用于ICF诊断的高时空分辨分幅成像关键技术研究
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摘要
微通道板（MCP）行波选通皮秒分幅成像技术是惯性约束聚变（InertialConfinement Fusion，ICF）实验的核心诊断技术之一。用于ICF内爆过程的时间历程及等离子体的时、空、能谱等特性的诊断，可获得聚变过程电子温度、密度和聚爆动力学等重要信息，是ICF研究中软X射线波段唯一具备百皮秒时间分辨的直接二维成像诊断技术。由于该技术对实验室核爆模拟研究意义重大，技术难度很高，且因涉及国家安全及重大战略领域，因此自主发展我国的高时空分辨能力的分幅成像诊断技术对我国进一步开展ICF研究具有重要的支撑意义。
分幅成像技术的核心在于高时空分辨能力、高增益，高稳定性等。特别是随着ICF研究不断深入开展，聚变物理诊断对相机提出更高的精密化要求，本论文的工作就是在该背景下，开展了以下几个方面的研究：
1、针对分幅相机灵敏度和均匀性问题，利用光学镀膜成膜原理和均匀性原理定性分析了光电阴极膜层结构和镀制工艺对分幅相机增益和均匀性影响，得到提高光电阴极转换效率、降低传输损耗，提高相机灵敏度和均匀性的方法，提出了一种新型的Au光电阴极制作工艺，有效解决了分幅相机灵敏度和均匀性问题。
2、针对分幅相机空间分辨能力提升，基于边界元法和Monte Carlo方法，建立二电极模型和三电极模型，建立了“板压-屏压-增益”曲线理论，明确了MCP和荧光屏间的近贴距离与空间分辨率间的函数关系，为高空间分辨能力的分幅成像系统的研究提供了理论指导。基于此设计制作了新型荧光屏，以满足进一步减小近贴距离和提高荧光屏高压操作时的牢固可靠性。该荧光屏制作工艺简单，可靠性高，避免了传统荧光屏加高电压时发生铝膜打火撕裂的可能性。该成果已授权发明专利并成功用于ICF研究实验中。
3、针对分幅相机高时间分辨能力提高，基于小孔径薄MCP缩短电子渡越时间提高时间分辨原理以及双MCP双脉冲级联选通提高时间分辨原理，研制出双MCP单选通和双选通两种分幅成像系统，使目前通用分幅相机时间分辨率从60ps提高至35-45ps，达到国际先进水平。并依据光学干涉和衍射基理，发明了双MCP对孔装置，解决了双MCP像管对孔不准导致的空间分辨和成像均匀性差的问题，提高了双MCP相机的成像品质。
4、新型分幅相机结构可以提升相机安装可靠性和使用方便性。针对ICF诊断新实验要求和环境研制出两种新型分幅相机。
[1]为了提高物方空间分辨率，在国内首次研制了大画幅分幅相机，实现了ICF研究中大尺寸成像的需求，使整个成像面直径由通用Φ56mm提高至Φ106mm。每幅成像面尺寸由6mm×6mm提高至20mm×40mm，并且在强光一号Z-Pinch实验中获得诊断图像。
[2]针对神光-Ⅲ主机系统诊断设备搭载要求，提出了装入式分幅相机的方案。研究MCP切割工艺，完成方形MCP分幅管研制，解决了分幅管小型化的问题。并通过小孔成像原理设计了新型针孔成像系统，解决了实验中更换不同放大倍数针孔的问题。样机已经神光-Ⅲ原型装置上获得了实验结果。
本论文的主要创新之处在于：
（1）从光学镀膜角度分析光电阴极膜层结构对分幅管增益和均匀性的影响，进而优化制作工艺，提升了像管动态特性。
（2）空间分辨率影响因素的理论建模和新型荧光屏的研制为提升分幅管的空间分辨能力指明下一步方向。据此结果专门针对XFC特制的ITO荧光屏不仅提高了系统增益与空间分辨率，而且改善了系统可靠性。
（3）基于分幅管结构创新设计，使系统时间分辨提高到35ps，达到国际先进水平，并研制成功大画幅分幅成像系统，为长微带高放大倍率诊断系统的应用奠定基础。
The gated MCP framing technology has been the core diagnostic technology inthe inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. It plays a very important role inthe fields of hohlraum physics, X-ray radiation transportation, and so on. Because ofthis technology supporting on accurate image collecting, it is only technology whichcan be used to capture2D pictures of ultra-fast phenomena with high temporal andspatial resolution. The framing camera using this technology plays an important rolein ICF research and reflects a country's capability on manufacturing hightechnological equipment. Because foreign equipments in this area are embargoed onchina, developing framing camera with high spatial and temporal resolution has agreat significant on ICF research.
