obvious different. These results showed that soil microbial biomass and microbial activity could be enchanced by organic fertilizers, and they tend to be stable and regress.
The effects of organic fertilizers on the metabolic diversity of microbial communities were assessed by Eco-Biolog plate. The values of the average well cell development (AWCD) were stimulated during incubations for organic fertilizer treatments, among which the differences were diminished gradually and tend to clear away. The diversity of CLPP was evaluated by Shannon index, McIntosh index and Simpson index. Shannon index for all treatments followed the order SMC>PMC>CM>CK>IF on the day35th, and CM>PMC>SMC>CK>IF on the day75th. These results indicated organic fertilizers enhanced the microbial metabolic diversity, while inorganic fertilizer not only decreased the metabolic potential, the potential metabolic diversity was also be depressed. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished the microbial communities for PMC and CM had the similar metabolic diversity, and the same to IF and CK at the end of the study.
5. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers can both increase bacterial community structure richness in soil, but at the same time reduce homogeneous degree. The number of restriction fragments in organic fertilizer treatment was larger than that of IF and no fertilizer treatments. In the1st day, bacterial community structure of the PMC and SMC are similar; the difference between PMC and sewage SMC treatments increased on the35th day; and after75days, the PMC is similar to CM, and the gap between IF and CK narrowed. Principal component analysis suggested both bacterial function diversities and bacterial communities were influenced by pig manure compost and cake manure applications.
The effects of organic fertilizers on bacterial community structures were investigated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The same terminal restriction fragment (T-RFs) were enhanced among fertilizerd treatments in the beginning, and then declined to the initial status. Specific T-RF was happened for different fertilized treatments. The diversity of bacterial community was evaluated based on dominant T-RFs. Both Shannon index and richness index for organic fertilized treatments were all higher than those for CK. The diversity index for CM were highest among all treatments at the begining, meanwhile SMC grew and began to be the largest at the end of the study. The results showed that organic fertilizers could stimulate the diversity of bacterial community. The T-RFLPs profiles of bacterial communities for treatments were compared by principle component analysis (PCA). The results suggested pH value for soil must be an important factor affecting the bacterial community structures.
6. Gas samples for the plant-soil ecosystems were collected using a static chamber approach, and the concentrations of CO2and CH4were determined using gas chromatography. The results showed that CO2was fixed by the plant-soil ecosystem during Brassica chinensis growth after fertilisation and that the CO2and CH4fluxes were not significantly different among the treatments compared with CK. The ecosystem uptake of CO2increased with the soil temperature and the variation was in agreement with a first-order exponential curve. The plant-soil ecosystems were minor CH4sinks and sources, especially CH4sink, for all of the treatments. The results indicate that a plant-soil ecosystem could be a carbon sink, and that fertiliser application had no significant effects on either the CO2or the CH4uptake in a plant-soil ecosystem.
1、通过小青菜(Brassica Chinensis)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)种子的发芽试验和有机肥对植物生物量的影响研究发现,经过堆制的猪粪堆肥和污泥堆肥对两种供试植物无明显的植物毒性,且能促进小青菜的生长,使生物量增加；而未经腐熟的饼肥有机肥对小青菜和黑麦草都表现出明显的毒性效应,其发芽指数(GI)和小青菜的生物量均显著低于CK对照。