The basic characteristics of the high performance framing camera is its hightemporal resolution, high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, ease of use and highreliability. With the ICF research continuously, the performance of the framingcamera needs to be improved. This paper is based on several key technologys arestudied.
1． For improving the gain and uniformity of the framing system, thephotocathode structure and coating craft was qualitatively analyzed based on theprinciple of optical coating film and uniformity. By improved and optimizedtechniques I found the method to increase the conversion efficiency of the cathodeand decrease the loss of the pulse transmission and then the sensitivity and cathodeuniformity were improved. It is helpful to meet the need of precision for ICF.
2．The dissertation systemically studied the factor of spatial resolution offraming system based on boundary element method and Monte Carlo method andtheorized the model of two-electrode, three–electrode, the curve VMCP-VSCREEN-MTF.It provided a theoretical guide for improvement spatial resolution. It is alsoworthwhile to mention that based on this conclusion new screen with high spatialresolution was designed. Production process of this screen is simple and reliable. Itwas patented and had been used in ICF research.
3．For improving the time resolution, two systems were researched anddeveloped based on the principle that the thinner MCP gated by one pulse and twoMCPs gated with two pulses. Its temporal resolution was improved from60ps to 35-45ps and reached the international advanced level. The method of the alignmenthole was invented based on optical interference and diffraction. Poor spatialresolution and image nonuniformity existed in normal two MCPs were averted andthe performance of the two MCPs camera was improved.
4．Two specified cameras were designed using the result of1and2according tothe requirements of the ICF research.
A. Large image framing system: for increasing spatial resolution andgetting large image in ICF research, the framing camera with large screen wasdeveloped. The diameter of the screen increased from56mm to106mm. Each areafor acquiring image increased from6mm×6mm to20mm×40mm, and Z-Pinchimage was successfully acquired when experiment on QG-I ccelerator.
B. The intelligentized framing system: embedded framing camera wasdesigned according to SG-III closed to completion. Cutting craft was researched forgetting rectangular MCP framing tube. Pinhole imaging system is designed based onpinhole imaging principle. Experimental image on SG-Ⅲ had acquired through thisnew type camera.
The main innovation of the paper lies in:
(1). From optical film perspective, structure of the photocathode effecting onthe characteristics of the gain and uniformity of tube was qualitatively analyzed, thedynamic characteristic of the tube was improved by optimized production processes.
(2). Based on the theory mode of main factors that effect the spatial resolutionand the development of new type screen, it is indicated the next direction forimproving the spatial resolution of framing camera.
(3).By innovation design of structure, the time resolution reached theinternational advanced level of35ps; and big image framing system has beendeveloped.
分幅成像技术的核心在于高时空分辨能力、高增益，高稳定性等。特别是随着ICF研究不断深入开展，聚变物理诊断对相机提出更高的精密化要求，本论文的工作就是在该背景下，开展了以下几个方面的研究：
1、针对分幅相机灵敏度和均匀性问题，利用光学镀膜成膜原理和均匀性原理定性分析了光电阴极膜层结构和镀制工艺对分幅相机增益和均匀性影响，得到提高光电阴极转换效率、降低传输损耗，提高相机灵敏度和均匀性的方法，提出了一种新型的Au光电阴极制作工艺，有效解决了分幅相机灵敏度和均匀性问题。
2、针对分幅相机空间分辨能力提升，基于边界元法和Monte Carlo方法，建立二电极模型和三电极模型，建立了“板压-屏压-增益”曲线理论，明确了MCP和荧光屏间的近贴距离与空间分辨率间的函数关系，为高空间分辨能力的分幅成像系统的研究提供了理论指导。基于此设计制作了新型荧光屏，以满足进一步减小近贴距离和提高荧光屏高压操作时的牢固可靠性。该荧光屏制作工艺简单，可靠性高，避免了传统荧光屏加高电压时发生铝膜打火撕裂的可能性。该成果已授权发明专利并成功用于ICF研究实验中。
3、针对分幅相机高时间分辨能力提高，基于小孔径薄MCP缩短电子渡越时间提高时间分辨原理以及双MCP双脉冲级联选通提高时间分辨原理，研制出双MCP单选通和双选通两种分幅成像系统，使目前通用分幅相机时间分辨率从60ps提高至35-45ps，达到国际先进水平。并依据光学干涉和衍射基理，发明了双MCP对孔装置，解决了双MCP像管对孔不准导致的空间分辨和成像均匀性差的问题，提高了双MCP相机的成像品质。
4、新型分幅相机结构可以提升相机安装可靠性和使用方便性。针对ICF诊断新实验要求和环境研制出两种新型分幅相机。
[1]为了提高物方空间分辨率，在国内首次研制了大画幅分幅相机，实现了ICF研究中大尺寸成像的需求，使整个成像面直径由通用Φ56mm提高至Φ106mm。每幅成像面尺寸由6mm×6mm提高至20mm×40mm，并且在强光一号Z-Pinch实验中获得诊断图像。
[2]针对神光-Ⅲ主机系统诊断设备搭载要求，提出了装入式分幅相机的方案。研究MCP切割工艺，完成方形MCP分幅管研制，解决了分幅管小型化的问题。并通过小孔成像原理设计了新型针孔成像系统，解决了实验中更换不同放大倍数针孔的问题。样机已经神光-Ⅲ原型装置上获得了实验结果。
本论文的主要创新之处在于：