2、施肥对土壤pH和EC值的影响研究结果表明,CM处理和无机肥IF处理都会导致土壤pH值在短期内的明显下降,25天后趋于稳定,试验结束时的第35天,两种处理对应的pH值分别下降了1.18和1.42个单位；SMC处理土壤的pH值基本在7.0左右稳定波动,表明其对土壤pH值没有影响；而PMC处理也会导致土壤pH值的短期下降,但在第25天后出现缓慢回升,到第35天时只比第1天时下降0.58个单位。表明CM和IF施用会导致土壤的酸化,而污泥堆肥不会,猪粪堆肥短期会使土壤酸化,但随时间会部分恢复。各施肥处理均可明显提高土壤电导率值,不同处理电导率平均值从大到小依次为IF>PMC>SMC>CM。
3、施肥对土壤碳库的影响研究表明,各施肥处理土壤中总碳(TC)和有机碳(SOC)含量均明显高于CK对照,各处理的TC和SOC含量从高到低依次都是PMC≈SMC>CM>IF>CK,它们随时间变化都在相对稳定的水平内小幅波动。而各施肥处理土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在试验初期呈快速上升趋势,经过大约14天的稳定期后开始下降,在试验结束的第35天时,CM、SMC和PMC处理分别是初始值的7.06倍、5.19和5.08倍,CM处理下降到第27天后进入下一个相对稳定期。外源有机肥和无机肥的施用都会增加土壤的碳库水平,其原因,一方面肥料本身碳的输入,另一方面肥料促进植物生长和根分泌物的增加以及土壤微生物生物量的增长等促使土壤有机碳含量增加。
4、各施肥处理的土壤总氮(TN)和总可溶性氮(TDN)的平均水平从大到小依次都是CM>IF>PMC>SMC>CK,各处理TN随时间也均呈波形变化趋势。而各施肥处理TDN的变化趋势不同,CK对照和SMC处理呈缓慢下降趋势,PMC处理在前20天内较稳定,之后缓慢下降；CM处理和IF处理则分别经过13天和11天的稳定期后迅速上升到一个较高水平,直到30天后才开始下降。各施肥处理土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)随时间变化都呈持续下降趋势,并在30天左右时降到CK的水平；而各施肥处理土壤的硝态氮(NO3--N)含量呈波形变化,IF处理和CM处理在第25天出现增长并开始明显高于PMC处理和SMC处理。各施肥处理土壤中可溶性有机氮(DON)与TDN含量变化趋势相似。可见,无机肥和饼肥可在较短的时间内释放可溶性氮,而两种堆肥的释放速度相对较缓慢。
5、各施肥处理土壤中微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均高于CK对照,MBC先持续增长到第29天后逐渐趋于平稳；而MBN始终呈波形变化规律。在试验后期,CM处理的MBC含量明显高于PMC处理和SMC处理,而PMC和SMC之间无明显差异；IF处理呈不规则起伏变化规律并无明显增幅。各处理之间的土壤呼吸速率无明显差异,总体都呈现先增加后降低趋势,从初始阶段缓慢增加到第21天后急剧上升,27天出现峰值后急剧下降,33天后趋于稳定,但在培养结束时均仍高于初始值。各处理土壤的微生物代谢商(q(C02))分别在第1天到第7天、第27天到第31天出现两次阶梯式下降规律,各处理之间没有表现出明显差异。可见,有机肥处理不仅可促进土壤中微生物量的增长,而且可激励微生物的活性。
6、通过BIOLOG ECO微平板分析了不同肥料对土壤微生物碳源利用功能的影响,研究表明,各有机肥处理都可以增强土壤微生物碳源利用功能,而无机肥则使土壤微生物碳源利用功能明显减弱,但各处理微生物碳源利用功能之间的差异随时间变化逐渐缩小,有明显的回归趋势。利用Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson旨数对土壤微生物群落碳源利用功能多样性的研究表明,在试验第35天时各处理土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数的大小排序为SMC>PMC>CM>CK>IF,而到第75天时变为CM>PMC>SMC>CK>IF.从第35天到第75天,SMC处理的Simpson指数从显著高于变为显著低于PMC处理和CM处理。在第35天和第75天时,PMC和CM的McIntosh指数都显著低于SMC。表明,不同有机肥施用对微生物群落优势度和均匀性的影响存在差异。IF处理不仅降低了微生物群落碳源利用功能,其功能多样性也显著降低。各施肥处理AWCD值的主成分分析表明,随时间变化,土壤pH值都为酸性的PMC和CM处理的碳源利用功能多样性表现出相似性；IF处理与有机肥处理之间差异逐渐明显,而与CK对照之间的差异逐渐缩小
7、采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析技术对有机肥施用的土壤细菌群落结构多样性进行了研究。结果表明,不同有机肥处理的土壤细菌群落结构多样性均高于CK对照处理,在试验初期,以CM处理的Shannon指数和种群丰富度最高,而两种堆肥处理的种群丰富度随时间而增大,到试验结束时,SMC处理的多样性指数最高。说明,有机肥有利于细菌群落多样性增长。主成分分析表明,两种堆肥处理土壤中细菌群落结构的相似性随时间而降低,PMC与CM处理的相似性增加,而IF和CK之间的差异逐渐缩小。土壤pH值可能是影响微生物群落结构变化的重要因素。
8、采用静态箱法考察了不同施肥处理对土壤-植物系统CO2和CH4排放通量的影响。结果发现,各施肥处理土壤-植物系统都表现为CO2的吸收汇,Pearson相关性分析表明,相比较于微生物量、无机态氮等影响因素,各施肥处理系统CO2净通量的变化主要受控于温度变化。各施肥处理系统CH4呈现源与汇的不规则波动,且主要表现为CH4吸收汇。有机肥对CH4的排放和吸收同时具有激励作用。各施肥处理系统CO2和CH4的排放通量的变化都呈相似的变化规律,彼此之间无明显差异。
The increasing demand for food intensive farming leads to soil infertility, in order to improve soil fertility, organic fertilizers are widely used all over the world. However, organic fertilizers may have effects on levels of soil carbon and nitrogen, the global soil microorganism, emissions of greenhouse gases in agricultural systems. In this study, typical organic fertilizers including pig manure compost (PMC), sludge manure compost (SMC) and cake manure (CM) were selected as research objects, while both inorganic fertilizer (IF) and control treatment (CK) were as the contrasts. A pot experiment in a greenhouse was carried out to analyze soil carbon and nitrogen pool; to discuss the effects of organic fertilizers on soil microbial activity, functional diversity, the diversity of bacterial community structure, and CO2and CH4fluxes from the plant-soil systems. The responses of soil ecosystems to different organic fertilizers could provide theoretical basis for the application of organic fertilizer in agricultural production. The main findings are as following:
1. Both PMC and SMC didn't show plant toxicity through Brassica Chinensis and Lolium perenne L. seed germination test, and they both increased the biomass of Brassica Chinensis. Cake manure showed obvious plant toxicity on Brassica Chinensis and Lolium perenne L, resulting in the lower biomass of Brassica Chinensis comparing with those for the unfertilized treatment.
In the study, SMC did not change the pH values comparing with those for CK, while PMC, CM and IF exhibited acidification phenomenon, which all decreased pH gradually. The pH values of CM and IF both began to be stable after25days; the pH value of PMC dropped until the25th day and then rose at6.41at the end of the trial. All the fertilized treatments can improve the value of soil EC values following the order IF>PMC>SMC>CM.
2. Soil total carbon (TC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) content for all fertilized treatments, which followed the order PMC≈SMC>CM>IF>CK. The organic fertilizers can cause the soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to increase initially and then to decrease after about13days. On the day35, DOC of CM, SMC and PMC treatments was still7.06,5.19and5.08times than the initials respectively; Meanwhile CM entered into the next equilibrium after27days. It supposed that additional organic matter or the increase of soil microbial biomass could result in the enhancement of soil organic carbon.
3. The average levels of total nitrogen (TN) for treatments followed the order CM>IF>PMC>SMC>CK, which all fluctuated up and down over the study. And total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) levels also the same order as TN for all treatments, among which both CK and SMC slowly declined, PMC began to decline after day20th, both CM and IF increased sharply after equilibrium periods of13and11days respectively following by decreases since day30. Ammonia-N (NH4+-N) for fertilized treatments all declined gradually and arrived at the level of CK; nitrate-N (NO3-N) for all treatments displayed fluctuations in the study. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC) for all treatments kept the similar trends with TDN. These showed both IF and CM could release dissolved nitrogen in a short period, while composts were longer.
4. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) for fertilized treatments all exceeded the level of that for CK; meanwhile microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) all displayed fluctuations over the study. Basal respiration (BR) rates for fertilized treatments have no obvious differences, which followed the processes of increase, decrease and then tend to be stable, and were all still higher than the initials. The metabolic quotients (qCO2) for all treatments experienced twice declines, among which were no obvious different. These results showed that soil microbial biomass and microbial activity could be enchanced by organic fertilizers, and they tend to be stable and regress.
The effects of organic fertilizers on the metabolic diversity of microbial communities were assessed by Eco-Biolog plate. The values of the average well cell development (AWCD) were stimulated during incubations for organic fertilizer treatments, among which the differences were diminished gradually and tend to clear away. The diversity of CLPP was evaluated by Shannon index, McIntosh index and Simpson index. Shannon index for all treatments followed the order SMC>PMC>CM>CK>IF on the day35th, and CM>PMC>SMC>CK>IF on the day75th. These results indicated organic fertilizers enhanced the microbial metabolic diversity, while inorganic fertilizer not only decreased the metabolic potential, the potential metabolic diversity was also be depressed. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished the microbial communities for PMC and CM had the similar metabolic diversity, and the same to IF and CK at the end of the study.
5. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers can both increase bacterial community structure richness in soil, but at the same time reduce homogeneous degree. The number of restriction fragments in organic fertilizer treatment was larger than that of IF and no fertilizer treatments. In the1st day, bacterial community structure of the PMC and SMC are similar; the difference between PMC and sewage SMC treatments increased on the35th day; and after75days, the PMC is similar to CM, and the gap between IF and CK narrowed. Principal component analysis suggested both bacterial function diversities and bacterial communities were influenced by pig manure compost and cake manure applications.
The effects of organic fertilizers on bacterial community structures were investigated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The same terminal restriction fragment (T-RFs) were enhanced among fertilizerd treatments in the beginning, and then declined to the initial status. Specific T-RF was happened for different fertilized treatments. The diversity of bacterial community was evaluated based on dominant T-RFs. Both Shannon index and richness index for organic fertilized treatments were all higher than those for CK. The diversity index for CM were highest among all treatments at the begining, meanwhile SMC grew and began to be the largest at the end of the study. The results showed that organic fertilizers could stimulate the diversity of bacterial community. The T-RFLPs profiles of bacterial communities for treatments were compared by principle component analysis (PCA). The results suggested pH value for soil must be an important factor affecting the bacterial community structures.
6. Gas samples for the plant-soil ecosystems were collected using a static chamber approach, and the concentrations of CO2and CH4were determined using gas chromatography. The results showed that CO2was fixed by the plant-soil ecosystem during Brassica chinensis growth after fertilisation and that the CO2and CH4fluxes were not significantly different among the treatments compared with CK. The ecosystem uptake of CO2increased with the soil temperature and the variation was in agreement with a first-order exponential curve. The plant-soil ecosystems were minor CH4sinks and sources, especially CH4sink, for all of the treatments. The results indicate that a plant-soil ecosystem could be a carbon sink, and that fertiliser application had no significant effects on either the CO2or the CH4uptake in a plant-soil ecosystem.
引文
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