（1）从光学镀膜角度分析光电阴极膜层结构对分幅管增益和均匀性的影响，进而优化制作工艺，提升了像管动态特性。
（2）空间分辨率影响因素的理论建模和新型荧光屏的研制为提升分幅管的空间分辨能力指明下一步方向。据此结果专门针对XFC特制的ITO荧光屏不仅提高了系统增益与空间分辨率，而且改善了系统可靠性。
（3）基于分幅管结构创新设计，使系统时间分辨提高到35ps，达到国际先进水平，并研制成功大画幅分幅成像系统，为长微带高放大倍率诊断系统的应用奠定基础。
The gated MCP framing technology has been the core diagnostic technology inthe inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. It plays a very important role inthe fields of hohlraum physics, X-ray radiation transportation, and so on. Because ofthis technology supporting on accurate image collecting, it is only technology whichcan be used to capture2D pictures of ultra-fast phenomena with high temporal andspatial resolution. The framing camera using this technology plays an important rolein ICF research and reflects a country's capability on manufacturing hightechnological equipment. Because foreign equipments in this area are embargoed onchina, developing framing camera with high spatial and temporal resolution has agreat significant on ICF research.
The basic characteristics of the high performance framing camera is its hightemporal resolution, high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, ease of use and highreliability. With the ICF research continuously, the performance of the framingcamera needs to be improved. This paper is based on several key technologys arestudied.
1． For improving the gain and uniformity of the framing system, thephotocathode structure and coating craft was qualitatively analyzed based on theprinciple of optical coating film and uniformity. By improved and optimizedtechniques I found the method to increase the conversion efficiency of the cathodeand decrease the loss of the pulse transmission and then the sensitivity and cathodeuniformity were improved. It is helpful to meet the need of precision for ICF.
2．The dissertation systemically studied the factor of spatial resolution offraming system based on boundary element method and Monte Carlo method andtheorized the model of two-electrode, three–electrode, the curve VMCP-VSCREEN-MTF.It provided a theoretical guide for improvement spatial resolution. It is alsoworthwhile to mention that based on this conclusion new screen with high spatialresolution was designed. Production process of this screen is simple and reliable. Itwas patented and had been used in ICF research.
3．For improving the time resolution, two systems were researched anddeveloped based on the principle that the thinner MCP gated by one pulse and twoMCPs gated with two pulses. Its temporal resolution was improved from60ps to 35-45ps and reached the international advanced level. The method of the alignmenthole was invented based on optical interference and diffraction. Poor spatialresolution and image nonuniformity existed in normal two MCPs were averted andthe performance of the two MCPs camera was improved.
4．Two specified cameras were designed using the result of1and2according tothe requirements of the ICF research.
A. Large image framing system: for increasing spatial resolution andgetting large image in ICF research, the framing camera with large screen wasdeveloped. The diameter of the screen increased from56mm to106mm. Each areafor acquiring image increased from6mm×6mm to20mm×40mm, and Z-Pinchimage was successfully acquired when experiment on QG-I ccelerator.
B. The intelligentized framing system: embedded framing camera wasdesigned according to SG-III closed to completion. Cutting craft was researched forgetting rectangular MCP framing tube. Pinhole imaging system is designed based onpinhole imaging principle. Experimental image on SG-Ⅲ had acquired through thisnew type camera.
The main innovation of the paper lies in:
(1). From optical film perspective, structure of the photocathode effecting onthe characteristics of the gain and uniformity of tube was qualitatively analyzed, thedynamic characteristic of the tube was improved by optimized production processes.
(2). Based on the theory mode of main factors that effect the spatial resolutionand the development of new type screen, it is indicated the next direction forimproving the spatial resolution of framing camera.
(3).By innovation design of structure, the time resolution reached theinternational advanced level of35ps; and big image framing system has beendeveloped.
引文
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